DOCSLIB.ORG

Barry Wellman S.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Barry Wellman S.D Centre for Urban and UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Community Studies RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Barry Wellman S.D. Clark Professor of Sociology, University of Toronto Director, NetLab, Centre for Urban and Community Studies International Coordinator, International Network for Social Network Analysis Steering Committee Member and Research Associate, Knowledge Media Design Institute [KMDI], University of Toronto Chair-Emeritus and Council Member, Communication and Information Technologies section American Sociological Association Address: Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, 455 Spadina Ave., Toronto M5S 2G8. Tel: 416-978-3930; Fax: 416-978-7162; E-mail: [email protected]; Website: http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman Barry Wellman studies networks: community, communication, computer, and social. His research examines virtual community, the virtual workplace, social support, community, kinship, friendship, and social network theory and methods. He directs the NetLab, teaches in the Department of Sociology, conducts research at the Knowledge Media Design Institute, and the Bell University Laboratories’ Collaborative Environment Lab, and is a cross-appointed member of the Faculty of Information Studies. Much of Professor Wellman’s current work is studying interrelationships between the Internet, society and community. His research group is studying how loosely coupled organizations use computer-mediated communication as virtual workgroups; the design of ad hoc networking systems in which people work and find community with shifting sets of others; how scholarly communities (“invisible colleges”) exchange knowledge; the online and offline life of residents of “Netville,” a leading-edge wired suburb of Toronto; how the Internet affects linkages, social cohesion, and social inclusion within and between neighbourhoods, cities, regions, countries, and continents; and differences in Internet access and use within and between societies (the “digital divide”). Professor Wellman teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in urban sociology, community, social network analysis, information and communication technology and society, and research methods. Much of his current research focuses on computer networks as social networks. He is analyzing how people find community and accomplish work on and off the Internet. Professor Wellman is chair-emeritus of both the Community and Information Technologies section and the Community and Urban Sociology section of the American page 2 Sociological Association. He has been a Fellow of IBM’s Institute of Knowledge Management, a consultant with Mitel Networks, a member of Advanced Micro Devices' Global Consumer Advisory Board, a keynoter at conferences ranging from computer science to theology, and a committee member of the Social Science Research Council’s (and Ford Foundation’s) Program on Information Technology, International Cooperation and Global Security. He is the (co-)author of about 300 articles that have been co- authored with more than eighty scholars, and the (co-)editor of three books. Professor Wellman received an Outstanding Lifetime Contribution Award from the Canadian Sociological and Anthropological Association in 2001. He has also received Outstanding Lifetime Contribution Awards from two sections of the American Sociological Association: Communication and Information Technologies (2004) and Community and Urban Sociology (2006). The Department of Sociology at the University of Toronto honored him in April 2001, with a “Barryfest” conference: “Social Structure in a Changing World – Presentations in Honour of Barry Wellman.” In 2006, the Department awarded to him the S.D. Clark endowed chair. Since the late 1960s, Professor Wellman has developed the study of communities as social networks: demonstrating that communities are no longer limited to neighbourhoods. He has been studying the ways in which people use these ties to gain resources, and the implications of these networks for large-scale social organization. His current research in this area focuses on multilevel analyses of support and reciprocity in ties and networks in an era of “networked individualism”. He is now completing a long- term study of network-based personal communities in Toronto. Professor Wellman received his Honors B.A. in History from Lafayette College and his M.A in social relations and Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard University. Selected publications The network is personal, Social Networks 29: forthcoming 2007. The immanent Internet, In J. McKay (ed.), Netting Citizens: Exploring Citizenship in a Digital Age, Edinburgh: St. Andrew Press, 2004, pp. 54−80 Co-author: B. Hogan. The Internet in everyday life, Oxford: Blackwells, 2002. Co-editor: with C. Haythornthwaite. Networks in the global village. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999. (editor). Social structures: A network approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Co-editor: S. D. Berkowitz. Updated edition Elsevier-JAI, 1997. For a complete list of publications, go to: http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman. 2/2007 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methods Exam Reading List August 2016 Creswell
    Methods Exam Reading List August 2016 Creswell, John. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage 94th edition). Emerson, Robert, Rachel Fretz and Linda Shaw. 2011. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (Second Edition). Univ. of Chicago Press. Ragin, Charles. 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Univ. of California Press. Liamputtong, Pranee. 2011. Focus Group Methodology Principle and Practice. Sage Publishing. Weiss, Robert. 1994. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Methods of Qualitative Interview Studies. Free Press. Chamblis, D.F. and Schutt, R.K. 2016. Making Sense of the Social World: Methods of Investigation. Los Angeles: Sage. Chapter 11: Unobtrusive Measures. Groves, R., F. Fowler, M. Couper, J Lepkowski, E. Singer and R Tourangeau. 2004. Survey Methodology. Wiley Maines, D.R. 1993. “Narrative’s Moment and Sociology’s Phenomena: Toward a Narrative Sociology.” The Sociological Quarterly 34(1): 17-38. Pampel, F.C. 2000. Logistic Regression: A Primer. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication. Small, Mario. 2011. How to Conduct a Mixed Methods Study: Recent Trends in a Rapidly Growing Literature. Annual Review of Sociology 37:57-86. Tight, M. 2015. Case Studies. Sage Publications. Corbin, Juliet A., and Anselm Strauss. 2015. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lieberson, Stanley. 1985. Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1 Ragin, Charles C., and Howard S. Becker. 1992. What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry. New York: Cambridge University Press. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1968. Constructing Social Theories. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying Personal Communities in East York
    STUDYING PERSONAL COMMUNITIES IN EAST YORK Barry Wellman Research Paper No. 128 Centre for Urban and Community Studies University of Toronto April, 1982 ISSN: 0316-0068 ISBN: 0-7727-1288-3 Reprinted July 1982 ABSTRACT Network analysis has contributed to the study of community through its focus on structured social relationships and its de-emphasis of local solidarities. Yet the initial surveys of community networks were limited in scope and findings. Our research group is now using network analysis as a comprehensive structural approach to studying the place of community networks within large-scale divisions of labour. This paper reports on the analytical concerns, research design and preliminary findings of our new East York study of "personal communities". - 11 - STUDYING PERSONAL COMMUNITIES IN EAST YORK 1 OLD AND NEW CAMPAIGNS Generals often want to refight their last war; academics often want to redo their last study. The reasons are the same. The passage of time has made them aware of mistakes in strategy, preparations and analysis. New concepts and tools have come along to make the job easier. Others looking at the same events now claim to know better. If only we could do the job again! With such thoughts in mind, I want to look at where network analyses of communities have come from and where they are likely to go. However, I propose to spend less time in refighting the past (in part, because the battles have been successful) than in proposing strategic objectives for the present and future. In this paper, I take stock of the current state of knowledge in three ways: First, I relate community network studies to fundamental concerns of both social network analysis and urban sociology.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Social Side of Social Network Analysis Barry
    An Introduction to the Social Side of Social Network Analysis Barry Wellman Director, NetLab Centre for Urban & Community Studies University of Toronto Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1 [email protected] www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman NetLab Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman Possible C.S. Fallacies Only online counts Groupware NE Networkware HCI: Only two-person interactions matter Can build small world systems All ties are the same; all relationships are the same Social network software support social networks Size matters – Linked In No need to analyze networks 3 Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman In a Sentence ––– “To Discover How A, Who is in Touch with B and C, Is Affected by the Relation Between B & C” John Barnes (anthropologist) “The Sociology is Hard. The Computer Science is Easy.” Bill Buxton (UofT, PARC, MSR) 4 Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman What is a Social Network? Social structure as the patterned organization of network members & their relationships Old Def: When a computer network connects people or organizations, it is a social network Now ported over to more ambiguous cases: web networks; citation networks, etc. 5 Three Ways to Look at Reality Categories All Possess One or More Properties as an Aggregate of Individuals Examples: Men, Developed Countries Groups (Almost) All Densely-Knit Within Tight Boundary Thought of as a Solidary Unit (Really a Special Network) Family, Workgroup, Community Networks Set of Connected Units: People, Organizations, Networks Can Belong
    [Show full text]
  • Gendering the Digital Divide
    IT&SOCIETY, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 5, SUMMER 2003, PP. 149-172 http://www.ITandSociety.org GENDERING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE TRACY KENNEDY BARRY WELLMAN KRISTINE KLEMENT ABSTRACT Gender pervades how people use the Internet. Three large North American national surveys are used to compare women’s use with men. They show that women use the Internet more for social reasons, while men use it more for instrumental and solo recreational reasons. Care-giving for children at hom e limits women more than men in the use they make of the Internet. ____________________________________ Tracy Kennedy is a doctoral student in the Department of Sociology, University of Toronto. She is conducting research on whether the intersection of household relations with Internet use significantly alters domestic interactions. Barry Wellman directs the NetLab at the University of Toronto’s Department of Sociology, Centre for Urban and Community Studies, and Knowledge Media Design Institute. He founded the International Network of Social Network Analysis in 1976. Kristine Klement was a research assistant at NetLab. She is currently in the graduate program in Social and Political Thought at York University, Toronto. Our thanks to Phuoc Tran for his assistance. © 2003 Stanford University 150 GENDERING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE Kennedy, Wellman, Klement Women have been online less than men. They have been online for fewer months, and when they do go online, they spend less time. This gender divide is old news by now, part of the social factors affecting Internet access and use. Research into this digital divide has identified gender, socioeconomic status, race, and age as key factors that contribute to differentials in access to the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Barry Wellman Et Al., “The Social Affordances of the Internet for Networked Individ- Ualism,” JCMC 8, No
    Name /yal05/27282_u13notes 01/27/06 10:28AM Plate # 0-Composite pg 475 # 1 Notes CHAPTER 1. Introduction: A Moment of Opportunity and Challenge 1. Barry Wellman et al., “The Social Affordances of the Internet for Networked Individ- ualism,” JCMC 8, no. 3 (April 2003). 2. Langdon Winner, ed., “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” in The Whale and The Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 19–39. 3. Harold Innis, The Bias of Communication (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951). Innis too is often lumped with McLuhan and Walter Ong as a technological deter- minist. His work was, however, one of a political economist, and he emphasized the relationship between technology and economic and social organization, much more than the deterministic operation of technology on human cognition and capability. 4. Lawrence Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 1999). 5. Manuel Castells, The Rise of Networked Society (Cambridge, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996). PART I. The Networked Information Economy 1. Elizabeth Eisenstein, Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge: Cambridge Ϫ1 University Press, 1979). 0 ϩ1 475 Name /yal05/27282_u13notes 01/27/06 10:28AM Plate # 0-Composite pg 476 # 2 476 Notes to Pages 36–46 CHAPTER 2. Some Basic Economics of Information Production and Innovation 1. The full statement was: “[A]ny information obtained, say a new method of produc- tion, should, from the welfare point of view, be available free of charge (apart from the costs of transmitting information). This insures optimal utilization of the infor- mation but of course provides no incentive for investment in research.
    [Show full text]
  • Castells' Network Concept and Its Connections to Social, Economic
    Castells’ network concept and its connections to social, economic and political network analyses Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko School of Management, University of Tampere, Finland [email protected] Abstract This article discusses the conceptualization of network in Manuel Castells’ theory of network society and its relation to network analysis. Networks assumed a significant role in Castells’ opus magnum, The Information Age trilogy, in the latter half of the 1990s. He became possibly the most prominent figure globally in adopting network terminology in social theory, but at the same time he made hardly any empirical or methodological contribution to network analysis. This article sheds light on this issue by analyzing how the network logic embraced by Castells defines the social, economic, and political relations in his theory of network society, and how such aspects of his theory relate to social network analysis. It is shown that Castells’ institutional network concept is derived from the increased relevance of networks as the emerging form of social organization, epitomized by the idea of global networks of instrumental exchanges. He did not shed light on the internal dynamics of networks, but was nevertheless able to use network as a powerful metaphor that aptly portrayed his idea of the new social morphology of informational capitalism. Keywords Manuel Castells, network, network society, informationalism, The Information Age, social theory, political economy, social network analysis Introduction Manuel Castells created one of the most ambitious macro theories of our time, which endeavored to interpret the transformation of contemporary society as a reflection of the transition from industrial to informational mode of development.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Networks As Social Networks Barry Wellman
    C OMPUTERS AND S CIENCE ing of ESTs that substantially alleviated, even if they and kindred U.S. legislation, see, e.g., J. H. Reichman, P. 37. The role of scientific organizations in facilitating did not totally resolve, this threat to science from Samuelson, Vanderbilt Law Rev. 50, 51 (1997). changes in U.S. policy is recounted in (38). overbroad patent rights. 36. See, e.g., National Research Council, Bits of Power: 38. P. Samuelson, Va. J. Intl. Law 37, 369 (1997). 34. Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of Issues in Global Access to Scientific Data (National 39. These efforts are recounted by J. H. Reichman and the Council of 11 March 1996 on the Legal Protection Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, 1997) P. F. Uhlir [Berkeley Technol. Law J. 14, 793 (1999)]. of Databases, 1996 O.J (L 77) 20. (expressingconcernaboutEuropeanUnionÐstyledata- 40. I gratefully acknowledge research support from NSF 35. For a critical commentary on the EU database directive base protection). grant SEC-9979852. VIEWPOINT Computer Networks As Social Networks Barry Wellman Computer networks are inherently social networks, linking people, orga- first, computer scientists would be saying nizations, and knowledge. They are social institutions that should not be “netware” instead of “groupware” for sys- studied in isolation but as integrated into everyday lives. The proliferation tems that enable people to interact with each of computer networks has facilitated a deemphasis on group solidarities at other online. Often computer networks and work and in the community and afforded a turn to networked societies social networks work conjointly, with com- that are loosely bounded and sparsely knit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Network Is Personal: Introduction to a Special Issue of Social Networksଝ
    Social Networks 29 (2007) 349–356 Editorial The network is personal: Introduction to a special issue of Social Networksଝ 1. A personal view of the network world We practice personal network analysis every day. Each of us is the center of our own universe. We know who our friends are, how they are connected to each other, and what kinds of sociability, help, and information they might provide—from the 1–5 very strong ties that we feel closest with to the 200–2000 acquaintances whom we barely know (Boissevain, 1974; Wellman, 1979; Bernard et al., 1984; McCarty et al., 2001; McPherson et al., 2006). We reckon what network capital is available from people who can help us (Sik and Wellman, 1999; Kadushin, 2004). We even have some knowledge about the friends of our friends – that Kathy knows Wayne Gretzky. Although we do not have full maps, social networking software is making it easier to link us to friends of friends. Personal network analysts usually want to know which types of people are in such network (are they composed mostly of kin or friends?), what kinds of relationships they contain (strong or weak ties; frequent or infrequent contact?), and what kinds of resources flow through different kinds of networks (do kin provide more emotional support than friends?).1 These research interests affect how analysts define populations, approach gathering data, and obtain information. Where whole network analysts typically concentrate on uncovering the structure and composition of one big network, personal network analysts usually study a sample of many smaller personal networks: the worlds according to Muhammad, Dick, and Harriet.
    [Show full text]
  • Are French Networks Different? Michel Grossetti
    Are French networks different? Michel Grossetti To cite this version: Michel Grossetti. Are French networks different?. Social Networks, Elsevier, 2007, 29, pp.391 -404. 10.1016/j.socnet.2007.01.005. halshs-01397154 HAL Id: halshs-01397154 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01397154 Submitted on 15 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Are French Networks Different?1 Michel Grossetti, Version 7d Oct 26 2005 Michel Grossetti, 2007, « Are French networks different? », Social Networks, Vol. 29, n°3, pp. 391-404. Abstract Claude S. Fischer’s survey of social networks in northern California was transposed to the Toulouse area of southwestern France. This article compares the results obtained in this new Toulouse study with Fischer’s findings. It finds somewhat larger networks but similar heterogeneity. Introduction In 1976, Claude S. Fischer launched a large-scale study of personal networks to test the theory that community ties were experiencing a decline as the result of mass urbanization (Fischer, 1982). It demonstrated that the opportunities for obtaining social support have not decreased in either urban or rural contexts. Together with Barry Wellman’s East York, Toronto studies in the same era (Wellman, 1979; Wellman and Wortley, 1990), Fischer’s study has become a classic reference for research on personal networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Networks and Neighborhood Social Capital in the Internet Age
    Project Summary E-neighbors: Social Networks and Neighborhood Social Capital in the Internet Age. Keith Hampton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert Putnam (2000) suggests that over the last third of the 20th century there has been a significant decline in America's social capital. People are spending less time with friends, relatives and neighbors; they are more cynical; and they are less likely to be involved in clubs and organizations. While this decline occurs too early to be associated with the rise of home computing or the Internet, past research has concluded with mixed results as to whether the Internet will further dissociate people from those around them, or if it holds the potential to reconnect the disaffiliated (Kraut et al. 1998; Nie and Erbring 2000; Hampton 2001). The proposed research attempts to overcome the limitations of existing research by embracing the social network perspective (Wellman and Gulia 1999). We recognize the possibility that social ties vary in strength (Granovetter 1973), are physically dispersed (Fischer 1975; Wellman 1979), and extend across multiple foci of activity (Feld 1982). Communities consist of far-flung kinship, workplace, interest group and neighborhood ties that together form a social network that provides aid, support, and social control (Wellman 1999). Social ties are not maintained in only one place or through one form of communication, but in multiple social settings in-person, over the phone, through the mail, and potentially over the Internet. We suggest that Internet research has largely overlooked existing sociological debate related to the impact of technological and societal change on “community.” Debate about the nature of community did not originate with the introduction of new computer technologies, but arose out of earlier concerns about the transition from agrarian to urban industrial societies (e.g., Durkheim [1893] 1964; Tönnies [1887] 1957).
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Relationships on and Off the Internet
    Personal Relationships: On and Off the Internet1 Jeffrey Boase and Barry Wellman From Computer-Mediated Small Groups to the Internet That the internet is a communication medium for personal relationships is obvious. That the nature of the internet affects the nature of personal relationships has often been proclaimed – recall McLuhan’s “the medium is the message” – but less often proven. How might the internet have an impact? Early debates about computer mediated relationships began before the Internet. Research was dominated by lab experiments focusing on (a) how different types of computer mediated communication among dyads fit specific tasks and (b) how group norms determine the appropriateness of using different media in particular situations (see the review in Haythornthwaite & Wellman, 1998). Researchers examined whether the limited "social presence" of computer media (as compared to face-to-face contact) affected the media people choose to use, their perception of the messages they received, and their perception of the people who sent messages to them (see Kling, 1996; Sproull & Kiesler, 1991). For example, Daft and Lengel (1986) argued that people should choose rich media (e.g., face-to-face contact) over less rich media (e.g., impersonal written documents) when communicating equivocal or difficult messages. Researchers also found that users considered the lower social presence of email to be less appropriate for intellectually difficult or socially sensitive communications (Fish, Kraut, Root & Rice, 1992), and that the type of information exchanged affected the types of media used (Markus, Bikson, El-Shinnawy & Soe, 1992). This laboratory-based research often treated people as if they did not have positions in social systems and often assumed that they had free choice about which media to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Network Dynamics in Iran: a Mcluhanian Account
    International Journal of Communication 12(2018), 2270–2288 1932–8036/20180005 Three Network Dynamics in Iran: A McLuhanian Account MEHDI MOHSENIAN-RAD Imam Sadiq University, Iran BABAK RAHIMI University of California, San Diego, USA This article offers a new macrohistorical model of telecommunication and social relations with a focus on Iran as a case study. It shows how networks, as complex interacting forms of social associations, undergo historical changes through developments in telecommunication practices. By reworking Marshal McLuhan’s notion of three ages of communication, we identify three forms of social associations with distinct communicative spheres: (1) oral-scribal networks, (2) tele-networks, and (3) digital networks. The three network models propose to explain how emerging technologies mediate social relations with multifaceted historical developments. Using Iran as a case study to expand on the proposed models, we aim to map out historical trajectories of distinct social networks, to underscore how interruptive telecommunication processes continue to shape history shared with vast regions around the globe. The network model, intimately tied with telecommunication practices, is proposed set of socioepistemic transformations, underscoring complex sets of new mediated experiences, from oral-scribal to many-to-many communicative actions, in which new forms of global modernity manifest various assemblages. Keywords: social network analysis, networks, telecommunication, global history, Iran; Marshal McLuhan Since the term was
    [Show full text]