The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 160 Packard Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155 Panagiota Kaltsa 102 Curtis Street, Somerville, MA 02144, USA Email:
[email protected] Web: www.panagiotakaltsa.com Skype: panagiota.kaltsa 1 “Everything that can be counted does not necessarily count; everything that counts cannot necessarily be counted.” A. Einstein For my parents, Fotini and George, who gave me the opportunity to achieve my dreams 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Preface 6 Introduction 7 Thesis Outline Part I 12 Chapter I – Why Participation 13 Market for Loyalties 13 The market model 13 The national identity 15 The Greek case 16 The market 16 The Greek identity 18 The role of New Communication Technology in the Market for Loyalties 22 Regulation vs Participatory governance 26 Chapter II - Participation Theory 29 Definition of Participation 29 Research Method 31 Literature Review 32 Classification model 36 Transitioning from Vertical to Horizontal to Viral Participation 38 Participation Clusters 43 Vertical 43 Government 43 Corporate 47 Horizontal 51 Individual 51 Community 54 Cultural 60 Viral 61 Digital 61 Technological 71 Part II 74 Chapter III - Digital Participation Initiatives 75 Field Research findings 75 3 Code for America 76 Votizen 77 Active Voice 78 Lessons Learned 84 Chapter IV – Participation Communication Plan 86 E-governance: Benefits and Drawbacks 86 Benefits 84 Drawbacks 88 Communication Strategy 90 People 91 Objective 96 Strategy 97 Technology 101 Proposed Business Plan 107 Identifying the Problem 107 Suggested Organization Structure 108 Function 110 Conclusion 114 Moving Forward 114 Epilogue 116 Appendix 1: National and International Media Coverage analysis on 118 Greece in 2011 Appendix 2: Lincoln Toolkit 127 Appendix 3: Hellenic Statistic Service Graphs from Chapter 4 140 Bibliography 143 4 Executive Summary This work aims to set a framework for governments in crisis to strengthen their identity power and regain the trust of citizens, via participation and new communication technologies.