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Opira Otto Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Urban and Rural Development Uppsala

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Opira Otto Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Urban and Rural Development Uppsala Trust, Identity and Beer Institutional Arrangements for Agricultural Labour in Isunga village in Kiryandongo District, Midwestern Uganda Opira Otto Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Urban and Rural Development Uppsala Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2013 Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae 2013:76 ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN (print version) 978-91-576-7890-4 ISBN (electronic version) 978-91-576-7891-1 © 2013 Opira Otto, Uppsala Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2013 Trust, Identity and Beer: Institutional Arrangements for Agricultural Labour in Isunga village in Kiryandongo District, Midwestern Uganda Abstract This thesis explores the role and influence of institutions on agricultural labour transactions in Isunga village in Kiryandongo District, Midwestern Uganda. It primarily focuses on how farmers structure, maintain and enforce their labour relationships during crop farming. The study is based on semi-structured interviews of twenty households and unstructured interviews with representatives of farmers associations. These interviews show that other than household labour, the other common labour arrangements in the village include farm work sharing, labour exchanges and casual wage labour. Farm work sharing and labour exchanges involve farmers temporarily pooling their labour into work groups to complete tasks such as planting, weeding or harvesting crops on members’ farms in succession. This is done under strict rules and rewarded with ‘good’ beer and food. Against this background, the study asks what institutions really are, why they matter and what we can learn about them. Literature suggests that institutions influence labour transactions by their effects on transaction costs and the protection of contractual rights. However, literature does not suggest which institutions are best for agricultural labour transactions. Taking institutions to be the ‘rules of the game’, with farmers as ‘players’ who strategically use these rules to their advantage, the study focused on the interaction between institutions and farmers. The major findings of the study are: (a) farmers’ choices of institutions are influenced by the characteristics of transactions, the costs of using institutions for handling labour dealings, the fairness and predictability of the outcome of contract enforcement mechanisms, and socio-cultural factors such as kin/ethnic status, morality and affection, (b) formal institutions in Isunga are either weak, ineffective or absent. So, farmers rely heavily on institutions embedded in social norms and networks to structure their transactional relationships, to ensure the performance of the respective parties, and to settle disputes if they arise. The study concludes that agricultural labour transactions in Isunga involve judgements of personal characteristics and social roles expressed as reputation and trustworthiness. Keywords: Uganda, institutions, labour transactions, contracts, embeddedness, identity, reputation, trust, beer Author’s address: Opira Otto, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7012, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Dedication To the memory of my sisters: Ms Betty Akwero Otto and Ms Grace Aciro Otto. May their gentle and loving souls rest in eternal peace! Women of Africa Sweeper Smearing floors and walls With cow dung and black soil Cook, ayah, the baby on your back Washer of dishes, Planting, weeding, harvesting Store-keeper, builder, Runner of errands, Cart, lorry, donkey… Women of Africa, What are you not? Okot p’Bitek Acknowledgments At one point, writing this thesis was like a ‘journey in circles’ with no beginning and end. It was therefore a great relief to finally feel ‘hope’ and see light at the end of the tunnel. But even with the light visible, it all took longer than expected. Once I had reached my goal I began questioning my efforts and wondering whether this painful journey had been worthwhile. I can only hope that my doctoral ‘safari’ has born some fruit, even if the results will probably not do full justice to all the people who offered me a hand along the way, given me confidence, and waited for me while I was away drinking beer in the ‘People’s Republic’ of Isunga. More people than I can possible thank have helped me in my research. However, there is a group of people who deserve a special mention because of the special roles they played during my research. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all my informants in Isunga village who with generously shared their knowledge and valuable time with me. Special thanks also go to the various beer drinking groups for enabling me see beer as a locus of value amongst farmers of Isunga. Although I cannot mention all of the many people I knew or met, I would like at least to acknowledge some of them by name. Without the help of these persons, this thesis could never have been finalised: Ladit Olweny David (Okwoto ka dor), John Basujja and his wives Atenyi and Akiiki, Kilama Part Two (Icubu ngece), Ombedra Jose, Oola Michael (Lucudu bat), Okot Awany (Kwon i kom kado), Mego Agnes Aju, Lakeya Yusupina (Min Odyee), Waya Nekodina Olana, Lakeya Pereji (Min Abwo), Omin maa Okeny Zak, Mzee Yujebo Mubiru, Baba JJ Ikeda and Dr Simon Rutabajuka. All these persons, and many others, took time from their other activities to talk to me, to tell me things about farming and their lives, and of course to ask me questions about mine. Admittedly, crossing the distance that stretched between us was a moving learning experience for me, as well as a humbling and instructive one. Thanks also go to Salvatore Onega for facilitating my grand entry to Kakwokwo Parish and Isunga village, and assisting me in singling out key informants. Thanks also to the late Dr Bazaara-Nyangabyaki for guiding me well at the start of the doctoral research journey, and for offering affiliation to the Centre for Basic Research, Kampala. May his Soul Rest in Peace! My heartfelt gratitude is extended to Professor Kjell Havnevik and Dr Britta Ogle for introducing me to the muddy world of research. Tack, Kjell and Britta! I have been fortunate to be scholarly guided by Professor Adam Pain (my principal advisor) and Professor Emeritus Tekeste Negash (my secondary supervisor). They have always had good intentions for me to finish the long journey, despite my ‘silly’ stubbornness and tendency to give up at times. They believed in my ideas, never gave up on me and I thank them enormously for this. My sincere gratitude is extended to Dr Ben Jones and Associate Professor Kjell Hansen for reading my final draft and submitting valuable comments with lasting impact on this thesis. I would also like to thank the following people from LAG (unit of Rural Development at SOL) for their unreserved moral backing and friendship during the years: Cecilia, Eva, Seema, Örjan, Emil, Elinor and Lennart; and Linda and Klara for inspiration and cheering me up when the going got tough. It is also essential to pay tribute to a group of wonderful women at LAG who unknowingly became my ‘guinea pigs’ for experimentation with ‘renegotiation in relational contracts’, an issue taken up in this book. Whilst I did my best to get the best deal from them, it never took long before my name started ‘smelling bad’ in the corridors of LAG that ‘I complain too much’. Thank you, Linley Chiwona- Karltun, Margarita Cuadra and Kristina Marquardt. It was worth it. I also thank my other Ph.D. friends Martin Paju and Jovita Amurvon for always having time for me whenever I passed by their offices, and for sharing life stories. Outside the LAG community, there are many friends who helped me complete my doctoral journey. But I would like to single out one particular friend, Åsa Renman (Ayaa), who once in a while show up from nowhere with a smile to light up my world whenever darkness covered me. Thank you Åsa for your persistent encouragement, support and all the kind words of advice you offered me over the years. I am also extremely grateful to Olle Gustafsson, my mentor and friend, for his wisdom and generous encouragement when I first joined SLU as a student and later colleagues (with Åsa) in the classrooms of Development Studies. Olle made me what I am, and today, I offer him a special glass of Kipanga gin, and a decorated calabash of Kwete beer in appreciation. I am also in great debt to my late sisters Ms Betty Akwero Otto, and Ms Grace Aciro Otto who passed away at a critical time of writing this thesis, a time when I needed them the most. They were my sources of love and inspiration. Deep and heartfelt thanks also to Rose (lady of the house), for so many things but above all for love and patience even when at times the pressure to finish the ‘damn’ Ph.D. ‘thing’ became unbearable. Without your support, I do not know if I would have made it all the way. Apwoyo! To my children, Pauline, Nicholas, Stella and Bongomin, thank you for bearing with me. Now I have no reason to be invisible in your lives. I would also like to thank the technical staff at the Department of Urban and Rural Development, especially Anni Hoffrén, Marlén Tälleklint and David Halim for the help and many smiles they offered whenever I needed them. I also thank all those ‘other’ friends and foes alike, who shared their realities with me, inspired me, encouraged me, and/or patiently worked with me along the rough ‘safari’. You all gave me a chance to know my strengths and weaknesses as a person. My research was partly financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Nordic Africa Institute. Research in Uganda was endorsed by the Uganda Council for Science and Technology.
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