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Tooth Enamel Structure in the Koala, Phascolarctos Cinereus: - Some Functional Interpretations

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Tooth Enamel Structure in the Koala, Phascolarctos Cinereus: - Some Functional Interpretations Scanning Microscopy Volume 1 Number 4 Article 40 8-20-1987 Tooth Enamel Structure in the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus: - Some Functional Interpretations William G. Young University of Queensland Maria McGowan University of Queensland Terrence J. Daley University of Queensland Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Young, William G.; McGowan, Maria; and Daley, Terrence J. (1987) "Tooth Enamel Structure in the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus: - Some Functional Interpretations," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 1 : No. 4 , Article 40. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol1/iss4/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1987 (Pages 1925-1934) 0891-7035/87$3.00+.00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA TOOTH ENAMEL STRUCTURE IN THE KOALA, Phasco/arctos cinereus:­ SOME FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS William G. Young* Maria McGowan Terrence J. Daley Dept. of Oral Biology and Oral Surgery University of Queensland St. Lucia, Q.4067 Australia (Received for publication February 16, 1987, and in revised form August 20, 1987) Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Ultrastructural differences in enamel between taxonomic structural organization of Pattern 2 marsupial enamel in the groups of animals are of interest because they may provide Koala is disposed to resist wear on the sectorial crests of the morphologic criteria for the discrimination of phylogenetic molar teeth. The orientation of wear on the crests is relationships from a durable tissue which is usually preserved uniformly delineated by parallel scratches on their polished in fossil material and hence has value in the study of surfaces. Twin blades, a leading and a trailing edge of enamel evolution. Examples of such studies of enamel are those of are formed on each crest by wear into dentine on which the Boyde (1978), Sahni (1979) and Kozawa (1984). In this regard differential wear at enamel to dentine interfaces indicates that the Australian monotremes and marsupials are of particular the direction of wear is labial to lingual. interest representing on the one hand unique evolutionary 96 leading and trailing edges from 12 koala molars were stages and on the other a monophyletic group which has examined by light and scanning electron microscopy as radiated, on the isolated Australian continent, into the ground sections, polished and etched surfaces or polished and environmental niches now occupied in the rest of the world, etched whole mount preparations sputter coated with gold. largely by placental mammals. The studies of Boyde and The results showed that the leading and trailing enamel edges Lester (I 967), Lester (1970), have characterized the enamel of are different in their thicknesses, and in the course of their monotremes as tubular and prismatic with a prism packing rods. The rods in the thinner leading edge are angled at 25° pattern type 2.The marsupials, with the exception of the to the long axis of the tooth and cross the worn surface al wombat, also have a tubular prismatic enamel of pattern type 60-70°. Trailing rods run at 5° to the long axis to cross the 2 and Lester is pursuing pattern discriminations within the worn surface at 90°. The inter-rod sheets run parallel to the marsupials both descriptively and quantitatively (personal wear striations and thus hold the rods in palisades angled in communication). the leading edge particularly to resist the vector of the Different three dimensional patterns of enamel rod occlusal forces in the direction of wear. Crystals in the rods packing are genetically determined and therefore have emerge roughly perpendicular onto the worn surface which phylogenetic significance (Koenigswald, I 980). However, if makes them more resistant to abrasion than those in the regional differences in tooth cusp morphology, adaptations inter-rod substance which lie parallel to the worn surface and for puncturing, crushing or shearing are found to be are more readily removed. accompanied by regional differences in enamel prism Koala enamel on the sectorial crests is thus a simple packing, they might be adaptations to the functional loads at Pattern 2 rod packing pattern but the angles of the rods and that site. Consequently, greater documentation of the alignment of the inter-rod substance appear to be adapted differentiations in enamel at sites of high stress and wear will to resist occlusal forces and abrasion. not only give insights into how the architecture of enamel can be adapted to resist the forces of wear but also on how these adaptations have evolved in related genera. In the placental mammals, Hunter-Schreger bands, decussating groups of enamel prisms (rods), are presumed to be evolutionary differentiations of enamel to resist stress. Rensberger and Koenigswald (I 980) have studied the worn enamel surfaces of cheek teeth in fossil and recent rhinoceroses which are characterized by fine parallel ridges. These ridges are the result of differential wear of the enamel KEY WORDS: Enamel Structure, Marsupial, Scanning with respect to the Hunter-Schreger bands. The enamel rods Electron Microscopy, Wear. that are vertical, or are at a smaller angle of incidence, to the abrasive force, resist wear to a greater degree than those enamel rods which are horizontal, or are at a larger angle of incidence to the abrasive force. Fortelius (1984 & 1985) and * Address for correspondence: Boyde and Fortelius (I 986) have extended the work of Dept. of Oral Biology and Oral Surgery Rensberger and Koenigswald (1980) to document various University of Queensland other modes of rod decussation in a number of extinct St. Lucia, Q.4067 Australia lophodont ungulates and amplified understanding of the Phone (07) 3 773435 interaction of wear with enamel structure. By comparing the 1925 W.G. Young, M.McGowan and T.J. Daley effects of diamond polishing, airbrading with aluminium Materials and Methods silicate and air polishing with sodium bicarbonate on differentially oriented enamel rods and crystals they Twelve maxillary and mandibular right and left, first, concluded that rods and crystals with their longitudinal axes second and third molar teeth were available for study from parallel to the wearing surface are more prone to removal by one koala. The wear on these teeth was moderate and showed abrasion than those with their transverse axes perpendicular Class 2 wear on the first molars and Class I on the second to the enamel surface. Regional variations in enamel rod and third molars according to the classification of Lanyon patterns among the marsupials which might be adaptations to and Sanson (1986b). The teeth were prepared for examination stress have received relatively little attention. by transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy [SEM] Beier (1984) has shown that in the Permelidae, as ground sections, cut, polished and etched surfaces, and Vombatidae and Macropodidae, the prisms are arranged in polished and etched whole mounted segments. rows and the interprismatic substance is disposed in strong Twenty-four longitudinal ground sections in the coronal inter-row sheets which separate these rows. Between the plane were cut labio-lingually using a Bovis planomatic prisms of a row, little or no interprismatic substance may be cutting machine along the wear striations on the crestal wear found. This pattern corresponds to that found in ungulates. facets (Fig. la). The sections were positioned approximately However, in Didelphidae, Dasyuridae, Phalangeridae, half way down the anterior and posterior cristae. Sections Petauridae and Phascolarctidae, the prisms are surrounded by interprismatic substance on all sides,and are considered a more primitive. Beier (l 983) has studied the enamel of the macropods. Hunter-Schreger bands are found on especially exposed areas of the teeth; on the narrow edges of the lower incisors, the scissorlike ridges of the premolars and on the ridges of the lophs of the molars, in the latter two sites being arranged vertically. While Beier (1984) found no Hunter-Schreger bands in koala teeth the extent of wear on his material may have obscured these features. Palamara et al.(1984) have illustrated prism decussations and regional differences in hardness in macropod enamel. The morphology and occlusion of the molar teeth of the koala have been described in detail by Lanyon and Sanson (l986a).The teeth function as leaf cutters with two opposing sets of blades formed by crescentic ridges (cristae and cristids) mounted anteroposteriorly on the slopes of four pyramidal cusps on each tooth. The cristae are concave on their labial aspects and cut against the cristids which are concave lingually (Fig. l). Wear on the enamel produces flat facets across the crestal surfaces and as the dentine becomes exposed, twin blades are formed from the enamel of the original leading edge and from the original trailing enamel with the intervening softer dentine being scooped out by abrasion in accordance with the effect described by Greaves (1973) and Rensberger (1973). The direction of the main chewing stroke is confirmed from this effect, to be labiolingual (Lanyon and Sanson 1986a; Young and Robson, 1987).
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