Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials

Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials Shiro Kobayashi • Klaus Mullen€ Editors Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials With 2021 Figures and 146 Tables Editors Shiro Kobayashi Klaus Mullen€ Center for Fiber and Textile Science Max Planck Institute Kyoto Institute of Technology for Polymer Research Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Mainz, Germany ISBN 978-3-642-29647-5 ISBN 978-3-642-29648-2 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-642-29649-9 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941019 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Owing to technological developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology, our society currently enjoys an improved quality of life afforded to us by nanomaterials with precise functions. This is highlighted by the influence of scientific breakthroughs in everyday life because of advances in electronics (smartphones, computers, televisions, etc.), transportation (automobiles, superfast electric trains, and aircraft), medicine (pharmaceutical drugs, instrumentation, and apparatuses), and even simple examples around the house such as kitchenware, tools, and furniture. These functional nanomaterials are the result of extensive fundamental as well as application-based research carried out at both the academic and industrial scale. Several years ago, Springer-Verlag initiated a project to publish an encyclopedia that reflects the worldwide trends and transformations within a scientific field while keeping in mind important focal points. They asked us, as polymer scientists, to be Editors-in-Chief (EiC) for an important section of Major Reference Works (Springer Reference), which we graciously accepted and decided to name “Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials” (EPN). Here, “nano” refers to materials on the length scale of ~10À9 m (nm), which generally corresponds to the size of many polymeric macromolecules. Yet, it is essential to understand how the large-scale assembly of these nanomaterials eventually governs their physical and chemical properties as active compo- nents in various applications. It is the combination of controlling the specific functionalities and bulk properties of nanomaterials that allows for manipu- lating the final desired characteristics of the products. We would like to mention that this encyclopedia is the first to exclusively focus on the concepts, practices, and applications in the genre of polymeric nanomaterials (PNs). In regard to our intent with EPN, we aspired to provide a comprehensive overview of a wide range of PN fields. Based on the com- plexities and vast nature of the subject, it was necessary to classify section topics to more readily organize the available information. These sections were generally differentiated by chemical identification (both name and structural composition), preparation methods (synthetic and processing), and the resulting properties and application-based functions. Keywords for the chapters were chosen based on synthetic techniques, architectures, physical states and properties, as well as the fields of application for the nanomaterials in an effort to simplify the organization of EPN. v vi Preface We are much indebted to our section editors (associate editors), who were instrumental in selecting and organizing the topics as well as inviting the right authors to contribute in their respective fields. Furthermore, we would like to extend our gratitude to these topic authors for their efforts, which made it possible to successfully complete the EPN project. We believe that EPN provides a thorough analysis of the many fields related to polymeric nanomaterials both past and present with our aspiration to readily provide this knowledge to those who are interested in these rapidly progressing disciplines. EPN is expected to be an essential reference source for students and researchers from related fields as well as become a useful resource for members of both academia and industry. Ideally, the knowledge presented within this encyclopedia will present an excellent overview of polymeric nanomaterials, yet encourage the future pursuit of even greater challenges in this most exciting field. February 2015 Editors-in-Chief Shiro Kobayashi Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Klaus Mullen€ Mainz, Germany Acknowledgments At first, we acknowledge all the scientists across the world who acted as section editors (associate editors) as well as topic authors. Without their great contributions, EPN would have never been launched. We thank the Springer-Verlag staff: Dr. M. Hertel was responsible for the project of EPN and encouraged us to work on editing EPN. Then, Dr. T. Wassermann took over her job. At the beginning, Ms. S. Fabiani and Mr. A. J. Chandy pushed and helped us to get the project started. During our editing works, Ms. T. Shelton and Ms. V. Shome have been doing important office work to help us much over the years. Finally, we thank our former teachers, to whom we owe a lot concerning education, research, and human life: the late Professor Emeritus Junji Furukawa (Kyoto University), Professor Emeritus Takeo Saegusa (Kyoto University), Professor George A. Olah (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), and Professor Helmut Ringsdorf (University of Maniz, Mainz) from S. Kobayashi; the late Professor Emanuel Vogel (University of Cologne, Colonge), Professor Erhart W. Fischer, Professor Gerhart Wegner, and Professor Hans W. Spiess (all Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz) from K. Muellen. February 2015 Editors-in-Chief Shiro Kobayashi Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Klaus Mullen€ Mainz, Germany vii About the Editors Shiro Kobayashi studied organic chemistry and polymer chemistry in Kyoto University, where he received his B.S. in 1964 and M.S. in 1966, both with the thesis on Ziegler-Natta polymerizations from Prof. J. Furukawa, and Ph.D. in 1969 with the thesis on organic synthesis reactions from Prof. T. Saegusa. Then, he worked with Prof. G. A. Olah as a postdoctoral fellow at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, for 2 years, during which he investigated basic carbocationic reactions. In 1972, he joined Kyoto University as a research associate to start studying new polymer syntheses including cationic ring-opening polymerizations of cyclic ethers, 2-oxazolines and cyclic phosphorus monomers, zwitterionic polymerizations, and bio-related polymer synthesis. In 1976, he studied pharmacologically active polymers as a Humboldt fellow working with Prof. H. Ringsdorf at the University of Mainz. In 1986, after lectureship in Kyoto University, he was appointed as a full professor at Tohoku University in Sendai, where he started a new project of enzymatic polymerization. The project brought about his major work in his research career. In 1997, he moved to Kyoto University and officially retired in 2005 to become a professor emeritus. Since then, he has been a distinguished professor at Kyoto Institute of Technology, continuing research work on polymer synthesis. His research interests include new polymer synthesis reactions and their reaction mechanism and functional and high-performance polymeric materials. Among others, the enzyme-catalyzed polymer synthesis was focused and developed, which contributes to green polymer chemistry and enabled the first in vitro synthesis of natural and unnatural polysaccharides such as cellulose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, cellulose-chitin hybrid polysaccharide, etc., various functional polyesters, and new aromatic polymers. For his contributions to polymer chemistry, he received the following awards: the Award of the Chemical Society of Japan for Young Chemists (1976); the Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan (1986); the Distinguished Invention Award (1993, for cellulose synthesis from the Min- istry of Science and Technology, Japanese Government); the Award of the Oil and Fat Industry Foundation, Japan (1996); the Cellulose Society of Japan Award (1996); Humboldt Research Award, Germany (1999); the Award of ix x About the Editors the Chemical Society of Japan (2001); the Award of the “Hattori-Houkoukai” Foundation, Japan (2001); the 30th John Stauffer Distinguished Lecture Award in the Sciences, University of Southern California (2002); the Society of Polymer Science, Japan, Award for Outstanding Achievements

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