Investing in the Livestock Sector
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INVESTING IN THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR Why Good Numbers Matter A Sourcebook for Decision Makers on How to Improve Livestock Data © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a co-publication of The World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO, The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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INVESTING IN THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR Why good numbers matter A Sourcebook for decision makers on how to improve livestock data Ugo Pica-Ciamarra • Derek Baker • Nancy Morgan • Alberto Zezza Carlo Azzarri • Cheikh Ly • Longin Nsiima Simplice Nouala • Patrick Okello • Joseph Sserugga World Bank Report Number 85732-GLB ii | Investing in the Livestock Sector: Why Good Numbers Matter TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES V ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS VII INTRODUCTION 1 PART I DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF LIVESTOCK DATA: GAPS AND ISSUES 4 1.1 THE BASICS OF A PROPER LIVESTOCK STATISTICAL SYSTEM. .4 1.2 CORE LIVESTOCK DATA AND INDICATORS . .11 1.3 DATA AND INDICATORS FOR EVIDENCE-BASED LIVESTOCK POLICIES AND INVESTMENTS . 18 1.4 DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS AND LIVESTOCK INDICATORS: GAPS AND PRIORITY ISSUES . 30 PART II METHODS TO IMPROVE THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF LIVESTOCK DATA 43 2.1 COHERENT AND COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION: DESIGNING A LIVESTOCK QUESTIONNAIRE FOR AGRICULTURAL AND INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS . 43 2.2 IMPROVING LIVESTOCK DATA QUALITY: EXPERIMENTS FOR BETTER SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES . 51 2.3 PHYSICAL MEASURES OF PRODUCTION FOR BETTER STATISTICS: THE LIVESTOCK TECHNICAL CONVERSION FACTORS . 59 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES TO IMPROVE THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIVESTOCK DATA . 67 PART III LIVESTOCK DATA FOR DECISION MAKING: EVIDENCE AND EXAMPLES 78 3.1 ESTIMATING LIVESTOCK NUMBERS: EXAMPLES FROM COUNTING ANIMALS IN WEST AFRICA. 78 3.2 PEOPLE AND LIVESTOCK: LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS USING THE LIVESTOCK MODULE FOR INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS . 90 3.3 DATA INTEGRATION TO MEASURE LIVESTOCK AND LIVELIHOODS IN UGANDA . 98 3.4 COMPLEMENTING SURVEY DATA ON QUANTITY WITH QUALITATIVE INFORMATION: THE MARKET FOR ANIMAL-SOURCE FOODS IN TANZANIA AND UGANDA . .105 3.5 CONSTRAINTS: COMBINING MICRO-DATA WITH FARMERS’ VIEWS . 116 RECOMMENDATIONS 127 REFERENCES 129 QUICK JUMP TO • Contents • Part II • Introduction • Part III • Part I • Recommendations PREFACE | iii PREFACE imited access to quality data is a major constraint to statistical issues, it does represent a unique document for a economic development, making it difficult for public number of reasons. To begin with, it is possibly the first doc- Land private actors to design and implement policies and ument which specifically addresses the broad complexity of investments which maximize economic growth while being livestock data collection, taking into consideration the unique smallholder inclusive. This is overwhelmingly the case for characteristics of the sector. Indeed, in most cases livestock agriculture, where output is generated by a series of inputs data are dealt with, if ever, within the context of major agri- directly controlled by the producer, which are often difficult cultural initiatives. Second, the Sourcebook is a joint product to measure, but also influenced by a series of variables of users and suppliers of livestock data, with its overarching beyond his control, such as temperature and rainfall. Within objective being to respond to the information needs of data agriculture, livestock is a key sector which poses considerable users, and primarily the Ministries responsible for livestock challenges for collecting data, and hence designing effective in African countries and the National Statistical Authorities. policies and investments. As far back as 1957, the Chief of Finally, the Sourcebook represents a unique experiment of in- the Agriculture Division of the US Bureau of the Census, Dr. ter-institutional collaboration, which jointly places the World Ray Hurley, observed: “in analysing the [US] census experience Bank, the FAO Animal Production and Health Division, the covering 16 nationwide censuses and almost 120 years, one ILRI and the Africa Union — Interafrican Bureau for Animal concludes that the nationwide collection of satisfactory livestock Resources as well as national governments in Niger, Tanzania data ... is a difficult task and involves a number of problems. Even and Uganda at the forefront of data and statistical innovation the job of obtaining a count of livestock is fraught with difficulties. for evidence-based livestock sector policies and investments. Livestock numbers change every day of the year. Marketing is a continuous process. Livestock inventories are affected by births, This Sourcebook represents a first step towards a deaths, farm slaughter, and by growth and change in age of ani- demand-driven and sustainable approach to enhance the live- mals” (Hurley, 1957, pp. 1420–1). stock information available to decision makers. It is hoped it will provide a useable framework for significantly improving Recognizing that stakeholders contend that data availability the quantity and quality of livestock data and statistics avail- which feed into evidence based livestock policies and invest- able to the public and private sector, and also increase the ments is inadequate and fragmented, the World Bank, the efficacy of investments that country governments and the FAO, the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) international community allocate to generate information for and the African Union — Interafrican Bureau for Animal livestock sector policies and investments. Resources (AU-IBAR), with financial support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), implemented the Livestock in Africa: Improving Data for Better Policies Project. The Project, implemented between 2010–2013 in collabora- tion with the pilot countries of Uganda, Tanzania and Niger, World Bank | Juergen Voegele, Director, Agriculture and targeted an improvement of the quantity and quality of the Environmental Services Department livestock information available to decision makers through enhanced methods for data collection and analysis within the context of the overall agricultural statistical system. FAO | Berhe G. Tekola, Director, Animal Production and This Sourcebook summarizes the outputs and lessons of the Health Division Livestock in Africa: Improving Data for Better Policies Project. It aims to present the challenges facing professionals collecting and analysing livestock data and statistics and possible solu- tions. While the Sourcebook does not address all conceivable ILRI | Jimmy Smith, Director General issues related to enhancing livestock data and underlining QUICK JUMP TO • Contents • Part II • Introduction • Part III • Part I • Recommendations iv | Investing in the Livestock Sector: Why Good Numbers Matter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS his Sourcebook was prepared by a core team composed of Nicolas Kauta (MAAIF), Mimako