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HTG.) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), in BRITISH Columbial J ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1951), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 81 NOTES ON THE POPULATION AND PARASITISM OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIAl J. H. McLEO02 Diological Control Investigations Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C. In British Columbia the larch saw­ a thorough search of the infested area, fly, Pristiphora rrichsonii (Htg.), was only 2,500 cocoons were obtained. The first reported in 1930 in an area about numbers of cocoons colIected in the 30 miles north of Fernie. In 1933 a 3 years do not accurately represent survey showed that the infestation the change in population, but there covered a large area in and around was a reduction in 1950. All avail­ Fernie. Cocoon samples were obtain­ able data have been examined to de­ ed at that time and were examined at termine the factor or factors respon­ the Forest Insect Laboratory, Vernon, sible for the reduction in host popula­ B.C., and at the Dominion Parasite tion and its effect on M. aulietls. Laboratory, Belleville, Ont. No evi­ In 1949 many of the larch trees in dence of "parasitism was found, and the infested area were affected with parasites were released in the infested needle cast, the symptoms of which area. The first colony of parasites, are a premature yellowing and early comprising 393 males and 280 females dropping of the needles. This caused of Mesoleills aulicus (Gra v.), was re­ some larval mortality during the feed­ leased in July, 1934, at Lizard Creek, ing period, but no significant reduc­ 2 miles from Fernie. tion in the number of cocoons coIlected P. erichsonii spread rapidly north and in the most heavilv infested area. It east following the distribution of is possible that the viability of the western larch, Larix occidentalis N'Jtt., larvae in the cocoons was reduced, which, in the main, is confined to the but no evidence was obtained to sup­ southern interior of British Columbia. port this theory. Emergence was As parasites became available they normal from the 130,000 cocoons col­ were released in the newer areas of lected in October and Novemher, 1949. infestation to hasten establishment and stored in an unheated lahoratory and distribution. Details concerning room over winter, Random sample"s parasite releases and host distribution of cocoons taken from the 1948, were given by Hopping, Leech, and 1949, and 1950 coIIections were dissect­ Morgan (1943). At no time has P. ed; the percentages of dead larvae ~richsollii reached outbreak proportions were 16.5, 7.5, and 12.0, respectively in British Columbia except in isolated (Table I). There was a decrease of areas. The population in each of the 9.0 per cent. in larval mortality of P. heavily infested areas for which there trichJonii in 1949 rather than an in­ are re~ords became heavily parasitized crease, which would have occurred if hv M. auliClJs and subsided without needle cast' had affected the viahility s~rious injury to the trees. ' of the larch sawfly larvae. In 1948 a project was initiated to The winter of 1949-50 was unusual­ provide colonies of M. auliCllJ from ly cold and a heavier-than-normal British Columbia for release in West­ s"nowfall occurred. Weather records ern Ontario, Manitoba, and Sa,skat­ taken at the Grand Forks office of the chewan.1 n that year 105,000 P. Canada Department of Transport (14 el'ichsonii cocoons, heavily parasitized miles from the infested area) show hv' M. aulietiS, were obtained. Tn 1949 that the avt;rage temperature was be­ o;le hundred and thirtv thousand co­ low normal during the winter of 1949- coons were collected. "In 1950, after 50. ,On May 19, 1i950,.although nruch of the infested area was stil1 covexeci 1 ~Gntnbutioll No. 2913, Division of Entomology, Scie.Tl~e Ser:vi!:e, Dep,artme,nt of .Agriculture, .pttqwa, . w:ith snow,a cnIIection ,of cocoons Canada. was,obt~n~d: it .was immediaJely L Agricultur~1 Research ' Officer. d-- --. -- < 82 ENroMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRmm COLUMBIA, PROC. (1951), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 placed in rearing at unheated room The next factor that was consid­ temperature (average, 62°F.) in Van­ ered was parasitism. An increase in couver. The emergence from this col­ the percentage parasitism could have lection was normal; therefore, it must accounted for the decrease in the P. be assumed that the reduction in popu­ erichsonii population in 1950. However, lation of P. erichsonii was not caused there was a decrease in parasitism by winter mortality. amounting to 6.7 per cent. (Table I). TABLE I Larval mortality, and paraSitism, of Prisliphora erhhsonii (Htg.) In British Columbia, 1948, 1949, and 1950. 1949 I 1950 1___ .. ~948 __ _ _ --_._-- ----- --,-- - - - ,--------;--- - - I Number Per cent. Number Per cent Number Per cent. Cocoons dissected 1464 100 536 100 441 100 P. erichsonii larvae dead (causes 248 16.5 40 7.5 53 12.0 unknown) living 1216 68.2 496 92_5 388 88.0 M. aulicuJ larvae living 829 83.5 305 61.5 213 54.9 === = = -=---'----"'=---==-=--==,-,---,,-=== _-==_-==---::_ ~_=. _=c_.c'_-='_:- -. _ ~:~---'--~_------'-·c.c- -=-----".--=--=-:-=- c.. _'------"-- ~-_---- Evidently, the mortalities caused by The first concrete evidence that needle cast, winter weather, and para­ some P. erichsonii remained in diapause sitism were not responsible, individu­ throughout the summer of 1950 was ally or collectively, for the reduction found when the intact cocoons from in the population of P. erichsonii in a laboratory-reared collection were 1950. opened in August, 1950. There were Finally, the diapause factor was 1,181 cocoons in the collection and of considered. In British Columbia P. these 88, or 7.45 per cent., contained erichsonii normally completes its life­ living P. erichsonii larvae. This per­ cycle in 1 year, but in 1950 there was centage was not large enough to evidence that a portion of the popula­ account for the important decrease in tion remained in diapause. In Sep­ P. erichsonii population in 1950. Duing tember, 1950, the cocoons were most May and June, when normally dia­ numerous in the area most heavily pause is broken and pupation occurs, infested in 1949; previously, the the temperature in the laboratory was centre of infestation had changed considerably higher than in the field. The average temperature in the labor­ from year to year and had usually atory was about 62°F.; at Grand moved in a westerly direction. The Forks, which is about 1500 feet lower cocoons were darker in colour than in elevation than the area of P. freshly formed cocoons normally are, erichsonii infestation, the average tem­ and many of them were collected peratures during- May and June were under trees from which cocoons had 51°F. and 61 OF. respectively. The been taken in 1949. These trees show­ higher temperature in the laboratory ed fewer signs of larval feeding than could have been responsible for a would have been expected if the smaller portion of the P. erichsonii larvae that formed cocoons under larvae remaining in diapause in the them had fed on the 1950 foliage. laboratory than in the field. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, !'ROC. (1951), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 83 TABLE II Average weights of P. erichsonii cocoons in 3 size groups, 1949 and 1950. 1949 1950 ._---- Weight Size of cocoons decrease, mg. Number Average Number I Average weight, mg. jweight, mg. I ===== Large (lOi to less than 1Umm.) 145 86.2 113 83.5 2.7 Medium (91 to less than lO ~mm.) i 170 73.6 229 69.2 3.4 Small (8 to less than nmm.) 221 55.5 99 50.9 4.6 - - - - - - - --'-- - ---'-- - - -_._-- If a large portion of the P. erichsonii H owever, there was an important larvae did in fact remain in dia­ difference in the percentages of pause in the cocoons during the sum­ medium and small cocoons (Table III). mer of 1950, it would be expected that There was a large increase in the the cocoons collected in the autumn percentage of medium and a large of 1950 would be similar in weight decrease in the percentage of small and size to those that were collected cocoons in 1951). This seemed to be in the autumn of 1949. There was no important difference in the weights irrefutable evidence that the cocoons of cocoons in the two years (Table II). collected in 1950 could not have been Th~ slight decrease that occurred in part of the 1949 population as they 1950 could have been caused by desic­ must have been if the larvae in them cation during the summer of 1950. had remained in diapause. TABLE III Percentages of large, medium, and small cocoons of P. erichsonii, 1949 and 1950. 1949 1950 Size of cocoons - - - _ . ._- - Number Per cent. Number Per cent Large 145 27.1 113 25.6 Medium 170 31.7 229 51.9 Small 221 41.2 99 22.4 An explana1ion for this anomaly adults of P. erichsonii were incubated. was found when the rearing data were The numbers of each and the number examined. The random collection of M. aulicus that remained in dia­ from which the 88 larvae remaining in pause are shown in Fig. 1, each plot­ diapause were dissected was com­ ted point representing the number of pri sed of 1,181 cocoons, and from specimens for a 5-mg. group ; e.g., these 634 adults of M. aulicus and 309 from cocoons weighing 46 to 50 mg. 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1951), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 4 adults of P.
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