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When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. 2 Politics, Ideology, and Economy in the Pindaric World Gianna Stergiou PhD in Classics The University of Edinburgh 2017 3 Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate, the work is the candidate’s own and the work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or professional qualification. Signed Gianna Stergiou 4 Abstract This thesis examines the work of Pindar from a political, ideological, and economic perspective. It is based on the premise that the society in which Pindar lived and the society he presents in the odes are not examples of fully embedded economies, and that elements of a market economy have an impact on both the society and the odes' ideology. A thorough analysis of the economics of Isthmian 2 shows that gift economy coexists with market economy. My thesis focuses on the odes dedicated to the Sicilian tyrants, Hieron of Syracuse and Theron of Akragas. The odes dedicated to Hieron have a different ideology, propaganda and economy in comparison with those composed for Theron. Hieron is presented as an almighty king whose values do not derive from inherited excellence (phya), but from his wealth. By analysing the reciprocal relationships in the mythological exempla, I argue that the poet reveals Hieron to be prone to market behaviour and suggests the dangers involved in pursuing obscene profit and in applying market logic to politics. In the case of Theron, Pindar treats him according to traditional aristocratic values. Theron is the most prominent person of an aristocratic family and closely follows the laws of the gift economy. He is a man whose values are inherited and his exceptional phya justifies his tyranny. A brief comparison of the concept of phya in the Aeginetan odes illustrates the different way the concept is applied in the case of a tyrant. In conclusion, Pindar is a poet who knows the wishes of his patrons and how to promote their propaganda, but he also lives in a society which functions not only under the laws of a fully embedded economy, but also under those of a market economy, and the logic of the latter has influenced his poetry. An ideological examination of his work uncovers the traces of this influence. 5 Lay Summary This thesis examines the Pindaric odes from a political, ideological, and economic perspective. The premise of the study is that the Pindaric world was not homogenous, but two different economical systems co-existed. The poet is aware of both of them: gift economy and market economy. Pindar manages to create a balance between them, as the analysis of Isthmian 2 shows. The rest of the thesis is focused on the odes for Hieron and how they are influenced by the political status of the patron and the economy of the market. By analysing the reciprocal relationships in the mythological exempla, I argue that the poet reveals Hieron to be prone to market behaviour and suggests the dangers involved in pursuing obscene profit and in applying market logic to politics. By contrast with the Hieron odes, the Emmenid odes have a different ideological agenda. They are concerned with the notion of phya, but it too can be understood from an economic perspective. 6 Ἐὰν ταῖς γλώσσαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λαλῶ καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, γέγονα χαλκὸς ἠχῶν ἢ κύμβαλον ἀλαλάζον. καὶ ἐὰν ἔχω προφητείαν καὶ εἰδῶ τὰ μυστήρια πάντα καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γνῶσιν, καὶ ἐὰν ἔχω πᾶσαν τὴν πίστιν, ὥστε ὄρη μεθιστάνειν, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, οὐδέν εἰμι. καὶ ἐὰν ψωμίσω πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντά μου, καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶμά μου ἵνα καυθήσομαι, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦμαι (Apostle Paul, Α´ ἐπιστολὴ Παύλου πρὸς Κορινθίους (ιβ´ 27 - ιγ´ 13) ‘Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not money, I am become as a sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not money, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not money, it profiteth me nothing. Money suffereth long, and is kind; money envieth not; money vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, doth not behave unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things… And now abideth faith, hope, money, these three; but the greatest of these is money. I Corinthians xiii (adapted) ‘ (George Orwell, Keep the Aspidistra Flying) 7 Editions and Abbreviations Pindar and Bacchylides are cited according to the following editions: Snell, B., and H. Maehler, (1992), Bacchylides, Leipzig: Teubner. Snell, B., and H. Maehler, (1987), Pindarus. Pars I. Epinicia, 8th ed. Leipzig: Teubner. Snell, B., and H. Maehler, (1989), Pindarus. Pars II. Fragmenta. Indices, Leipzig: Teubner. Drachmann, A. B. (1903–1927), Scholia vetera in Pindari carmina. 3 vols, Leipzig: Teubner. AJPh American Journal of Philology BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, University of London CJ Classical Journal CQ Classical Quarterly DK Diels, H., and W. Kranz (eds) (1961/[1952]), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 vols. 10th ed. Berlin: Weidmann. FGE Page, D. L. (ed.) (1981), Further Greek Epigrams, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. FGrHist Jacoby, F. (1923–1958), Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, Berlin: Weidmann. GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies HSCPh Harvard Studies of Classical Philology ICS Illinois Classical Studies JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies 8 M-L Meiggs R., and D. Lewis, (eds) (1969), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. PMG Page, D. L. (1962), Poetae melici graeci, Oxford: Clarendon Press. PMGF Davies, M. (1991), Poetarum melicorum graecorum fragmenta, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. QUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RhM Rheinisches Museum für Philologie TAPhA Transactions of the American Philological Association TrGF Snell, B., and R. Kannicht (eds) (1986–.), Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. YCS Yale Classical Studies The poems of Pindar are abbreviated as follows O. Olympians P. Pythians N. Nemeans I. Isthmians 9 Acknowledgments I would like to thank all the people who contributed in some way to the work described in this thesis. First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Douglas Cairns, who has supported me throughout my thesis not only with his inexhaustible patience and knowledge, but also emotionally through the rough road to finish this thesis. I am especially grateful because he set me free to find my own voice whilst he was guiding me with valuable comments, insightful suggestions and astute criticism. Without him this thesis would not have been completed or written. He is the best supervisor and one of the most intelligent people I have ever met. I will forever be thankful to my dear friend Professor Olga Taxidou for her support, meticulous suggestions, and for engaging me to innovative ideas. She was and remains my best role model for mentor, academic, and friend. Olga was the reason I was involved so much with theory and one of the main reasons I could withstand Edinburgh’s depressing weather. I would like also to thank Professor Peter Rose for teaching me the double hermeneutic method and for making me realize the importance of wealth in defining the elite class. His books were a source of unending inspiration and his comments a guide to uncharted waters. A huge “thank you” to my lovely friend Dr. Stephanie Winder for reading the whole thesis again and again, correcting my English, commenting almost in every paragraph of the thesis, and encouraging me every single time I felt that I had no inspiration. I am especially thankful to her because she introduced me to Laertis, a dear friend who was always available to listen when I needed an ear, always willing to help by all his means and always a person who believed in my abilities. I owe many thanks to my examiners, Professor Richard Seaford and Lilah Grace Canevaro for their inspiring questions and helpful comments. I am more than grateful to my family, especially to my dearest darling mom, for her encouragement, blessings, love, and moral support. I am indebted to her because her strong belief that money cannot buy everything was the inspiration for writing about the autonomy of the poet. I would like to thank my sister and his husband, my brother and my nephews who never let me feel alone. 10 Finally, I would like to thank my friends for providing me love, support, friendship, and making me explore the humorous aspects of life. Forgive me for not listing everyone (you are too many/I am so lucky).