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Characterization of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase Expression and Regulation in Human Liver and Intestine Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations January 2019 Characterization Of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase Expression And Regulation In Human Liver And Intestine Sarah Talal Dubaisi Wayne State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Molecular Biology Commons, and the Pharmacology Commons Recommended Citation Dubaisi, Sarah Talal, "Characterization Of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase Expression And Regulation In Human Liver And Intestine" (2019). Wayne State University Dissertations. 2158. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/2158 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. CHARACTERIZATION OF CYTOSOLIC SULFOTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION IN HUMAN LIVER AND INTESTINE by SARAH DUBAISI DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2018 MAJOR: PHARMACOLOGY Approved By: ________________________________________ Advisor Date ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ DEDICATION To Mom and Dad for their love, support, and guidance To my husband for being by my side and motivating me during this journey ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my mentors, Dr. Melissa Runge-Morris and Dr. Thomas Kocarek, for their tremendous support, guidance, and patience and for helping me develop or improve the skills that I will need to be an independent researcher. I also want to thank them for allowing me to explore new ideas and present my work at national conferences. I am very grateful to my committee members: Dr. Raymond Mattingly, Dr. Lawrence Lash, and Dr. Todd Leff for all their help and support throughout my graduate studies. I am also grateful to Drs. Kathleen Barrett, Hailin Fang, and Elizabeth Rondini for teaching me new lab techniques and for being great friends. I want to thank Mom and Dad for motivating me to pursue my dreams and for believing in me. I am also grateful for my husband for encouraging me to do my best, helping me find solutions for all of the problems I faced during the past five years, and for being patient. Thank you for my sister and brother for making my life more cheerful and for being supportive. I would also like to thank the staff and faculty from the Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and I am also thankful for my friends Ruta and Alex and my collogues at IBio. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii LIST OF FIGURES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi 1.1 Drug metabolism in the liver and intestine --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Characteristics of human SULT genes ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.2.1 SULT1 family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 1.2.2 SULT2 family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 1.2.3 Other SULT families -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 1.3 Consequences of sulfonate conjugation in human liver and intestine ------------------------ 16 1.3.1 Detoxification of exogenous molecules --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.3.2 Regulation of physiological metabolism -------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.3.3 Bioactivation of promutagens ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 1.4 The role of SULTs during liver development ----------------------------------------------------------- 19 1.4.1 Liver development ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 1.4.2 SULT expression profiles during liver development -------------------------------------------------- 20 1.4.3 The beneficial and harmful effects of SULTs in the immature liver --------------------------- 22 1.5 Regulation of SULTs by lipid- and xenobiotic-sensing transcription factors in hepatic and intestinal tissues ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.6 Models of human liver development ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 1.7 Objective of dissertation, hypothesis, and specific aims ------------------------------------------ 31 iv CHAPTER 2: REGULATION OF CYTOSOLIC SULFOTRANSFERASES IN MODELS OF HUMAN HEPATOCYTE DEVELOPMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.2 Materials and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.3 Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.3.1 Expression and regulation of SULTs in primary cultures of human fetal hepatocytes-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.3.2 Temporal expression of SULTs in HepaRG cells ----------------------------------------------------- 44 2.3.3 Temporal expression of SULTs in a model of intestinal development ---------------------- 47 2.3.4 Effects of lipid- and xenobiotic-sensing receptor activators on SULT expression in HepaRG cells ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 2.3.5 Examining the role of AhR in the regulation of SULTs, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7 mRNA in differentiating HepaRG cells -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 2.3.6 The mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of SULT1C4 by LXR, PXR, and VDR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 2.4 Discussion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF THE CYTOSOLIC SULFOTRANSFERASES IN HUMAN LIVER ---------------------------------------------------------------- 69 3.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 3.2 Materials and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 3.3 Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 3.3.1 Developmental expression of SULT mRNA in human liver -------------------------------------- 73 3.3.2 SULT protein developmental expression in human liver ------------------------------------------- 82 3.4 Discussion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF SULT1C4 TRANSCRIPT VARIANTS IN HUMAN LIVER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 4.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 4.2 Materials and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 v 4.3 Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 4.3.1 Identification of SULT1C4 TVs expressed in human intestinal and hepatic cell lines--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 4.3.2 Expression of SULT1C4 TVs in the developing liver. ----------------------------------------------- 95 4.3.3 SULT1C4 TV protein abundance. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 4.4 Discussion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 CHAPTER 5: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF HUMAN CYTOSOLIC SULFOTRANSFERASE 1C3 BY PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORg IN LS180 HUMAN COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS ------------------------------------ 103 5.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 5.2 Materials and Methods ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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