Winter 2016 American Currents 26

CURRENT STATE OF THE INVASION: 50 YEARS OF THE BLACK ACARA IN FLORIDA

Ryan Crutchfield FishMap.org The Black Acara or Two-spotted Cichlasoma( bi- maculatum) is one of the earliest and best established of the invasive freshwater in south Florida. It currently is known to be established in 11 watersheds and is likely es- tablished in many more (Figure 1). The Black Acara is estab- lished in the Kissimmee (03090101), Western Okeechobee Inflow (03090103), Lake Okeechobee (03090201), Everglades (03090202), Big Cypress Swamp (03090204), Caloosahatchee (03090205), Manatee (03100202), Tampa Bay (03100206), and Crystal-Pithlachascotee (03100207) watersheds (USGS 2015). It has also been reported in the Charlotte Harbor watershed (03100103) and Myakka watershed (03100102) (Nunziata and Skidmore 2014). The second edition of the Peterson Guide to Freshwater Fishes states that the Black Acara is established in Florida south of Lake Okeechobee (Page and Burr 2011). Native to South America, the history of the Black Acara in Florida begins when it was first reported in 1965 as be- ing established in Fort Lauderdale in Broward County (Ri- vas 1965), although it is thought that the populations started showing up in Miami in the late 1950s (Kahn 1980). It was identified at the time as Aequidens portalegrensis which is an obsolete name for Cichlasoma portalegrensis, known as the Port Acara, Porthole Cichlid, Port Cichlid, or Red Port Aca- ra. This species is also sometimes called the Black Acara and it is possible that the shared common name as well as simi- lar appearance was the reason behind this identification. Up until the 1950s the Black Acara were farmed in Florida for the aquarium trade because it was a popular fish, but when Photos by the author. Ryan Crutchfield is an angler, explorer, archaeologist, and soft- ware developer living in the Tampa Bay area. He graduated from Auburn University with a bachelor’s degree in anthro- pology and graduated from the University of Alabama with a master’s degree in archaeology. He is an avid species hunter and has caught 146 species of fishes to date with hook and line. He founded and developed FishMap.org in 2013 to help anglers, aquarium hobbyists, scientific researchers, and anyone with a passion for fishes to learn about the species near them and to visually explore their ranges. A Florida native, he has become recently interested in the many invasive fish species in the state Several Black Acara from Hillsborough County, Florida, and documenting and understanding their expansion. showing the variation within the species. 27 American Currents Vol. 41, No. 1

coast of Florida as far north as Pasco County (FishMap.org 2015). For current Black Acara collection records there are 183 records from FishNet 2 (FishNet 2, 2015), 317 records from the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database (USGS 2015), and 51 records from the Early Detections & Distribu- tion Mapping System (EDDMapS 2015). Many of these re- cords are shared between the agencies and the USGS NAS records are the most thorough and include data from both EDDMapS and FishNet 2. Using the USGS NAS collection data we can map the spread of the Black Acara from the 1960s to today (Figure 2). The reasons for the success of the Black Acara’s spread through the state is its year-round breeding cycle and abil- ity to withstand low oxygen. (Lee et al. 1980). Additional reasons have been reported as high fecundity, parental care of young, a prolonged spawning season, and adaptabil- ity towards spawning sites (Courtenay et al. 1974). These traits have enabled the Black Acara to establish and main- Figure 1. Current reported watersheds with established popu- tain high populations across the state. Additionally, they lations. have been located in almost every type of habitat outside of air cargo shipments made more colorful fishes readily avail- deep water. They are found in canals, sloughs, ponds, riv- able, the dull Black Acara were abandoned by the farmers ers, mixed swamp forest, freshwater marsh, cypress forest, and released (Courtenay and Stauffer 1990; Helfman 2007). cypress prairie, herbaceous prairie, coastal marshes, and They were referred to in the aquarium trade as a very drab all wetlands (Ellis et al. 2006). However, the Black Acara is fish that is too common to stock (Kahn 1980). From these susceptible to cold weather as was seen in 2010 during cold initial releases the fish has spread steadily through the state weather in Everglades National Park when many dead Black from Ft. Lauderdale and Miami into the Everglades and up Acara and other species were found. The water temperature through Lake Okeechobee and finally up along the western fell below 6°C and the lethal temperature for Black Acara is

Figure 2. Black Acara locations to date. Winter 2016 American Currents 28 listed as 8.9°C (Hallac et al. 2010). Cold weather is likely the and Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). They prefer heavy veg- only thing that will stop the spread into the northern Florida etation and can be found closer to the shore. Additionally, I counties. have never found them to exist except in huge numbers. It is Initially, due to the species rapid expansion, it was feared not hard to capture 25 or more within a short span of time. that the Black Acara would become the dominant species My future endeavors are to explore the watersheds where across the southern part of the state. Courtenay predicted the Black Acara has not been reported, but where it most that at the turn of the century that Black Acara and other likely exists. I will start with the watersheds to the east and would be the dominant freshwater fishes in Florida. south of Tampa and also examine the watersheds northwest He is quoted as saying, “You can’t get rid of them. They have of Lake Okeechobee. I will also try and see if I can find the spread too far.” (Kahn 1980). It was also predicted that every northernmost range of the Black Acara. I hope to clarify the indication pointed to the Black Acara becoming the domi- actual range and add data to the records. nant freshwater fish in South Florida within a decade (Cour- References tenay et al. 1974). However, more recent studies have actually Courtenay, W.R., Jr., and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1990. The found that the Black Acara has declined in some locations introduced fish problem and the aquarium fish industry. after an initial population explosion. In the Everglades, it was Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 21(3):145-159. found that the Black Acara and Pike Killifish Belonesox( be- Courtenay, W. R., Jr., H.F. Sahlman, W.W. Miley, II, and lizanus) both displayed patterns of rapid population growth D.J. Herrema. 1974. Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish followed by decline and a stable lower population (Trexler et waters of Florida. Biological Conservation 6(4):292-302. al. 2000). They are certainly established and expanding, but EDDMapS. 2015. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping they have not taken over the waterways as of yet. System. The University of Georgia Center for Invasive My own experience with Florida’s Black Acaras comes Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http:// mostly from Hillsborough County, although I have also www.eddmaps.org/; last accessed September 25, 2015. captured some in the Big Cypress National Preserve. Many Ellis, G., M. Zokan, J. Lorenz, and W.F. Loftus. 2006. guides and species descriptions will say that Black Acara Biscayne National Park freshwater fish inventory and monitoring Final Report. Report from Audubon of Florida prefer ditches and other disturbed habitats but I have found to NPS Florida Caribbean Inventory & Monitoring them in almost every habitat in Hillsborough County in- Network, Miami, FL. cluding headwater streams, ditches, and lakes (Figures 3-4). I FishMap.org. 2015. Black Acara . have always also found them heavily intermixed with native Available online at http://fishmap.org/species/Black-Acara. species, particularly Spotted Sunfish Lepomis( punctatus) html; last accessed September 25, 2015

Figure 3. Black Acara habitat: Sweetwater Creek, Hillsbor- Figure 4. Black Acara habitat: retention pond, Hillsborough ough County, Florida. County, Florida. 29 American Currents Vol. 41, No. 1 FishNet 2. 2015. FishNet 2 Portal. National Science North Carolina Biological Survey, North Carolina State Foundation – National Biological Information Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina. Infrastructure. Available online at http://www.fishnet2. Nunziata, C.A., and B.K. Skidmore. 2014. Florida net/; last accessed September 25, 2015. Collecting Guide: A Guide to Collecting, Identification and Hallac, D.J. Kline, J. Sadle, S. Bass, T. Ziegler, and S. Aquarium Maintenance of Florida’s Non-Game Fishes. 4th Snow. 2010. Preliminary effects of the January 2010 cold Edition. St. Petersburg: Michael F. Jacobs. weather on flora and fauna in Everglades National Park. Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to Homestead: Biological Resources Branch, South Florida freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston: Natural Resources Center, Everglades and Dry Tortugas Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. National Parks. Rivas, L.R. 1965. Florida fresh water fishes and Helfman, G.S. 2007. Fish Conservation: A Guide to conservation. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity Science 28(3):255-258. and Fishery Resources. Washington: Island Press. Trexler, J. C., W.F. Loftus, F. Jordon, J. J. Lorenz, J.H. Kahn, J. 1980. Professor Says Imported Fish Causing Chick, and R.M. Kobza. 2000. Empircial assessment of fish Threat. The Palm Beach Post 10 Nov. sec. C1. introductions in a subtropical wetland: an evaluation of Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. contrasting views. Biological Invasions 2:265-277. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North USGS. 2015. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, American Freshwater Fishes. Publication #1980-12 of the Gainesville, FL. http://nas.er.usgs.gov, Sept 21, 2015.

(Waccamaw Killifish, continued from page 22) Rohde, F.C., R.G. Arndt, J.W. Foltz, and J.M. Quattro. 2009. Freshwater fishes of South Carolina. University of South ing in between these stripes fades from a light, golden color Carolina Press, Columbia. to a light blue over the posterior half of the body. Iridescent Shute, J.R., P.W. Shute, and D.G. Lindquist. 1981. Fishes of bright blue coloration is evident in the fins, particularly on the the Waccamaw River drainage. Brimleyana No: 6:1-24. anal fin, and blue also noted at the base of the caudal. Stager, J.C., and L.B. Cahoon. 1987. The age and trophic Congratulations to Dr. Scanlan for successfully spawn- history of Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina. The Journal of ing another fascinating native killie and in the process in- the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 103(1):1-13. creasing our understanding of this highly localized species. Tracy, B.H., W.C. Starnes, F.C. Rohde, and R. Heise. References 2013. North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part XII. Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to http://nc.fisheries.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston: Fall2013Newsletter. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

(Rainbow Shiner, continued from page 25) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) p. 72-101. In Studies of North American Desert Fishes in Honor of E.P. (Phil) Pister Conservationist. M. De Lourdes Lozano-Vilano and A.J. peaceful, very undemanding in terms of care, and should Contreras-Balderas (editors). Direccion de Puclicaciones, be a presence in the hobby for a long time to come. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. References Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to Boschung, H.T., Jr., and R.L. Mayden. 2004. Fishes of freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston: Alabama. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D. C. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cashner, M.F., K.R. Piller, and H.L. Bart. 2011. Phylogentic Swift, C.C. 1970. A review of the eastern North American relationships of the North American cyprinid subgenus cyprinid fishes of the Notropis texanus species group Hydrophlox. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: (subgenus Alburnops), with a definition of the subgenus 725-735. Hydrophlox, and materials for a revision of the subgenus Mayden, R.L. 1989. Phylogentic studies of North American Alburnops. Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University. minnows, with emphasis on the Cyprinella (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum Editor’s Note: Just before this issue went to the printer, Evan of Natural History, University of Kansas:1-189. Poellinger (La Crescent, MN) found a mail order source for Mayden, R.L., A. M. Simons, R.M. Wood, P.M. Harris, and the species and locked them in at half price while making a B.R. Kuhajda. 2006. Molecular systematics and classification large order with several NANFA members: Imperial Tropi- of North American notropin shiners and minnows cals, http://www.imperialtropicals.com/MiscFish.html