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Using Phylogenetic Species Recognition to Delimit Species Boundaries Within Lasiosphaeria

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Using Phylogenetic Species Recognition to Delimit Species Boundaries Within Lasiosphaeria Mycologia, 96(5), 2004, pp. 1106±1127. q 2004 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Using phylogenetic species recognition to delimit species boundaries within Lasiosphaeria Andrew N. Miller1 Key words: Ascomycetes, b-tubulin, Cercophora, Botany Department, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake genealogical concordance phylogenetic species rec- Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 and ognition, ITS, LSU, morphological species recogni- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of tion, phylogenetics, RPB2, Sordariales, species con- Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7060 cepts, systematics Sabine M. Huhndorf Botany Department, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 INTRODUCTION The genus Lasiosphaeria previously included numer- Abstract: The genus Lasiosphaeria recently has been ous taxa possessing a broad range of ascomal, asco- circumscribed more narrowly to include ®ve mor- spore and anamorph morphologies. However, its cir- phospecies united by tomentose ascomata containing cumscription recently has been de®ned more nar- yellow centrum pigments. Species boundaries have rowly to include ®ve morphospecies possessing to- not been established and phylogenetic relationships mentose ascomata with yellow centrum pigments have not been clearly de®ned for these morphospe- (Miller and Huhndorf 2004a). The genus presently cies. To delimit species boundaries and determine includes the type, L. ovina (Pers. : Fr.) Ces. & de phylogenetic relationships among species, maximum Not., along with L. glabrata (Fr.) Munk, L. lanuginosa parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analy- (H. Crouan & P. Crouan) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, L. ses were conducted on sequence data from four nu- rugulosa (A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf) A.N. Mill. & Huhn- clear genes, the ribosomal internal transcribed spac- dorf, and L. sorbina (Nyl.) P. Karst. Five additional er (ITS) region, 28S large subunit (LSU) rDNA, b- morphospecies, Cercophora citrina (Petch) Lundq., C. tubulin and ribosomal polymerase II subunit 2 gossypina Lundq., C. spirillospora (Penz. & Sacc.) (RPB2). Representatives of L. glabrata, L. ovina, L. Lundq., L. cylindrospora Lar. N. Vassiljeva, and L. lib- rugulosa and L. sorbina resolved as four highly sup- ertiana Speg. & Roum., also may belong in the genus ported monophyletic groups in almost all analyses because they possess similar tomentose ascomata and and are recognized as well-de®ned species employing yellow centrum pigments (except L. cylindrospora, principles of genealogical concordance. These spe- which has a hyaline centrum). Members of Lasios- cies delimitations are corroborated further by mor- phaeria occur worldwide as saprobes on lignicolous phology. Representatives of L. lanuginosa were poly- and herbicolous substrates and commonly are includ- phyletic in almost all analyses. Although molecular ed in regional ®eld guides and taxonomic treatments analyses revealed that this morphospecies comprises of ascomycetes (Munk 1957, Dennis 1977, Breiten- several phylogenetic species, formal taxonomic rec- bach and Kranzlin 1984, Ellis and Ellis 1987). Al- ognition of these lineages is premature, so L. lanu- though they have been included in several taxonomic ginosa currently is treated as a morphological species works (Seaver 1912, Carroll and Munk 1964, Gnan- complex. Complete species descriptions, including ananthan 1972, Lundqvist 1972, Hilber et al 1987, teleomorph, anamorph and culture characteristics, van Hooff 1993, Candoussau et al 2002), these spe- are given for L. glabrata, L. ovina, L. sorbina and the cies never have been treated systematically. L. lanuginosa species complex along with detailed As currently circumscribed, Lasiosphaeria includes discussions of signi®cant morphological characters two species previously placed in Cercophora, which used in recognizing species. These species are com- traditionally has been distinguished from Lasiosphaer- pared to ®ve additional morphospecies that also may ia in possessing ascospores that eventually develop a belong in the genus. swollen, pigmented head (Lundqvist 1972). While as- cospore morphology recently has been shown to be Accepted for publication May 6, 2004. a poor predictor of generic relationships in the Sor- 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] dariales (Dettman et al 2001, Miller and Huhndorf Current address: Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820. E-mail: 2004b), development of a swollen ascospore head [email protected] might be useful for distinguishing taxa at the species 1106 MILLER AND HUHNDORF:SPECIES BOUNDARIES WITHIN LASIOSPHAERIA 1107 TABLE I. Taxa used in this study GenBank accession no. Geographical Taxa Sourcea locality ITS LSU b-tubulin RPB2 Cercophora areolata UAMH7495 Canada AY587911 AY587936 AY600252 AY600275 Cercophora sparsa JF00229 (a) France AY587912 AY587937 AY600253 Ð Cercophora sulphurella SMH2531 Illinois AY587913 AY587938 AY600254 AY600276 Lasiosphaeria glabrata TL4529 (a) Denmark AY587914 AY436410 AY600255 AY600277 Lasiosphaeria glabrata SMH4617 Denmark AY587915 AY436411 AY600256 AY600278 Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa SMH2390 Costa Rica AY587916 AY587939 AY600257 AY600279 Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa SMH4027 Costa Rica AY587917 AY587940 AY600258 AY600280 Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa TL5656 (a) Denmark AY587918 AY587941 AY600259 Ð Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa SMH4594 England AY587919 AY587942 AY600260 AY600281 Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa SMH3277 North Carolina AY587920 AY587943 AY600261 AY600282 Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa SMH3819 North Carolina AY587921 AY436412 AY600262 AY600283 Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa AR2148 (a) Venezuela AY587922 AY587944 Ð Ð Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH4605 Denmark AY587923 AY436413 AY600263 AY600284 Lasiosphaeria ovina K. Robinson, s.n. England AY587924 AY587945 AY600264 AY600285 Lasiosphaeria ovina CBS958.72 Germany AY587925 AY587946 AY600265 AY600286 Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH1538 Illinois AY587926 AF064643 AF466046 AY600287 Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH2670 (a) Illinois AY587927 AY587947 AY600266 AY600288 Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH4124 (a) Illinois AY587928 AY587948 AY600267 AY600289 Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH2635 (a) Indiana AY587929 AY587949 AY600268 AY600290 Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH3923 Michigan AY587930 AY587950 AY600269 AY600291 Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH3286 North Carolina AY587931 AY587951 AY600270 AY600292 Lasiosphaeria rugulosa SMH4438 (a) Ecuador AY587932 AY587952 AY600271 AY600293 Lasiosphaeria rugulosa SMH1518 Puerto Rico AY587933 AY436414 AY600272 AY600294 Lasiosphaeria sorbina GJS L555 Louisiana AY587934 AY436415 AY600273 AY600295 Lasiosphaeria sorbina CBS885.85 Germany AY587935 AY436416 AY600274 AY600296 a (a) 5 DNA extracted from ascomata; all others were extracted from cultures. level. The ®ve morphospecies currently in Lasio- and Huhndorf (2004b). All voucher specimens are depos- sphaeria are distinguished morphologically by differ- ited in The Field Museum Mycology Herbarium (F). ences in the amount and color of the tomentum and Morphological characterization.ÐAscomata were squash- the presence or absence of a swollen ascospore head. mounted in water, and images of micromorphological struc- However, several collections recently have been tures were captured with a Dage DC-330 video system found that possess intermediate tomentum and as- mounted on a Zeiss Axioskop microscope using differential cospore characters making it dif®cult to assign them interference or phase contrast microscopy. Images were to any one of the ®ve morphospecies. The objectives processed using Adobe Photoshop 3.0 or 5.0 (Adobe Sys- of this study were to: (i) delimit species boundaries tems Inc., Mountain View, California). A minimum of 30 and assess species relationships among taxa using a measurements were taken for most teleomorphic and ana- phylogenetic approach, and (ii) determine which morphic structures for each species and mean and standard morphological characters, if any, may be phylogenet- deviation (shown in brackets) were calculated for asco- m ically informative for grouping taxa at the species lev- spores. Ascomata were sectioned at 5 m according to el. Huhndorf (1991). Cultures of multispore isolates were ob- tained following the techniques of Huhndorf et al (2004). Culture studies were conducted following the methods of MATERIALS AND METHODS Miller and Huhndorf (2001), except Difco potato-dextrose agar (PDA) was used in place of oatmeal agar. Color terms Taxon sampling.ÐTaxa used in this study are listed in TABLE for cultures are taken from Kornerup and Wanscher I along with source information, geographical locality and (1978). GenBank accession numbers. Multiple representatives from the ®ve morphospecies currently placed in Lasiosphaeria DNA extraction, PCR ampli®cation, sequencing and sequence were included in this study. Cercophora areolata Lundq., C. alignment.ÐDetailed protocols for the extraction, ampli®ca- sparsa (Sacc. & Fairman) R. Hilber and C. sulphurella tion and sequencing of partial DNA sequences from the LSU, (Sacc.) R. Hilber were used to root trees using the outgroup b-tubulin and RPB2 genes along with the methods for the method based on previous phylogenetic analyses by Miller alignment of these sequences are described fully in Miller and 1108 MYCOLOGIA Huhndorf (2004b). In this study, a segment of the RPB2 gene random trees to ensure trees from the same tree space were between conserved regions 3b and 7 (Liu et al 1999) was PCR being sampled during each analysis. ampli®ed in two pieces using
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