A Survey of Fiction Written by Mormon Authors and Appearing in Mormon Periodicals Between 1900 and 1945

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1949

A Survey of Fiction Written By Mormon Authors and Appearing in Mormon Periodicals Between 1900 and 1945

Ross Stolworthy Esplin Brigham Young University - Provo

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Part of the Fiction Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons

BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Esplin, Ross Stolworthy, "A Survey of Fiction Written By Mormon Authors and Appearing in Mormon Periodicals Between 1900 and 1945" (1949). Theses and Dissertations. 4672. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4672

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A sljyzviSURVEYy OP iicticil YRTTL in liylly morianmoriqnN u2atrjua HORSH0R S

allailali aipea1appeariijg1311ig I1II111 motmoioijMOi0 0oilOIJ1 iriojicals

btinabtin13 tyteTVTE NU 1900 INAN 1945

ross 8 aplinsplinlisplin AN ATIRATIRAATTRACTai1i A GT OF

I1 A STJIISITKVJYV 1 Ily OF FJCTTOM JTTJ ny MORMON AUITHOIAUTHORSIS

al apphakihg INTN JjollionjorlionjORoli011dnilonLION TOJICALS BEJK 1900 alliailiatefattfAWJawoamo1 1945

mormon corllporllperiodicalodicalcodical fiction Jhasaasoasias had a slow and painstaking developidevelopsdevelopmentilont not duchouch ficficblon161on of worth was produced prprioror to 1900 but by 1900 the antecedents of a future itmathtmatalureabareaburelureludejude fiction were eestablishedstaollstahllstaoil011oll sheoshed the fiction of the years following those initial developidevelopsdevelopmentsientslentsbents of fiction is largely as yet exploredanexploredunexploredan and unevaluated it Is my irposeimposepipurpose in baisbalstlriis study to map olitoutol it the broad areas of this fiction andnd attempt to neasuremeasure its literary value

e L ficpicpie mormon lilliilleelike thehe fictiont ionlon produced before 1900 5 periodical fiction between 1900 and 19451911191155 Is predominantly didactic in piirposeimposepurpose A majority of thesebaesebhese didactic stories seeksechseckseok to teachbeachboach lessons rereardin1ard1nr thetho T tormon religion and

the mormon1borr1orrlonion way of lifeilfe some of tltheirleir imessages are as

7 follows Sshunjhun bhethebhe evils of tthe1 ie uioulovioworldcideidcadc1d obey the ordlordford of wisdom be illlil111litrec the plonepionepioneersors live rljateoiislyrighteously in dallydailydaliy life ralraisese a familyfalfaiailyally be a missionary in everyday life

I1 marry within the liormontj0 rmon church learn thekheLI he scriptures and masmastermastorbjor tthebhehe princlprinciplesorinciplesolesplespleb of lioruonismdlornionisra

11 111 of slsignificance1 raificance Iss it chatghatlt neallyneailyneaily ten percent more 2

I I1 storstoriestieslIes writwrittenwritcenU en 11since 1920 hanthanihanjhan before that year haverveave the doidoldominantdinantninant purpose ofor providing enientertainmentort91 nmeame n for children youn peolpeopledieoieDle and adults oldoidfiel iiciacticijoactic purposes apparently

are lvin11ivinv 1nan way on a small scale to DureuremrpurposesnosesposeS of entertain- imentte nt because heytthey no ionlonlonerionerlongerer are hated andomdano persecuted by the people of the horldhoridworld the 11formonhormonmormon people do not write much fiction haviarhavinrhaving poleipolemicaliiical purposes etweenatweenbetween 1900 and 1945

.1 thetheyy bribevribeyribe1 t e a ffewfowc w s7sastoriesG or 1 e s 1inn defensedefensoe fe n s a of theirLiheiphet r institutinstituteinstitutionsionslons

and practices 11such as thetho abandoned practiceprac bicebloehioe of polyparypolypolypamypolyrtarriyc-pamyi but disdisputationdisputabionioutationiduioufoutation is not an 1mtdortantimportant purpose during the perperiodlodiod of this study themes peculiarly TmormonTo rinon in thalthai11 h a they are concerned with tho hormonmormon situation and mormon men and viorrienwomen in the hormonmormon setting doidoldominateiiimate periodperiodicallical fiction of the period the tolfolfollowinsollowinfollowinglowin are typical mormon tithemesieiriesieseiriesiriesirles adventure courtincourting the family thehe jjoajoB 0 0 of mormonlordorlopraon the ibieibleelbleelbieaible9ible con-

1 org 7i vversionsr 0n s lirairalraclesalraiirairadira uclesclescies and Jdreamsdrenmsr6ra ai ilslisaisiis friendshipfrl onu hI1 p theu pioneers aalanlanimalsbiaisnialsblais andancl nature daily llvinallvinliving A sisnallsnailsmallialllaillaiiaall iiiiniiinumberiboriber of storiestoriess howeverovicverovic ver reveal evidence of thetho influence of world eveneventsCs for a feirelrolrolirollfewrewrowi slstoriesshoriesorlesories are concerned with such events as war the depressiondepress ionlon ol01ofr the 1930s190igo and the historical heihelaCIventuresadventures of01 world heroes like cortez and jobjohnn hariesharleshadiescharles 7 remont

As would tebe eexpected1 Pecpectedpeckedted of a body of fillionficlionficbion dominated by dlodiodiddidacticdidacticacticacetic rposesreposesmipurposes ancand conceconoeconcernedimodamod primarily with the 53

subjectsubasubj eabecb mattnattermattermetterer of 1itsts own roup Morrmornmormontionrionmion stories reveal

I1 Ls didacticcolorincdidacdidace licbic coloringCI andtreandereand trebre bmenttmentamentament and accoiaccodaccompanyingip anv ththis doidoldominantfiinant moralislicmoralisticttmoralisllmoraimoralisLicicllletlletiical tone oftentiofoftentimestenti mes is a romantic treatment evidenced by a love foiforyoiyol and a pantheisticpanthelspanthers 11 ic conception of nature respect for evenevoneventsevento and characters from out of the past unreunrealisticlistic characters and setsettingstinEs and exaexaggeratederatederaaeratedted incidents and plot develoidevelondevdevelopmentseloi rients

many limestimesbimes tholathoughtI1 h 11 of as a form of romanticism a sentsontsentimentali mentalmontal troattroatmontoontmentmont a tentendencyClency tobo motemoteemotionalizelonalional izo over events that do notno u merit extreme slsklowshowlow ofor feeling 11iss f prominent in thebhe periodical ictionactionfictionj of thebhe period sesenti-nt i mentality sisignificantlyalfnlf icantlyscantly is less apparent in the storstoriesles written since 1920 than in stories wrwrittenlttenatten before that ttinetimeI1 ine tjnilieunlike ttoratorhormonnonmon ficfictionb lonion before 1900 mormon periodical fiction between 1900 and 1945 coallconllcontainsconlainscon Lainsins considerable humoramorumor

G oodgood natured fun charoharcharacterizesicterizes boscmosmoscmosoC hihumorousimorous stories all of which are concerned wiwihI1 h ahebhelhell11 he humor ol01of everyday life accorac companyicripanyin thebacbhc humorous treattreatmentiacnt in ladoutajoutloutabout b heho same ddegroedegrooe lr 0 C althougha thou nenevernovernogerbrervrer in a domindominatldominatedominatingatlati Iosilosipositiontion in a story realism is present in morlmorimormonilon fictionactionfiction unhappy situations I civism refregardedC ardefardecarbec dispassionately pespessimismi ciism and psycholopsychpsychologicalolo010 ical probing into character are evidences of the realistic treat- mementnt stories for cilcliildrenchildren reveal the duvonjuvonjuvenileilellelie treatment a treatment didistinuisheust imzuished by silsiisllsimplicitysimplicjtyri olicity in vocabulary and 4

senjsentenceence striicturcsbructuro raprapidid movimovingn plotplots and consistently happy stories thatthab are free frmiarmifromi crueltycruelbycpiielty and bloodshed

bos tin the sboriesshoriesstorst or besles found in 1 tormon poiperiodicalsto icalsicalas are cilolioitheroibherther sinelesimsinglele ississueilclicilo stories or continuedcont Ina storiesstorlstort cs singleinr7le issiissuele storiesshories bhosoghoscghose jinninbojinninbebo inninannin andananuC ondrietletiondjiendetidinconddIncji in aci lniosingles alnio number of a Petpelpetiodperiodperiodicalslodiod crlcricalcql include the tolfolfollovintolovingto lovinloving litliterarylitcrarylibeliberarylibo rarycrarycrerycrapy typestypos thebhe prose ttalea e a rambling leisileisurelyirely lalebalebaiobalo vcribbenwribbenrritarit cn without rebardregard for sinIsinglenesseness of effect and artistic excellence the short

storyLjorylory a unified weilwell plplannednned artartisticallyarbisticallyist ic ailyally conceived story ilhebhe shorb alainortainoralort story an abbrevabbreviated1abedated nerrnorrnear abecanec dotal shorb storstoryv ohoghothebheghe leoryalleoryalallegory a skoryshorystoryscory vithwith hidden or dis uisedguised meaninrjs the prolprokprosee tale is the most numerous sin le issue story

found in ilonnoni loriiorilorl lonionaon1on periodicalspe olodicals for thebhe majority ofoc mormon stories are designeddeldes11 necneq to instruct ratherrahnerrabner than to please shortslo shoriessborieslesies become more prolproiprominentiincntvincnt however after 1920 thanbhsnbhan heboihoi ore included in the continued staricsstoricsstories are the following the novellovellovei a lon sslopysborygory involvininvolvingr consconsiderableconsideraoleconsider1 dera blebieoieaole complecomplexcomplexitycomplexibylolyilyllyibyicly

in plotpiotio L1 andancianclenci cliaracteri7ationcharacterisationcharacterization lhcthejhcwhewho episodic taietaleturleturie a lonionlonrj story cmisistinconslst3n of adventure beads fr joined togethertoret-fetfetlerretuerlepler byidyloy no riorefioreflorenoremorei than a sinoinsinglelo cliraractercharacter or circumstance thetho travelbravel talltailtaiitalktaik a storys ll11opyory form hatthatt catalcicalocataloguercataloguescqcalooguesaosuos ibous of interestint cresterest about places andancianclanol eoplepeople1 the fraiteaitealframeaeqe torystorytopy a storstoryV designedcleslchesl ned as a

lieriier core sibusituasibuabionallonalionabion11lonion forrort or jelabinfj otherotnerot ller scariesscoriesscs orlesories the novel is the iosioblobnostb abundant conlconcontinuedL inuedinked sborystory type ojof Checheohe period 5

llmormonoionolon flfictionficficbionpicbionblonctlonatlon which often apiappearsears injn the form of a series of storlstorisboriesshoriesos groupedrouped about certain characterscharacborscharaccnaracterslersbersbors and settlinsettingss atatbemptsattemptsU ei litsijasijts inlinyin ibsILICs oleninopeninoponinl sentensentencescoseos to introduce the noralnoraimoral message present the principalprinclp characters describe the physical setllseallse thinsthingin and set the plot into operotoperonoderaopera ionlonblonbion similarly these stori7torimormonjonaon fiction fiecospiecesfiacos atbemptattenilptattempt to conclude by lvinivinivinlvin thebhe iimpressionipvcss ionlon thatbhat peace and happi- neosness now are supreme and with a resresbatemenb161 a oeioelgei iolencleno of the moral messamessagee

1 1 As c rule uhetheche plots of j1 10111lormonnon storlstoriescs pprogresspo resscressfressc slovlyslovilyskovly and soncvihalsoiucwhafc tediously to a clicilcliinacinac and a drawn out conclusion fofor uidacbicidaetidantidact ic eieeleclenentslilentssilents and lenthylenienlenfthylanthythy descriptdescriptionsdescripb lonsions

Gl L freqmnlfroquenllyll11 ly ircervenon erveneglervene considerconsiderableablo number of0 stories 9.9 however afhridoeaoridpe cilcliclimacticdiact 1cac ituatiorlssibuafclonssrb andond closelosclosi1- 1af1f lapterslapeterschaptersc laglap ters intoin L0 o a fewfowtowcewcow para raoiallalrarannTs charoharictlerizatlorischargeterizabons inln nornonnormonmormon periodical flicalicrichionricbionionlonyon goner ally are suoerficialsupefflcialsuperficial and weakwearwea S few ststarlesstorlessboriesorles penalpenatpenotpenebratepenetratepenepeno iratebrate into a c1cacharecherchrchacnalarrecherc U ers mind and eartbeart1eart bdotdutbutbotdutot most stories asabsumeasumetnieenleurie an objectobjective1 ve apTaptroachapproachroach to charactercharac berbep sewyewew characloscharaeboseharachara eloseboscLos are ccomplexoniplex and fewfeycewrey 0of charichcri show muehmuch cevelodevelodevelopmenttientzientwient tithroughoutroirol ifhout the story

local color jjletjaletdetajjsalls periieafcedorinorldodl leatereateie ate tdiemiomlo1 io dedescriptionsdescripbionsscrlptsculpt i oilsoris ifoundcoundpound in Ivlormon fictriczL icbionicfictionlonionlionllonbion thesetheoetheocfilhe sc are usually quite detailed and ionlonlongiong endanderiaerlaaridena theyaheybhey ofteotteoftenn delde il1 with setsettingssetllsetbingsseall linoslngslingsbingsangs bhat are conventionalized andanaanu patberncdfatlern such as sunsebssunsetssunse L s and views from lottylofty mountainmountaintopsinountainbopstops i

L- S IT 1 1 orrionL riOnon ah1h slyllstically1 t j I oriorlononrion stories althofalthowalthough correct kraiiqraiifirauablcallymicallycailycallygicallyGi arcareape slow and uneven inln movement mormonjorrsorrlontonion writers eicploychloyemploy teriterlternsis tthatbathat are slinpleslunple and easy to under-

1 stand but tletietheir1 r vocabii1apvocauularjesle dreareore innuec ilori11011hlormonlonion fctionactionfactioni ccanan be said tobo be lanebanetablezablelametanae in inlcrestnterost appeal for 1itt never secnjinly rises 0too reabrealreat heheightsatshts ofor interestinterest1nterest and foellfeelingn

ittt lsIs my belicbelieff chatbhatonat mormonL ornonormon perlacperlocperiodicalicaltealreal fiction betiieenbetweenoetween 1900igou and 1945 doesdoasdoos riotnot constconstlbutc1 tiitctiitu a lrilsiclnlfsinienifanif 1cantleant contrlblcontribu-

1 tion to110 he 11teratiareliterature olof01 the worldsorld intn the ifirstarstfirstfiust plplacepl&cece it Is restrlictodrestrcestr lct ec in purposenudoudnur po e thetheciekwe rieclecie anandt appeal tLO a tiny

so mentnent of huhzanlyhuhnuhnubzanly si conccondlyliylly ltjt dodealsdeslodesiodeziozisalszio withwilh slssuerflclalsL edoeraeroer1L lcia1s not delvindolvindelving nto and Jdissectingssectessect ingyng the human personalpersonalityity nor

touc1toucytouchingi ln illlil111ilfelirere at lsufesufumclentumj leiielIcielentclenteiltelit vrrvarvariousolis 1pointsdo ints to lallailakeiallalelaie e it intelliintelllintelligibleibleibie morimorldornonmornonlonion jlictlonc gion as a L ilir reason s unreal ideal-

istic andanclano rollantroelantroilantronnfcicle injn thell11 he extredextre lielle it does nolnotnob add any

0 thinthinathinj newne lo10ll11 o rnanhindlaniannannenmen hindbinds7inds 1 n oivledcnowleilgc of hyihylhj iii self fourtfourthh

1 niosnieslnioslC itonnontorizionTorizion wrltoiwritel1 plod tovadfovadU owa- c a pro outoublnco11ned didactic oal retter tlianllantianthanianlan scarinsoarinsoarln on vansvjns 0or son bocardbonard0iiard rreate a t ibelLellerarye rrarya 1 ol01ojjectobjectj e calc1l 1acsvesvvcse S 7ifilchbif ifchlljielji ori iononlon storslorcslosles reveal struc-

I1 tural weancses ddisunite11 ounsun it 7 a tendency LOgo tldraetedraedra and latlast jormonoron wrwriterswrilers1tersaters betrbearbetrayi tltheirleir lacllaciiaci of experience and

11acy tr 711nljnlinin r in what llhoyhcyuhey uriteurjteifa2ite liormon11orizion Jictionletlonrictloiactionic tion howehowevcrhowevervcr possesses chesecheso astrenstrenslrenthsohsths

1 r 1 sentiben blmenialtyiientall 11 y appaiappahatpapeaT narenapepapee 1 tl Is decreasdecreamdedecreasingcreasoreas liap 2 enter-

talltaintainmentnirentnentmentnent as L purposegurpurpurjosepurposenurposelosejosE lsIs becotecominbecominfitfiafi1 n ioieinorelnore 11porLantinporlantIn 3 the 7

shortsnort story rapidly isj s rereplacingpiaclnpiacun bacbhc orose tale in ldoradoriioruonlonion

periodicals 4 sbylisbic 3 iprovemenbsroccrovcrovo rlenlentsbentsientsien ts arc visible in

1 al PTP llordiormorion111or petper loo100oc calcntlealicaticay fictionct lon 5 there arcarearo indlandlindividualvidual writers of power alaonamonaraon Tiiortnontoa103loyto3 lonion writersvr ibers As forrorgor dioradiormiiormonon fiction of ihhchacIE fubreaubre it without a doubt will linprovclrnprovo stylestylstylistically1st1 clay1y andundu nd structurally in the years to come lutautJ3utui didaclc purnoscpurn oseosc roidoidolroupnticmnc1 c treatrtreatebreatnenfcslentsientsbents and secsecbionpltitioneioneIonel and rmuiamuiroup thetiesthehies alvasiralraivaairas s viivilvill bbe dromlnentdomrom lncn in it

A SURVEYSURVTY OF I1ICTIONFICTION WRITTENVIRITTEN BY MORMON AUTHORS AND APPEARING IN MORMON periodicals BETWEEN 1900 AND 1945

A THESISTFEKSIS SUBMITTSUBMITTEDFD TO THE departmentdl partlePARTlpartl55 NT OF ENGLISH lo78so OF

BRIGHAM YOUNG university IN PARTIAL fulfillmentULIPILLTdentJENT OF THE requirements OF tleteetimTIETHE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

by rossroas S esplin 1949 T TTABLFA Baj1j 0OFD CCONSENTS01 Tj 1 IT S

I1 I1introilfcrcoITT R 0 0tat r CT i 1 1 the racieraclt L aundoundround tobo the problem 1 ststatementtel teiilent of the Prohlproblememi 6 limits of thebhe study 8 sources of data 0 sionslonsirmiflcaticeit searceseancescance of thisth-1i s stucvstudystuch 9

1 1flen 0 aciaeiAcknowledgmentacknowledgmentsacknowledgment0nowledbowled fientsfienfiendsts 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

1 j TTJLjaj1 11 hypoh1po IS OF iTO j oolotjoij IIT1 t7taytjeytle PPROSES fmritohikifoamrhiK itctioiFICTION 12 A doldondominantlinantdinant uidactlicjidaobic purpose 12 A doiinnntlydominantlydominnntly rellkel5f1ousp lousious didacticdidactlcl1 sm 18 A secular didactididacticdidacticismcisncism 5737 an impliimpeiimpliedd 01didacticdactdaca 1clsyriJ sm 5838 the purpose of rntertainircenter baining 5939 the polemicalI1ioleiboleiiolcal purpose 44 Cconclusionson c iii i ons 52 iliIII111 TtflltallL tlhiispiis 01 lohluh todTOL PICTIOII 54 therlthoniThorithemescs peculiarly 11iiormon11ormonormon 55 theltheithemesaes rove a llnslans11ns lneahebhethelhe influence oftheodtheof the orid1 ioridorld 82 conclusions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90

0 710ylo N IV trentiTREATITOTTREATIP TOT asidusidUS ji IN ii0ji0110i L I1 O FICTIONfaf1 CT i ON 91 the didactic treatrientTreatreaticreatitrientlent 92 the loiromanticlorbantiant ic tieattheattrealieTreabietreabientlentbentientnt 0 0 95 the sentimental treattreatmentilentii ent 115113 the humorous treaticreatirreatnentrient 119 the realistic treatment 0 it it 0 0 0 0 125 the Juvenjuvenilejuvenilellelieile treatment 152132 cinclusconclusconclusionslonsions 156136

1 1 1 11 af 3 V tittry1f li1l1LITJRARY1ia11 LY tvrib R arrlbrylbrryprrlSJ utilntilantilE I1SM LJ 01 monMOM FICTION 158138 sinsinglelo issue Storlstorlcsstancsstoncsstonoscs 538158758138738 the prose tale 159139 the shortsnort sborystory 145 the short short sborystory 152 the allerallegoryodyory 1541511 story Ccyclesacles1cles 156 Conticontinuedcontimiedhiedmied Ststoriesorles 157 the novel 158138 the Eepisodic tale 11693 9 thetilethotiie traveltnikilltil rrnn ve I1 t ah1h 175173 prame p the fra-framepfauephameme slorpsboryJ gory P 9 171766 cinclusconclusconclusionslonsions e 0o 177 n7

1 ai 11 VIVT solSOTlotfesotfeT gmwrltzaiojisjj I1RMGAROITOG atljtl 1i tto HORMOWlohoy1 yictoipictio11 179 TtheI1ic 3besinninsBesine 3 i nnninsn s aandn cl rndinsandinsRnEr ddinsi n s 180130ISO the devclocmentlevolopnenL ofor plotpiot 184 the lcvelopmcjcvelopmcnc1l of character 1093 eq Ddescrlpblonse s c r lloilo t 1l 0 n s 0orf sesettingstt in s 195193 1 stylistic I1 ualsaltiesualtiesttieses 196 overall 0ualltyualifcy 204 mormon wribinciritiniridin profprocprogramsranis 205 conclusions 206

T I1 I1 1 P T 1 1 DI1 C I1 T vilVII SstisllslilurySli lualdaIU-LURYI L STstilvrcIA E Alilu Cconclustos0 L S 0 S 208 unzaga m Ssuinraaryunzaary a 208203 an 2 1ma e c T e a i borthr 0 o 7 t- 0 mormon0 m 0 stilsstiistiinatet datenatet 0off tthloahloh literaryit r y 7orthi h off r n fiction 209 7 wherewhereinM 1 lormon fiction has strength 211213 Mmormon0 r q 0 n FfictionI1 c t 0 n tto0 Ccomeome 211

Bbuliocrrapity13 L 10 4 P TTY 212152133 A SUWYsovySL lvyly OPOF TCIIIJOJTCTICW WRITTEN BY holmolMORLIONm01il loilioli1011 AUTHORS

1 aitoalidATID ap1taringitpeariing lihIN LIORIIOM ri0ficalsilriodicals1 I

btvn1 1900 lilnidAMAID 1945394519453 945 d-

A SURVEY OF FICTION WRITTEN BY korivimoriviMORMONON AUTHORS

AND APPEARING IEIN MORIIONMORMON periodicals BETWEEN 1900 AND 1945

CHAPTER I1

introduction

the background jto the problem

mormon fiction before 1900 had a late beginning and a slow development the leaders of the mormon church were

at first actively opposed to fiction in any form 0.0 for they regarded it as a worldly distracting influence and actively expressed the opinion that the book of morrionmormon and the

l 1 bible were the only worlworworpworthwhileu awhilehwhile books writwrittenwrittenetene espite the opposition of the mormon leaders to fiction however mormon fiction had its beginning in the early formative years of the mormon organization mormon rienniennenmen and women accustomed to telling one another

1 gean clark A survey of early mormon fiction proveprovoprovoo brigham young university 19351955 p 9 the introduction to the above study appp 181 8 contains the essentials of the material that I1 present in this section 1 2

about instances in whwhichaich7ich dreams and miracles had aided faithful latter dayclapclay saints gradually broadened and expanded tlesealesetliese accounts to include instances of true adventure and imaginative epislesepepistlesepisodesisLes in this way the first mormon fiction was born 2 he mormon people had scant opportunity to create a true fiction during the years of their persecutions in v 4 ohio missouri and illinois and following these bitter years they had to face the cruel hard actuality of life z on the frontier 3 iiarbiardicinginc the years of the arduous trek to utah and the establishment of mormon communities in utah there was little opportunity for a real fiction to be born the mormon people did not have a problem of what to do with their lelleiielleisurestiresiire time for the utah of 1847 was raw and un- developed they were concerned in the main with building homes cultivating the sunbakedsun baked soil resisting the elements 9 fighting off hostile indians and establishing a religious citadel and an agricultural economy the mormon fictionactionfiction of these pioneer years consisted mainly of true experiences related by men and women who had had drdreamseariseaniseanls had experienced or witnessedwltnesssed miracles or had braved the savsavageryaSery of indian attacks the coming of johnstons armyarrayarnayarnny to utah in 1857 and the

2 ibid0ib id appp 36136.15653 616 24 53 ibid p 53 53

magnitude of the california and oregon movements contribut- ed to a qualified acceptance on the part of mormon leaders of a ffiction that was didactic and moralistic the imm- igrants to california and oregon and the soldiers brought into utah such a worldly influence and such a quantity of 11 yellowback11yellowback literature that the leaders of the mormon church came to the decision that they must combat this out 4 side influence with every means at their disposal so for this reason after 1888 the leaders of the mormon church gave a qualified acceptance of fiction that taught lessons of moral uprightness and that gave uplift and in- spiration to its readers they asked their people to pro- duce fiction which would teach mormon beliefs and practices nolnotnoku only to themselves but also to the people of the world it was also true that these leaders desired to see their people keep artistic pace with the gentiles the earliest tormonmormonlormon fiction pieces dealt with pioneer and indian experiencexperienceseso incidents of dreams and miracmiraclesiesoleso stories of conversionconversionsso and the experiences of mormon missionaries 5 lacking in maturity and strength this fiction is of value today mainly because it preserves the attitudes and activities of the early mormon people

occasional pieces of excellence were produced 9.9 but the fiction was for the most part of mediocre worth

494.94 ibid 9.9 p & 4 5 yett appp 244424 44 4

whether a strictly literary criticism of morrionmormon fiction in its early phases could be made or not is a question which future critics may answer it is my belief that there is not much literature of worth perhaps an occasional story nlaymapmay deserve applause for literary ex- celcellencelence but for the most part the fiction is of value for the sole reason that it preserves the attitudes and sections of life of the early latter day saints out of which true literature may evolve 6 most mormon fiction produced before 1900 had the purpose of teaching no story was free from didacticism and romanticism sentimentality was a favorite treatment and grammatically mormon stories were poorly constructed we have seen that the first literary tool gragrammarnunarnunan is not used with skill in any of the literature quoted we have also seen that the too ambitious plots have run away with the unprepared authors or that overbigover big words and high sounding phrases confounded the small story element didacticism romanticism and senti mentalismentalismsms have crowded out simplicity and sin- cerity in writing this early period is one of experimentation and gallant effarefforeffortt to express the pioneer life which hurried by and since literature is a succession of books upon books we look with respect upon thetho parentage of mormon fiction 7 the themestheines of the stories of mormon authorship writ ten before 1900 were as follows polygamous didactic book of mornionmormon conversion romantic humorous indian frontier and children the happy christmas ending was popular and supernatural and scriptural subjects were favored these stories were exact in details and most

6 ibid p 9593 7 ibibid 0 9.9 p 95 5

of them ended in a moral tag writers frequently attempted to imitate the style of the bible and the book of mormon mormon writers by 1900 however had taken the necessary steps preliminary to the production of a true literature by 1900 they had pioneered the primitive antecedents of a future fiction the morrionmormon authors however by the turn of the century had not reached that degree of excellence attained by the average american story writers a half century before literature is not born spontaneously out of life it grows up of a succession of books upon books every boolbooibook nastmu8tmastmustmuat have its literary parentage and the cormonsMormormonsmons as an individual group had barely created the primitive derivitivesderividerivativestives of future fiction khe8 the first mormon periodical was the evenevening and morningmorn star published for the first time in 18521832 in independence missouri after the mob demolished itito this periodical was republished in Kirtlankirfclandkirtlandpdp ohio and its name changed to the messeqnss ener andnd the advocate parley P pratt publislpublishpublishedled the first Mmillenniallilenillennial star in liverpool england in 1840 and the wasp a nauvoo weekly paper was first published in 1842 the womannomantsNomantss exionexponexponent the first magazine for mormon women was founded in 1842 and itsibsiuslus sister periodical the allejllerelief society magazine was created in 1914 in 1866 the publication of the deseret sunday school union the juvenile Instructinstructororrorpopp later called the Instructinstructororrorp

8 ibid appp 565 6 6

made its firstarstfirst appearance the contributorCantqnt ributdibutarqr ffounded in 1870187 and later renamed the I1provementimprovementbroprovement era and the Yyoung domantwomantwomantss journal created in 1889 publications of the mutual improvement associations of the mormon churchchurchy were combined in 1929 as the improvement era 9 the first JJmormonormon fiction magazine was Parrylsparrys monthmonthly Maamagazineazine created in 1888 to present stories of the right sort to mormon young people after 1890 all mormon periodicals began to include works of fiction in their pages 10

AA statement cfof the probienproblemibie and the Avoaunaupapproachroach joto jtit

it is my purpose in this study to determine the cha- racteristicsacteristics of and to arrive at an estimate of the literary value of the prose fiction produced by mormon writers and published in mormon periodicals between the years 1900 and 1945 I1 approach the problem in this way 1 I1 attempt to determine first of all the chief purposes back of the writing of this fiction placing each story considered in one of these general classifications didactic entertaining or polemical 2102 I1 classify the fiction of the period on a basis of the themes used the theme classifications are as follows

9 leilalellalelia marler hogcanhogganiioggan essay utah literature miscellaneous publications utah historical records survey t957y 1 10 gean darkkarkclarkmark aop cit appp 242 4 7

theinesthemes of the adolescent adventure the bible the book ofof mormon conversions courting daily living dreams and miracles the depression the family friendship history the indian the juvenile the pioneer polygamy and war 53 I1 observe the treatments sivengiven their material by mormon writers of the period and place each story in one of the following classifications didactic romantiromanticcp sentimental humoroushumorousp juvenile or realistic 4 I1 analyze the fiction of the period for its stylistic and structural qualities and seek to determine what literary types are represented 5 I1 attempt to arrive at an estimate of the literary value of the fiction by measuring it alongside such points of judgment as are listed below first how deeply and at how many points does the fictionf touch life and make it intelligible second to what degree are the themes and purposes of the ffiction of universal significance third are the stories correct in mechanical details do they possess unity clarity concreteness and vividness fourth to what degree are the fictionf pieces uplifti- ng moving and true to liflifeilfeelleileli

11 arlene harris A study of standards in the criticism tl provo young of contemporary fiction brigham1zd university 19541934 paul robert leider and robert withington the art 2of literaliterary criticism new york and london D appletonapptet on ventury7enturycentury co inc 1941 continued 8

limits of the sdstudy I1 confine my attention to the fiction written by mormon authors and published in mormon periodicals between the years 1900 and 1945 true experiences biographies and autobiographies are not included in this study and I1 do not devote any space to the study of individual mormon writers this is a survey of mormon fiction over a forty

0 five year period to attempt toU o penetrate at any length into the writings of individual authors is obviously impossible in a study of this length I1 do not intend thatbhat this study should in any sense be regarded as an exhaustive study this is a first survey only in which only the broad areas of the subject are explored and defined

sources of data

sources of data for this study are the periodicals of the mornionmormon church the larogaroyaroimprovementvement era the yoyoung lomaniswomaniswomans journal the relief soeisociety magazimagadimagazinene thethe childrens

friend and the juvenile instructorinstructrue tor the impimproveimprovoovementmovementnentment era 9.9 the youiryounryounsyoungP homanswomantswomenswomans journal and the relief socsociety Mmagazinez inelne

T 11 continued philo I1KM buck jr literLibeliteraryliberaryrary criticism new york harper and brothers 19501930 parley A christensen on judging literatureliteraturesLiteraliteraturenturen and the bad better best of literature all ina teacdeacteachersherts D .1 121 day salt lake city stevens and wallis TTTS946 1 appp 9tat9494121 0 9

contain fiction on the adult level the childrenchildrens s friend and the juvenile instructor are sources for childchildrenchildrenschildrentsrents fictionactionfiction A number of reference works have given me help and guidance in classifyinclassifying and arriving at a judgment of the ffiction studied

sirsignificancenifanif icanceacance of this stustud

the field of this study fiction created by mormmormonon writers and published in mormon periodicals is as yet re- latlativelyively unmapped and unexplored this fiction Is largely unclassified and unevaluated although there have been writings that have touched the subject lightly and briefbrleybrieflyly 12 the study to which this survey is a sequel A survey of early mormon fiction by gean harkdarkclark points to the years after 1900 as the time in which a true mormon literature would in all probability be born the mormon authors howehoweververjverp by the turn of the century had not reached that degree of ex- celcellencelence attained by the average american story writers a half century before since the

12 leilalellalelia marler hohogandangan loc citc it casslecassieoassie hydellyde hock dori4ormonsMorcormonsmormonsmons ifin fiction boulder university of colorado 1941 parley A christensenchrisChrls tensen the future of utah literature all in a teachersteachertsTeachteachartschertserts daday p 7573 itttetheyte hortshort story in utah the relief sociesoclesociety mamagazinezine vol 19 april 19521932 p 250 rosannah C irvine things to be found in mortonmormon literature 11 therhenheghe impimprovementvementrorovementmovement era vol 42 july 19591939 p 404 10

time limit in this thesis is 1900 we must leave mormon fiction before itib has accumulated the richness needed to nakenahemakemahemabe it naturemature before it had passed ththroughough more than the beginningbe inninannin stages of maturity U1 here then is an open invitation and a challenge to the student to explore the mornionmormon fiction of the years following 1900 to determine just what is the nature of the stories there the scope of the study is necessarily limited to mormon periodical fiction that there should be something of worth in mormon periodical fiction is testified to by such statements as the folfoifollowinglowinE competent literary judges have bernedbernodtermedbernod utah a gold mine of theme and color fforyoror writers of source material waltingwaiting for an interpreter one western poet has predicted that the mormon epoch the scenic wonders and the earthly people all will someday be the subject of a great literature with the perspective of a century should come the calmness and impar- tiality tjthatlt were lacking in the earlier books on utah 14 the mormon hegira is the most epic colorful and unusual thing in american history that the cormonsmormons diddiodlodici a wonderful thing is Ppstst dispute brigham young was onegfonegaone afpf amerlAmeriamericascalscats ablest and most individual men oneff10 so for the reasons 1 that the area of the study is relatively unexplored 2 that students have pointed to the years following 1900 as the time in which mormon fiction

1513 gean clark op cit appp 565 6 14 leilalelladelladeliadeila arlermarlermarier11 7iogganttoggan op cit p 1 15 robert C elliot itittlinn the realm of literatureQ the improvementimprove me nbcnub era vol 5434 january 19511931 p 115413434 11

would in allal probability achieve somesonne imaturity and rgrowthrowthcrowth and 53 that olservorsobservers ofoc ilornonfloplomrionPlo mrion ffiction have declared that Mormonmormondomdorfidorri Js a trotreasureasure hoard for the sborystory teller I1 feel that this study Is significant the roatreatbroatrroat ailiountliounsamount of abuse iclovoledtoled at mormon fiction and the sstronL rcnranrqn defensedefenso made in its behalf have no plplacece in this stud thetho controvelconcontroversialtrovel sialsiai nature oiof the biscidiscidiscussionsSionsissionsisfissions

on the subject is 11howeverlowelorlowevorlowevor anoanotherher arrmaarmarumenbmantlmontl liedIDerperhapsnaps I1inn ffavoravor ofor thebhe neneede d fforor cclarificationlarit 1cac t i on of the ststatustus of mormon 166 fiction on the most iipartialimpartialimparcialimparti cialolalglai basis posposspossiolopossuolosiolole

AacknowledqricC k-i10 ic nnfcst s

I1 ulshvish to acknovledcacknowledrc thebhe help and encouraencouragemente ilentrient sivengivensyven tobo me u professors 11arlearlearikarlari youn elsie cnarfoerlachamberlainm carroll and dr parley A christensen withoutvjithout tholthoitheirr iatientiatientnatientpatient Pgujuldanieuldanceuldance and ahol1holelpfulhelpfulofuloaul skurrsu estlestiesthorestiorestionsor s I1 could nonobt havebave carried

1 0 thithlthis11 study to11 o a siccediccesuccessfulcsful cocompletionpietpletpletionplecionionlon I1 also desiredeside tobo express paterraterulnessraterulness loto10 lly113 wife ollvecollve0 ive ood esplin whose asassistances 1stanceustance hasliasilas bebeenbeonn invaluable

16 bernard deDC voto iiulenialt1111enial illionslillions thetho ruurdsatauurdtirdabirdaay reviewrevlow of literatureero turebure vol 20 august 26 1039 po 545 4 li 31 robert C F lliotalliot citeiteltc ij py 155153135133 1 J 11 paul liasilasalastillasllas bhe11 ahe jjescU rirb faligo to allosjlloslosomloblosomsomsonom 7 T t the li mrovementprovemejvb lraerara vol aal3al5 anarchlreharchnarchL andan C sorliapril 1311931 p 251951 the shortshoft stortor in utahubah loc citit lsi leillelllelilelit tarlerdarierjaried hollogganganfan apqp ci0 p 0 200 C hosRosrosannahhosannahannalannai irvine loclocoacla-0 cit chaptCHAPTERER II11

tiuTIMTHE PURPOSES OF MORMON FICTION

A dominant didactic purpose

the greatest portion of the fiction appearing in mormon periodicals between 1900 and 1945 Is didactic in purpose A suallsmall number of stories have the purpose of entertainentertaininglneinE but even in these stories a didactic purpose stemssternssterms to hover near for in all mormon fiction good triumphs over evil and the forces of right have the upper hand A few stories seem to have a polemical purpose or a purpose that approaches the polemical 1 that a major share of lvlormonmormon ffiction reveals a dominant dirdicdidacticlactic purpose Is not a matter of chance the periodicals

mormon .9 wit of the church have 9 almost withoutvithout exception editorial policiespoliclesciesclos which aimairaalmairnalna at teaching the principles of the mormon faith and way of life

1 for this study I1 have read 606 stories from mormon periodicals of this nimbernumber 442 are predominantly didactic in purpose 152 seem to have entertainment as the principal purpose and some twelve stories appear to have a polemical purpose

12 t-

editorial policies typical of the statements made from time to tinetime in mormon periodicals with reference to the didactic purpose of the material contained within them is the following taken from an early younyouneyoung domanywomantswomanswomany s journal to please while we teach important lessons to implant solid principles of truth and nobility while chaining the minds and attentions with our seemingly ilizhtlight literature these are somesonae of our aims we wish to always have a oodlygoodlycodly share of sound that sound2substantial2 substantial iatterlatterbattermatter suited to older tastes 0 1 representative statements from ooherothergherogher mormon periodicals z are contained in the footnotes 3

2 the editoreditors departdepartmentfrient the young domantwomantvlomants s journal vol 1 october 1889 p70 96 53 the mission of the fraeraenuepa is not to be confconfinedined to the limits of those only who are enlightened by a knowledrknowledgknowledgere of the truth and who already possess the love of god in their hearts it is also intended to reach the thoughtless and warvardwayward those who are prone to evil and all wheresowheresoeverevor they are found who possipossiblyay iy may or can be reached and convinced by the potency of its reasoning the clearness of its facts and the witness of its spirit together with the I1fathers blessing and thereby be brought out of darkness and the shadows of the valley of death into the marvelous light and lib- erty of divine truth he editor1ditorfs table the imp12 vementrorovementmovementov ement era vol 1 november 1897 p 55 asked what the moral to this story is the author said it has none it is justjuat an incident from real life but since it wouldwoold not have found space in the era without havinshaving a moralmorai in it it is plain that the author is rainainalstakenmistaken the era will be glad to receive sugsuggestionsestionsest lonsions from any young man as to what the moral is we will print the best editor footnofootnote to a short story man proposes by susa young gates the improvementvementrorovementmovement era vol smarch8march 1905y1905 p 541341 continued 14

views of iormonlormoniforrrioncormon leaders the leaders of the hormonnormonmormon church have always frowned upon fiction ofor a worldly nature containing little or no moraimoral teaching thesethosetheoe same leleedersleadersadors have on the other hand alwayselways expressed approval of fiction that is didactic in purdurpospurpospurposepos 4

53 continued the editor of this enterprise if 1 nihtmiht shaneshape its polgolgoipolicylcy and fasrasrasitfashionil on its fulfill- liht 1 mementnt wiwhohe would have tis magazine tilled with the splritspiritspiriospirib of I1lnebhe1ilcilelic lord from cover to cover in order to do0 o bhoj bhob no article boilwoillouluwoulu be published which would encourage vanity hurtful luxury sin or 1 any evil passionpasson of 11uohle hhtmanhumanhutmanlimanutman breast rather woulwould0 we nakomako of thisthibthys maazmagazine1 ne a beacon lilichtlinhtht of hope beauty and charlcharttycharityty the jpliofYlclicf Jociejocietysocietyocictopicttyy LLblazinejazjineazine vol 2 january 1915 p 38 llazine the childrens friend desires to be all thatahabbhab its nalnainauenameie implies aalfriendatfriendaT friend to the ildrencliildrencli by helping the officers and teachersbeachersbecchersbea chers in 111.1ijljbhehe primary associations tobo berchbeach the children theL he piinciplesprinciples of the gospel to help sbeitbeithemii become latter day 0 ailtsaintsbrints to fathers and mothersfiiothers by afiofiofferingerin r oooood su estionsest ions andancianclanel words of cncouracncncouraemenbcoura rienteirientei in thetiietile arcarocarecaro md iiianaeiacnt of the dear 111lutle1 ttleatle ones and last bbultbutbuituit nolnotnob leaslloasabeaslloasbb vee hodo to be a friend to ranynanymany children whoviho will read it en- anclanolangl ri jain L uon f joy it and frotrofromtromi it alnainfain inspireinspirainspirallonlon andund strenastrenstrengthfthD th to row into roodfoodood men anianclanci oolroodfoodooi001 women 1Ithe16 Childrenchildrenschildrenvs11vs3 10riondandynolnd vol 4 january 1905 p 16 4 typical of thebhebho statementssbabo mentsmonts made by leaders of thetahet1he mormon church is thebhe following made by president josephjosoph F smith in an arladladtarbicleorbicleleleleie entilcnbitledled readinireadiaireadintreddin in the youY ounff ivoman1oma n s journal vol 28 aufAurauusbauraistalstaist 1917 p 412 sonesonosome of our foodrood00oo t peodlcpeo alcolc reredorodoronoJ nany of the boolsboolbooi s thalthab arc bublipublipublishedshe tocatocjtodayay popular fietfletfictionficbion1 on so called but oheytheyghey havenhavenethaven1t il heho cliiioclidio to tardfardrereadtoedroadfoedad rhefhechechooho woldvordwoid of the lord lianydanybanyjany of those books brearere beautiful butbulbub oftenottenof ben lacasldcasidoa& utearcareureuye eexpressedpicsscd wlwh tchichtohillchiflch are only prettyprefprofpret by words well connected sentences or 1sentiments that ararcaro0 ilio tjho illolike flowersflovicrs bloominbloomingZ on bho stem without root real truttruthh you can fain fronfrom boolbooibookss that havelave been adoptedad opted a 1 standard works of the church A ssimilarmylarI imessageie sol rer E is faundoundfound in the dqaqimjrovoovelmoicatlonticntnt era vol 534133415333 fl41 november 1929 p 4 15

church leaders have encouraged mormon readers to patronize church periodicals and to contribute to thentherlthem this encouragement has been made in editorials in articles in the periodicals and in story contests in which cash awards have been offered for the best stories submitted A typical story contest is one that was conducted by the younyouneyoung domantwomantcomanswomans s journal in august 1909 offering prizes of 1500 and 1000 for the best stories 5 with few exceptions the stories winning the contests aim to teach rather than to entertain the winning story in the contest previously referred to is the wheel of c time t 6 by josephine spencer it like almost all other prizewinningprize winning stories in mormon periodicals is didactic 7 in purpose and treatment

reviews of didactic fiction didactic pieces of fiction receive high praise in the pages of mormon periodicals romance of a missionary by

5 the Yyoung nomanworiantswoman s journal vol 20 kugustaugustaugust 1909 ppo 4054050 606 josephinejosephinc spencer the wheel of time theehethe younyoungE lournaljournaljournal vol 21 january 1910 p 53 7 this story tells how an aphoristic bit of advice thouthoughtsht s are things A man is master of hiskiisblis fate it depends on what amount of faith he pipritsits into his desire and effortefforts helps a poor boy to overcome obstacles to his success and happiness this boy loves a rich girl but the girls father refuses to allow him to marry her the poor boy never gives up honehope and after he has become rich and famous he saves the girlsirlasirilri irlirllsls life and wins her for his wife the story counsels perperseverenceperseveranceseverence in every activitactivinactivity of life 16

nephi andersenanderson s typjtypetypccrlcalnl ofor didactic works that receive walmwarnwarm commendation from kormon lookook reviewers the reviewer of romance ol01 a nissionarymissionarytviissionary concludes his review with these words As with all of this pleasing authorauthorsls productions there is muchrauchrduch of gospel tertectechlnychinrp in the tetextt which in itself is compensation for the readinreadings 118113

leaderstLeale aderdersts T messames saesr e jnin Ststoresorles Furtfurtherlierkierkiep evidence that s loriesstaricsstorics in ilormon1lorrion nerlodicalserioc1 leals1cals are didactic in purpose is the fact that many ivliviiiormoniviormonormon

1 che messagemossage 11 bhebho mormon slloriesjorlessboriesshories reilerellerelIereflectct thetho J of oheuheobehe leaders of thetho hormon church to their people forfop exaexaciexactexamrleexampledrledrietletieriemrle in 1917 when president joseijoseljosephh FI1 miahmilhsniithsmiith issiedissiissuedqed his n ilessieilessaeillessabessaiessaessaee to the soldier boys of mormondom storedstorstoregielo in dlornionjiormonjIornonormon nerlodicalsperiodicals echoed g prespros i1 dondont i smithes oleapleaglea for moral2 cleanlinesscleanlinesse

68 the Diunrovemenb1 lio rovementmovement erreraexaema vol 2523 Janujanuaryarvarm 1919 appp 267268267 268 l sjciiilarsjuiilsrcirilar to Uihobhebhophoho praise I1lavishedav L s he d uidonboonuoon romanceL lobianceniance of a I1mlsjsjviissionaa0 nary are the favorable reerecreccplionsreceptionsrecoptionsoptions r iven ffleefflethe didactic navoltnovoltnovols venna hastingsHas tinas by julia lartlarrfartvartvarr in thehe 1improvomen orovciprovci benthentqentnt lrakraerr vol 253 noveMovenovemovenoerroernoer 1919 TD 82 andaridarld loriand riandiandlan tyby nephi andersonandersenanderson thetho trillnproveprovementnentment 11rar1 raa vol 25 ebriaebruaebruarryT 1922 p 3561361I1 9 brosicprosicpresidentlenyent sirithnithsnithsmithsinith saldsaj J 15 0 ce 0 0 nevor in your lifeliceII13 thinhink of de rilingillnliinalln I1 ananyV nanmannasmass afe7feI1 or datidruidaughterahterhterI1 any imoremoroloroioro thanbhan you would ththink1 nl ofoc defilldefilingn r your niotbiotmotherher or your sister 0CT o out 1laloiglorill0 o okeone world frofromfronicromni youryoup home 7 iro clean 17 eepecpbeep toursejryoursoirToUrS elfejr pure unspotted tronifromfroni the world allailandartano you will be immune from sins ln and codoodgod w111w311 oroteccproteclloroopo teccteco you 11 poupom P T F3 11 11rorromj A IIresTesessaesae to thetho soldier boys orJ iiormondom0 ri the Improveimtrovernentimprovememe nt irakraera vol 20 july 1917 ap pp 825826825 826 11 r 1 1 short stories illelikeilice lanlantsiantscantsian resnonsibkosponsib 111ityby11 byoy mrs I H RoyroylancoroylandokoylanccKoylahoylanconccnco thehe jaininrovorlentlontbontiont fraephepara vol 20 Scttembcrscptemoor 1917 p 971 and tho toucbouctotchtouch h olof01 tlthetlletileie tcperllTc101 o derildefilperllpetper byoy inmnniebinmnn1ee palmer j0 C iluliuaiu e coniinuod0 n t iiiu d 17

mormon writers views such prominent mormon writers as nephi anderson express the belief that the purpose of fiction should be to teach nephi andersonandersons opinion Is a reflection of the attitude of a good many cormonsmormons toward fiction the latlattergler day saints understand that this world is not altogether a playground and that the main object of life is not to be aniamusedused he who reaches the people and the story writer does that should not lose the opportunity of preachingt1preaching I1 A good story is artistic preaching A novel which depicts high ideals and gives us representations of men and women as they should and can be exerts an influence for good that is not easily computed 101

9 continued the improvement era vol 20 AuaugustoustCust 1917 p 892 appeared in mormon periodicals at about the same time as president smithissmithes announcementannouncements both of these stories emphasize the importance of a clean life and the horrible consequences of sexual sin such stories are numerous in the improvement era thehe younyouneyoung vonanwomancomanswomans T s journal and the relief soclesociesociety maeazinemagazinebazine during the years of the firsfinsfirsftoftdrwtrobrI1d a r stories warning against the evils of the world accompany such messages as one appearing in the improvement era vol 42 january 195919391939. warning mormon young peopeople to live clean when going to large cities similarly the M I1 A slogan for 1920 and 1921 we stand for the nonusenon use and nonsalenon sale of tobacco is repeated numerous times in stories of the period found in mornionmormon periodicals of these yearbyears are such word of wisdom stories as coin of eternity by ruth tloencloenlioenchch b611j the improvement era vol 24 february 1921 p 526326allbllbilbli and the rights of man by joe hicl7aanhickman the jemprovemelmhIME ovementmovementnt era vol 252323. nlaymay 1920 p 605 10 nephi anderson purpose in fiction the improvement era vol0volvoivola february 1898 p 150130 18

f A dominadolentlydolnntly reiRelreligiouskelousLuious didacticism

atoetovtoto begin with apparently then it can be said that the purpose of a majority of mormon stories is to teach li i thesrhescphesq didacdidacedidacticdidacficic stories offer two different kinds of in

str C ionlonionlon 1 the principles of mormonism and 2 factfaclfaal s of a nonreligiousnon religious or secular nature the teach 4.4 ing oy the principles of mormonism is the purpose encount ered most frequently in mormon fiction of the period stories teaching the principles of the mormon church and theiie mormon way of life have the purpose of presenting A such messages as these that follow shun the evils of the world shun the evils to be found at home live the simple life return to the soil be like the pioneers marry with inn the mormon church raise a family to be happy be congenial in tanilyfajnilyfamily life be kind to old people keep the ii f word of wisdwiddwisdomora be righteous in daily life know mormonism make conversions in dallydailydaliy life remember that divine com- municationmunication is possipossiiepossljleIe learn the scriptures shunshunning WOworldlyridly evils A considerableTdunbernumberdumber of stories from 1900 to 1945 counsel avoidance of the evil ways of the world these stories often contrast the individual who finds happiness and success by resisting the ways of the world with one who has only unhappiness in life after he weakly succumbs to evil worldly practices 19

two pathspathsn11 by grace ingles frost is an example of the story which warns against the evils of the world A summary of it follows the story concerns two brothers james and john james enters business in the city john stays at home john who is a mormon converts his mother and they move to utah james goes astray As the years pass by he becomes a hopeless drunkard near to death he accompanies john to utah there he dies before he dies james says mother you must not blame yourself I1 alone brought about this misfortune which has come upon me you always taught us mother that thehe wages of sin is death 1 I1 heeded not your teachings but john did he chose the strait and narrow way that he preaches about while I1 thinking him foolish chose the broad path thinking it pleasant and more easily traveled vieweyieyle have both received our reward ttltil 2 this story and others like it warn against the evils of the world and tell of the unhappiness and misery that come to stholesthosethose men and women who luccsuccsuccumbambumb to the temptations encountered in the world of men many such stories pa- ticulrticularlyarly those early in the period of this study picture the outside world as wholly evil and the mormon people as wholly righteous 11 grace ingles fost two paths the improvement era vol 7 september 1904 p 859 12 ibid p 866 20

shunshunning vileauevu within mormondom in numerous stories late in the period of this study the warning against the evils of the world begins to be altered into a warning against bhethebhe practices that are found in any community whether it is in the outside world or in the heart of Mormonmormondomdonidontdomi live clean the stories urge but they do not imply as stories like two paths do that mormondom is a haven of righteousness rather they urge the individual to avoid all evils wherever he may be they urureuroeurgee the individual to be strong elouenouenough to refuse to do what everybody else is doing if it is aragainstainstainest the teachings of the morrionmormon church A good sport5Sportsport113sporta 1135 by florence strong is typical of stories having this purpose it tells about anne who refuses to drink liquor with her friends just to appear to be a boodgoodood sport the college man whom her friends are attempting to impress expresses deep adliadiradiTArationadmiration for her couragecoupage and clean upright habits her loyalty to her con- victvictionsions Is rewarded she is happy that he has been strong enough to say no the simsimpiesimpleP1eae eaywaywaiz jfof life to promote the simple way of life among the mormon

1513 florence strong A good sport 11 the improvement era vol 41 april 19581936 p 215 21 people seeseemsms to be one of the important purposes of didactic mormon fiction this purpose persists through the fiction considered in this study by the simple way of life is meant a way of life in which individuals are largely self sustaining worldly influences are reduced to a niniminiminimummump labor is honored class distinctions are unimportant religion is placed before money and material gain the economy of a people is based upon agricultural endeavors and there is no attempt to exceed ones neighbors in the accumulation of the material comforts of life repeated frequently in the stories of the period is the admonition to the mormon people to avoid putting money and the material things of the world which are inconse- quentialquent ial alongside godsgodts work before religion representative of stories having this purpose Is his awakening 14 by T W barker in ithisathishis AwaawakeningkeninS it john parton who lives for money alone throws away his wealth in order to rescue a child As a result of this selfless experiencexperience when wealth is again his he uses it for the welfare of mankind rather than for his selfish gratification the human urge to have as many material possessions as onesonetsconets neighbors is condemnedconderined in a number of stories

14 T W barker his awakeningAwakenins theT he improvement era vol 9 may 1906 p 520 22

teateachingchinE the simple life typical of such stories is the serial or continued story hearts and hollyhocks15hollyhocks 15 by ruth moench bell hearts and hollyhocks is a story about two newly wedded couples john and edna and judith and phil judith and phil are wealthy john and edna are poor john who does not want to try to live as judith and phil are able to do prefers to live the simple kind of life his parents and grandparents lived he says

tf 0 and you have described the kind of home I1 have always wished for a place of peace 40 6 0 ittsitisiti s a terrible strain to be forever standing on tiptoe strainicstraininstrainingu to reach a mark just beyond our grasp and that is what nakemakenakesmakess our modern lives so trying on our soul strength ivelwerweve have traveled far from leisurely laneiane t 6 but edna insists that they have as fashionable a home and as many material possessions as phil and judith and in his effort to make edna happy john resorts to stealing from phil who is his employer to pay for their new homechomephome their new car saygayrraycray parties clothes for edna eventually inevitably johnisjohn dishonesty is found out in disgrace he and edna flee from their home to the underworld of new york city where they sufferstiffer through years of hardship and heartbreak captured at last john insists on paying in fulfuifull the debt he owes society even though

15 ruth Tylomoenchench bell hearts and hollyhocks the iindrovementimarimpr 0 veme nfcnac era vol 26 november 1922 to july 192519231923. p llelie 16 ibidpibid p 151131 I1

2523

phil offers to let him go free A chastchastenedchasteneyened and wiser edna who has adopted a family of orphan claidrenAldrenchildren prepares to go 17 to the country to live wlwhileaiealenie she waits for john to return that christmas spent in a humble home can be as lappyhappy and oftentimes happihapplhappierhapplercrooro as christmas in settings of wealth and splendor is the lesson that a number of mormon short stories and continued stories attempt to teach stories having this purpose are usually found in christmasimechristmastidechristmastimeChristmasinesimestime issues of mormon periodicals the return of santa claus18olausClausclause 18 by elsie talmartaimagetalmagee brandley is representative of stories having such a purpose A wealthy businessman nesleywesleywresley Stanstannardnardo is lonely for he and his bifwifwifee are not congenial he is faced with the prospect of spending ciucluchristmasistmasistman by himself until he happens across a letter written by two little orphans asking santa for a mother and father for christmas wesley takes the orphan boy and girl home with him and proceeds to civeolvegive a them real christmas his wife returninoceturninoreturningID home in time to

17 edna says 1 I want to gor-0 o back to the peace and co- mfort af6f61 grandfathers slowsiow tichinatichlnaticking clock no hurry no worry I1 Aoplesapples and vegetables in the cellar the good old cellarcelianceilancellarlcellard1 A cow in the barni chickens to feed and children to feed them the clean beautiful litter of doll parasolparasolslsl long lovely evenings to fill each moment so full that the time will speed till john corlcoricomesiesles then belllwelllwe111 be happy tortoctogetherrether and forget everything that is pastpastipastl I1 ibidb id p 508308 18 risieelsie talmage brandley the return ofsanof santata claus the improvementovementmovement fraera vol 29 december 1925 p 108 24

share in the christmas festivities the estranged couple decide to adopt thebhe two orphan children for their own

A returnrqb1 jiaji2to thehe soil the purpose of many short stories and continued stories is to counsel the mormon people to find the ideal life in a return to the soil a return to a life of contentment and simplicity on a ranch or farm or in a small town return to the soil stories were especially numerous in the IQSCPs when therethorethedethode was a general exodus ffromrobironirobn the ffarnfarmarnarm and a ffinan- cial depression gripped americaNmerica green and goldigold199 by blanche robbins is typical of stories having the purpose of counseling the mormon people to return to the soil marcene anderson who hates the hard actuality of farm life tries to persuade her husbanhusbanddp keithheithhelth t6ta return to the city to live one day marcene goes asleep and dreams thatbhat she is at the senior ball with keith and that he is asking her to marry him and join him on the farmafarm a farifarrfarmri of patches of green and gold so strong is the old romantic thrill of that moment that when keith comes and awakes her she assures him that she loves him and that she has come to love the ffarmarm to-

gether the youngtd coucoupiecoupleP le watches the sussuns last rays fade away behind a bank of golden clouds then marcene looks up

19 blanche robbins green and gold the improvement era vol 5533 july 19501930 p 651631 25

at her husband and whispers oh and keith letsletts always and always be here where we can see the patches of green and gold tt2020 another story with a purpose similar to that of green 21 and gold is the house on the Hillsidehillside21hillsidett2l by sam II11 fletcher the exanexamexandamp ie of the pioneers closely related to the purpose of councounselingsellnoselino the mormon people to live the simple life is the Turtunpurposepose found in connection with a number of stories to teach morrionmormon boys and girlsgiris and men and women to live the kind of lives their pioneer forefathers lived these stories eueulogizeloize the pioneers advise a return to their ways of life and urge mormon youth to be as enterprising courageous and persevering as they were A continued story for boys by harrison R merrill entitled johny rawson sheepman 42 like many other mormon stories of this kind praises the pioneer spirit of enterprise and industry and pictures the pioneer spirit at work

20 jibibidid p 652632 21 sam 11 fletcher the house on the hillside the improvement era vol 5636 june 1933p1955 p 478 vid 7enten53tnn and his family are content to stay on the farmyariyarl through both fat and lean years their neighbors are satisfied only when they prosper when they cease to prosper they want to move away from the fannfarm vid and his ffamily stay on the ffarmarm and are happy there for their house is built on the rock of contentment 22 harrison R merrill johny rawson sheepsheepmanman it the Childchildrensrents friend vol 28 january 1929 p 3 26

today among the young people of the mormon church johny rawson and wils johnyjohnyls friend although they are just boys are successful in their project of raising sheep the spirit of the pioneers fills the boys andana in- spires them the story is desidesigneds ned to show boys and girls 2523 that in this day they can be like the pioneers marrmarriage within the church the purpose of advising young men and women in regard to marriage is prominent in many mormon stories from 1900 to 1945 most such stories advise young people to marry mormon clean upright neighborhood boys or c3caeirlsgirlsirls although a good many mormon stories have professional men and women such as doctors and lawyers as heroes and heroines most stories throuChthroughthroughoutout the period of this study advise marriage to a person who leads a simple ordinary life the stories wllichilchwhich warn repeatedly against a mor- monsmon marrying outside the mormon churchchurchpchurchy picture marriage in a latter day saint temple as the ideal marriage typical of the large number of such stories is in

2523 the story concludes almost any day johny and wils can be found with their lambs workinworkinsworkinrrworkingrr towards a new harvest both are exceedingly happy for both have become useful citizens contributing something good to the world I1 and so gentle reader let us leave them to their task do you think theyll win first place again well I1 dotdont know for I1 hope theylllthey111 have 1.1 a lot of keen competitioncompeli bionblonulon frolfrom1 among those who read the Childchildrensrenisrents friendirena ibid p 568 27

112 A 730710310 meMemorymemory24m0 ry 24 by U J sipansigan71oan intn Ttemoryiimemory Is a letter addressed to etethelebhelebbelhelhei who Is dead 1thelfthelathelthei is a small town F irl who leaves her childhood

0 home and roesfoesjoesoes Uboo the city to live shedhehe soon berolbecomeslesies weaned

1 prom I 1- I1 away fromfromcrom theLI he life shesho know1 now money and thehe luxuries money can buy becori1nbecoming her first concern she chooseschooscs to marry outside the monmommonnonmormonaonnon church until one of her chchildren11 dren dies theithelethel isis hahappyapynpy thethothenthonn lonloninlonginCingingln for her dead child proigroigrolpromptsaptsipts her to remember bhethebhe relirellreilreligionlonion she forsookjforsoo thetho rellreligionrion that teaches the princprineprincipleipieaple1ple of liimmortalityatno3taitality but etheldetheljethel ondeavorsendeavors in vain to setget her husband to believe that there is a life after this liflifee and after another of her children sickensbickens and dies ethel heartbrolheartbrokenen diesdigs also tltlletheie ijinsklinsivinsijhaehap insoinessoinescoinoln escesq Jin ralsraisraising a fadilfamilytizkiyLIZ the purpose of a number of 1lornionmormon stories is tobo teach

as Carri mormon men and women that raraising1s larrlnrr a familyllyily is the hihighestC rhestchest

r lave and noblest calllnrcallingC thatbhat a peisonpetsonperson can havenave the stories

24 WIV J sloan in memory the iriprovementimer ov emerrbemerry ra vol 4 february 19051903 p 266 25 11the sborystory begins this way flomfrom your home in the ethel 0 spirit l ave neno 1 o 1 narnenanne I name land will you11 forfopforgiveive1ve fordorr usinusingld yourJ and tellintellingr your life story As I1 telltoilbell it old memories haunt rileme old sconesscenesscones come back to ifmyty mind scenes of pleasure of doubt and of pain even as your life was one of pleasant and i happy bhouhtsj its doubts and a fatal decision and then linliatinliaunhappinessp pine 9.9 s iulserymisery and death ibid p 266 28

belittle and term an enemptyptyapty shell any career fforor a woman other than that of motherhood career girl26 by john sherman walker Is a typical 11 marriage11marriage versus career story it is the story of sonia a creatgreat violinist who although successfiilszxccessful Is unhappy while enroute to a concert engagement sonia misses her train meetsmoots a musical composer kent dowell fallfailfalifallsfailsfalis in love with him and marries him sonia finds her new career as wife and mother far more sat-satisfyingi sfyingsaying than her career as a pianist A number of the mormon stories from 1900 to 1945 teach or imply that children arearcaro necessary to happiness in marriage that children weld the family group together and enrich parentparentslparentalparentsparents1sl1 lives is a lesson repeatedre heatedneated many times in short stories and continued stories of the years of this study typical of such stories is the strength of the Hillshills2727 by myrtle young this story pictures the unhappiness of william gordon a successful businessman and his wife in their old age when they are youneyoung the gordons refuse to have a fafamilyrailynally when they grow old they are lonely and unhappy they envy the browns across the street who though

26 john sherman walker career girl the improvementIMproverrientverriensverilentrient era vol 40 september 1937019571937 p 552 27 myrtle younyoung j tithethe strength of the hills the improvement era vol 20020 Januajanuaryryo 1917 p 200 t- ilo1JLJWWeeleolOOL 29

hey have no money have a large and happy family

the happlhappy congenial family to promote the wellbeingwell being of the mormon family is one of the outstanding purposes of mormon fiction A number of stories from 1900 to 1945 stress the importance of happy home life mormon stories having such a purpose glorify home life and advise boys and girls to love their homes and respect and honor their parents such stories show why unity co- operation and congeniality are desirable and necessary to the happy home and give emphasis to the relationship that

exists between husbhuabhusbandind and wife 9.9 father and child brother and sister A number of stories are concerned with the promotion of harmony and comradeship between ffbltherjf&ther and son the season beautibeautisphl28falbalbul 28 by susa A talmadetaimagetalmage is repre- sentativesentative of stories concerned with the mormon family and the home As evening fallsinfallainfallsin resresponsebonsenonse to the boy beauti fultsfullsfuits request the boys mother tells him a story of a beautiful garden and a woman who is happy because her husband can be with her always but one day after the

man and his wife quarrel 9 the woman becomes unhappy and the garden ceases to be the beautiful place that it once

28 susa A talmage the season beautiful the improvement Eerara vol 10 aprilaprilo 1907 p 444 5030

was the boy falls asleep and the woman1swomanwomans husband who has listened to her story conescomes to her side they correct the problem which caused them to quarrel and once more the way they were before the flowers are beautiful in the garden and the home is a happy place

kindness to old pepeoplee mormon stories advise young people to be kind to old

people councounselincounselingselinseiin Y them to give old people a chance to live active and satisfying lives the first farnfarrifarrlfarmfarni in dry vrileyvalleysValleyvalley2valley29292 by elsie chamberlain carroll is a typical story having this purpose even thoushthough jeremiah mortimer insists that he is not old his son decides that his father is too old to work on the farm consequently old jeremiah is out of a job he enlisenlistingtinC the help of his little grandson johny pioneers a farm of his own a dry farntarnfarmtarmyarm in a country in which dry farming has never before been atterattenattemptedapted the old man and the little boy surprise everybody by raising farmtarrilfarril products that win them prizes at the state fair that fall

the word off wisdom the purpose of instructing the mormon people to obey

29 elsie chamberlain carroll the first farm in dry valley the imarimprimprovementvement braera vol 20 june 193191719377 p 681

11 5131

thetho word of I1wisdomJisclom is found liinn a number of dormonmormon stories wlenicheklichwhichlichilch advise proper obserobservanceTance ofor 11hebhe word ofor 1111sclommisdomyisdom and

11 warn acoinacoinstau9instC st the consequences ofor not obeyoboyobeyingapnp it Tytypicallical ofor thebhebho lare nunumberniderniber of sichsuch stories Is the

I1 pippi and the 11manotn 30 by TTarrisonharrlsonaprison it IAl791errilltferrlllialerrill whiwhichwhichch pictures banysandysany lvlnrlyinalyin lihairalfgitgif drunkdrianldriano on a ditch bankbanh A tini dressed likeilkeilko a man comes 1owardcoward hamh1minniun1 um and calincatincallin hbiubluhimbim1mam a pi tells hhimim no man would ever allow his opetiboappetitea to rule hlhiuhimhinihinlni so frnfanfartar only pis do bhat A man is not reck- oned by hsh1shah3 s ra oney neltneitneaherneuherneitherher are oilollgil who smoke cigars gentlemen intn factcacai actcact no matlermattermotter how polished a man ma bebc if3 f he smokes cvenoven clarsclcilcit rrsarscars he just lacks that one pontpoint of boin a truebruetruo centgentlemanleman A true gentle-antleontieontle man wilwllwill not satlcatlsatisfysabisfys f y hhisis abnorrabnormallalial ailetaipetappetiteshtesahtes at the 1 1 i e ioensee i s e 0of hhiss ffriendsr i e nd F 1andI1 nJ I1lovert0 ve J 0onesn es vahvjhvjhilei I1 e hhee isissiso mifflnmiffanpuffing at oneoue clarciarelarelaeiacloarr heticlleklc may be loblrobbingr lnrenr a dozen peoolepebole of cletcleancleonclain vupeure airalz and every flass of vincvinewine heho drinlbrinldrinkss sorsorneicorneisometimesneineloel lnesalnes adds justj ust that much to thethochecho clipcup ol01or sorrow that iss boingbeinboin drained by a loved one no a man whovaomaomno srqolsmokescs lacks that much 1 of beinbeings a centgentlemanlenanlemanieman he is bhatbhat one riontclontoolntpiont worse p5p1pa A p s than a C pl w311w111 robroo hishi friendsfiendsfriends of food to satisfy hismlsmrs ovinown bunchunchungerer butdutout he will not rob thetthem of the frfrecree ift0 0of oodgodgorl bgoy eolneoindoln thatthab which docs notnob even ienefenefilenedenef filit himself llolio110 I1 followinsollowinFollowin hlitisillslqiss conversation wltaltwilh h thethochecho olnoin sandy resolves that helieyieyte will mend hishj s ways lieilelleue determines that heho willililii111 be a pl no lonionlongeraerperpeprer ooin u holhoihomeflefie to hihiss wifewire he asks her to

L 32 fforgiveorc ivelve halh1lhimni thithath1hiss hhomenonenomeoneome bbecomesc niesbiesblesonlesonieso a hahappyT ty dlceeiegP la c 6 a-aainaaena n

11 I1 30 arrisonharrisonharrlsonnarrisonll 3 errillmerrillII tene viliellebipiip and thelnebhe lianiilanailan1L ilanllanifan thetho tintiuimprovementorovement Tfrarj vol 12 october 1910 p 1062 5131 ibid p 1065 5232 he pitpi hashalshans been cast out the drundrunlarddrunkardlard and the tobacco fiend have anconeoneonc with him thetho gentleman has larenlakentakenchrenbakencaren hisbisdishys place ibibidd Tp 10691009logg 30 righteousness Jin daidaldailydaliydally life A large number of mormon short stories and continued stories aim to teach the value of honest courageous help- fulpful tolerant persevering and unselfish living they commend turning the other cheek refrainrefrainingnL from seeasweaswearingrings paying an honest tithing and being helpful and kind typical of stories with the purpose of counseling the mormon people in regard to daily living are aunt libbislibbys fourth of july55julylt33 by emmaermna C dowd Spspeckseckls falthfaith54Faithfaith134paith 54134 by harrison R merrillmerriMerrlll and jims test55testt135 by elsie chamberlain carroll eraniaemma C dowds aunt libbislibbyslibbyls fourth of july aims to teach boys and girls to be helpful and kind to those who arearo not so fortunate as they are it is the story of a kindheartedkind hearted boy who carries his crippled aunt libby across the street and upstairs to his motmothersherts room in order that she iniinain1mightht seesce the fourth of july fireworks the purpose of specks faith is to advise tiornionscormonsmormons that the example of every individual has much to do with the attitude toward life with which boys and girls grow up speck jones watches with acunirationadmirationUni ration while his sunday school

5533 emma C dowdadowdpdowd aunt libbislibbys fourth of july the childrens friend vol 6 july 1907 p 265 5434 HarrisoearrisonharrlsonharrisonharrisonrharrisonenRR merrill specks11speck1s faith the I1improveove ment era vol 19 february 1916 p 345545 5535 elsie chamberlain carroll jims test the improvementroveraentroveraent fraera vol 24 december 1920 p 2523 5533

teacher mr reid pitches the local baseball team to victory then waltingwaiting breathlessly to see whether or not mr reid will accept an invitation to drink with the other players he is overjoyed when his idol refuses the drink he realizes now that mr reidheldheid is teaching truthful thinthinsthingss in his sunday school class for he has proof that he loractoracprac- tices what he teaches jims test teInchesteaches a lesson in honesty jim a new forest ranger determined to do his duty discovers that the father of the eirlgirlgiri he loves is guilty of taking too many cattle onto the forest range jim insists that the law be obeyed and happily discovers that he has been undergoing a test in honesty and trustworthiness and has not been found wantinewanting

the principles of mormonismmormon ism mormon short stories and continued stories of this study frequently have the Turpurposepose of teltecachingteaching thebhe principles of morrmornonismmormonismionism and of testifying to their truthfulness herbert melbourne36melbourne 36 byy edwin F parry is representative of stories having the purpose of spreading the rlesriesniesmessagesage of mormonismmormon ism amonamong men herbert melbourne is the story of a college educated man who until he is called to labor in the mission field

5636 edwin F parry herbert melbourne the improvement erara vol 12 Novenovemberrabernaber 1908 to november 1907t1909 p 10 5434

Is unable to accept fully the teachings of the mormon churchchurchechurchy it Is not until after he has studied and thought much aboutab out relreireligioniSion that he is able to bring his convictions regarding science and the teachings of the mormon church into harrlharriharmonyony there Is a considerable amount of gospel TItielbournemelbourne A number of discussion1 in herbert elbourne R chapters are nothing more than lengthy sermons and ospelgospelaspel dialogues

conversionconversions s jljaljin dailydallydaliy life that every person no matter who he is can be if he wants to be an instrument in the spreading of the gospel of jesus christ is the lesson that such a story as into the Lightlight37light51731737517 by J arthur homehorne seeks to present stories with such a purposeourpose can be found in every volume of mormon periodicals from 1900 to 1945 into the light is the story of a bandit named kid gordon who because some mormon settlers befriend hihimhinini volunteers to go throuchthrough a blizzard to get help and food gordon returns the money he has stolen obtains food and by superhuman effort fights his way I1backkackkachrdacl through the storm to the starving settlers humbly he asks to be admitted into the mormon church theeher simple act of living among the mormon people has converted him to the principles 0

5737 J arthur homehorne into the light the improvement era vol 19 march 1916 p 452432 5535

mormonism and the mormon way of lifliyilyilfelifee

divine conununicationcommancommun icat 1 on to teach that it Is possible for mortal man to comm- unicate with the spirit world and with god is the purpose of a group of stories written between the years 1900 to 1945 large numbers of stories teach that a human being can communicatecoinriiunicate with god throulthrouxthroughrh the medium of prayers drdreamseartis or the world of nature stories having the romantic purpose to teach that god is visible in nature are especially popular in the periodicals of the period and afterward came Springspring58springt3858 by ardyth kennelly is representative of such stories it is the story of the death of david who was engaged to marry julie daviddavids motherL mrs curtiscurtourt is cannot understand why codoodgod would take her son away as he did unless he is cruel and mean of heart sprinespring returns but mrs curtis continues to mourn for her son julie detecting in sprinaprinspringeIs awakeningreawakeningre a sign of the immortality of davidsdavidis soul tries to plant this hope in mrs curtiscurtourt is heart but mrs curtis refuses to acknowledge that the flowers of spring are evidence of a supreme god conceived plan angrily then julie says

38 ardyth kennelly and afterward came spring 11 the jmarjmprimprovementovementmovement era vol 25 apriaprilll11 19521932 p 345545343 36

there islj3 a god and you know it stop praying for signs for proof 9.9 when bheyetheyfrebeheye right at your fingertipfingertipssp right in your arms against your mouth and eyes keep smelling the lilacs mrs curtiscurtourt is dotdont stop then couillyouillyou111 see then youll inowknow sprintspringSpri nl came didtdidnt it that proof hasnt spring alwaysalwa s come istwotwont it come again and againmagaiagalagain5againnM5 mrs curtis experiences a new wild hope she looks down at the lilacs in her arinsarms smells their frafragranceCranceorance detects for the first time their beauty and suddenly she feels once againage in thatbhat 11ilcllclicalcre is good and beautiful and hopeful

the scriseriserlscripturestures the purpose of0 popularizing and imparting knowledgeknowledgeR about the book of mortlMortimormonionlon and thee bible and the other sacred writings of the mormon church Is found in a number of stories in mormon periodicals an example of a story

1 havihaviarhavinrhavingnr this purpose Is the two Wreathswreaths4017reaths401 40 by J H ward the two wreaths tells how hinlkinoiving solomon when he is put to the test proves his native wisdom and ingenuity asked to identify a wreath of natural flowers when it is placed alongside a wreath of artificial flowers king solomon opens a window and allows a swarm of bees to enter thebheuhe room and makemalmaimapee his selection for him

5939 ibid p 585385383 40 J H ward the two wreaths 1thephe I1improvementrovemnovement era vol 5 july 1902 p 661 5737

AA glagiasecularglo itlailiali18jadacticism01131 althoualbhouhh a majoritmajorityy of thezhebhe stories in mormon periodicals from 1900 to 1945 have tzhethebhehe purpose of teachindeachinteachincteachteachinginc the princlprinciprinciplesplospios of mormonism a very snailsnall number seek to prescnbpresontpregont materialnatermabermater laliallai of a non reilrellrelilousreailouslous nature to mornionmormon readers offeriniofferinofferinisofferin inforniainformationinformauionolonotongion about the world and the ways

of life of ttheile people 001I1 11bhehe world A continued story by olive floClojoolleywoolleycloolleyolley burb entitled peters silver dollartt4ljollar i is representative of the no- nreligious didacticdidocticd1dncticdidoctic stories found in mormon periodicals of the period after lirmr henderson c ives the little boy peter a silver dollar fotforthor doing solsoisoicesoiaeie yorkvorkworlrworld for hinhim peter becomes interestedinbe rested in tlebhe silver and elbinsmelkinsmelbinsm indusindustriestriostryos IThisis kind uncle ren who is 9a reporter for a local newspaper invites him to accompany hhinhimhlinlinliu oiioriorlon a tour of the silver industry on this tour petpeberpeterer is privileged to view the makenmak5nmaklnr of a silver dollar from the time that the silver is mined ssas raw ore to the time tlthatlat itlt reaches him inn its ccompletedoiaplenple t 0 d ffornformornorormm

1 n 41 01oliveolivoiveivo 1U burt3urtv peters silverdollar3ilverdollarivelve rd 0 ijar13 ar theclhlildtheatheothe0hi id rens briendriend7riend vols 4543 and 4414 auaugustust 194 to hay7hayhayahaymmaymaym 1945 p 540340 42 the followinsollowinfollowing passapassagec 13lustratesillustrates the type of inlormationinformationinformsinforma clonolonoion vinaichnichhich1cli thethoeilo stormsbory presenbspresentspresenpresonprosenor sontesonbss tto0 the reader then he told mr Henhendersondorson the whole story about thetrietric rmine where tkkohothobho dollar lay hidden crolaroicroifromfi slhbslab a captive in the roellrocilrockyrochy continuecitContinuecontinuedclicIT 5838

stories having the idurposepurposenurpose of presenpresentingtins information of a nonreligiousnon religious nature are few in number but a goodood many mormon storistorlstoriesstoriespesP particularly mormon continued stories catalogue information about places people and historical facts very frequently however the main purpose of such stories is not tobo present these nonreligiousnon religious facts even though they are included within them

an2 ipledidledlied didactic purpose

the didactic purpose is not readily apparent in a iiiiniiinumberaber of iMormormonraon stories for the writer of a story does not always state his didactic piirpurposepose on occasions he leaves the interpretation of the storyssporys purpose to bhethebheuhe individual reader an example of stories that teach by implicationjmdlication rather 4543 than by direct stastatementternent is corporal ron of the 562nd362nd by venice F anderson

42 continued ore about the mill where the rock was crushed so that thebhe lead and copper that held the silver could be got at about the smelter where the lead and copper and zinc ore was heated so that the metals that werent wanted were driven away and then about the silver refinery where at last the copper was driven ofoff by electricityelectridby and the silver itself was freed by an electricelectric current and then about the mint where the silver was rolled and cut and stamped into the shining coins that peter worked so hard to earn ibid p 197 4543 venice F anderson corporal ron of the 562nd362nd t the improvement era vol 21 april 1918 p 409439 5939

corporal ron of the 362nd562nd1tt a world war I1 story contains the implied lesson that there Is good in every man no nattermatter how rough and unattractive he may be when ron a black sheep is drafted into the army because helielleile is such a tt perfectttperfect specimen of man and has had experience fellfellinginF trees he is put in charge of a group of men who are cutting trees at the risk of his life he saves one of his men from serious injury or doathboath waking up in the hospital he discovers that overnight he has be-

come a hero ron the black sheesheedsheepQ the boy the villagers said could do no good has proved that he is a good citizen after all 44A A

the purpurpose of entertaiEnterentertainentertainingtaltai

A major portion of the stories in mormon periodicals have a didactic purpose but most of the stories have a subordinate or secondary urmoseururposepose that of providing enter- taiitailtalltaintainmentment for the reader in a few stories the purposes of teaching and of entertaining seem to be of equal importance and the dominant purpose in a smaller number of

44 another story with an implied lesson is tonic by G E wallace the Limaprovementapprovementpr 0v erneermeemme nt era vol 44 september 1941 Pp 530556536 it is the story of a young and inexper- ienced boss who feels that he is a failure because the men under him are grouchy and disagreeable but the boss makes the discovery that the work- men once they are confronted with the necessity of meeting an emergency respond cheerfully and wholeheartedly to the heavy demands that are made of them idleness has been the reason for their dissatisfaction 40

stories is to entertain 45 if the editorial policies of the moreopmopmormonliionleion periodicals are to be taken at face value however a didactic purpose permeates every I1hormonmormonlor nion story and it must be admitted that consistently throurrhoutthroughout IiJormonhormonmormon fiction good triumphs over evil and rishtkrishtright is ascendant lianymany stories having the purpose of entertainentertaininginelneinS contain passages of didactic thought of sisnificancesignificance is the fact that a larger percentage of morlMorimormontion periodical stories since 1920 than before that year seem to have the dominant purpose of providing enter- taintainmentment althoualthough11 the didactic piirpurposepose is much in thebhe majority in the stories of every time the urmoseurposepurposen of entertaining seensseems to have made some headway through the years old traditional didactic purposes are apparently gradually being replaced on a smailsmall scale by the purpose of giving entertainment 46

45 the short story in utah 22 cittecitiecit p 246 because of the fact that they mormon writerswr ibersluers write for the church periodicals rmagazines with necessarily a defdefldefidefinitenitenibe editorial policy their themes are ssomewhat alike and are apt to have a didactic tone this later characteristic is not always a necessary one for all of the church magazines occasionally carry stories with this element lacking 46 of the more than six hundred short storiesstoples and continued stories that I1 have read for this study not more than 152 seem to have the primary purpose of entertaining fifty one stories out of 256 written before 1920 have a purpose of entertaining 101 out of 549349 stories written after 1920 seem to me to have an entertainment purpose this means that 2929.29s percentdernercentnercent of the stories written after 1920 are designed to entertain as compared with 19519.5 percent before 1920 41

the purpose of providing entertainment is found in periodical stories addressed to children young people and adults

entertainmentent e rt a iameinme nt jorforjop children fronfromfroin the Childrechildrenchlldrenchildrenschildrenfsnfss friendfrjlend comes a story that Is typical of those desidesignedEned to entertain young children the littlelittie explorers47explorers 47 by jane adams parker Is about two brothers toreivtormivtommy and dicky and their little sister daisy tommy and dicky and daisy meet the queen a beautiful lady who takes them to her lovely home and tells them about her little blue eyed baby boy who is lost tommy and dicky and daisy go to their aunt jollyjollyts farm to spend the summer where they meet little joe ameo a poor orphan boy who has to pick berries all day the children who have been dubbed the explorers by the queen

plan to give joe to the 1queenueen to take the place of her little boy to the childrenchildrens surprise and to the surprise of the queen and her husband joe is their little lost boy

entertainment for yolyoiyoung pe op ie A good young man triumphs over a dark suave villain in to him ehorihowho strives48strives 48 by josephine spencer the story

47 jane adams parker the little explorers thehe Childrechildrenschlldrenschildrenfsnfs friend vol 17 january 1918 to december 1918 p 5 48 josephine spencer to him who strives the improvement era vol 17 december 19151913 p 141 42

is representative of stories designed to entertain young men and women to him who strives is the story of an orphan boy jack who joins the united states navy irishaslvisivis many experiences

in the orient and after a lonlonolong voyageCD returns home jacks return is not a happy one however for he finds that his girl friend AftontonisaftonisafronisaftonpisAf jispis engaged to a handsome and disagreeable young cuban named hadelyhademy lonely and discouragediscourageddo jack walks to the beach one night where he overhears hadelyhademy and another man laying plans to blow udup the battleship lincoln arranginarranging it so that japanese americans receive the blame fforor the incident by eliminating japanese growers from the orange narketmarketmarketomanketo hadelyhademy plans to seize control of the california orange industry jack informs his superior officer of Hadehadelyhademyhademylsmyls plans the next day jack disguiseddisuised as a japanese boatman sub- dues Hadehadelyhademyhademylsmyls accomplice and sailors from the battleship intercept hadelyhademy and take him into custody jack is a hero he chooses however to leave the navy raariymarryarry and go into the orange business good triumphs over evil in to him who strives but in no other way is the story didactic in purpose enter- taintainmentment is its important objective two other stories 4543

49 of this kind are 14ovinoovingmoving Mountainsmountains49 by walter L bailey and by way of a Miraclemiracle50miracle15050150 by josephine spencer

entertainmentent e rt a inmejrb forfoyorr adults to entertain adults is the dominant purpose of such stories as five minute hero5herodhero51 by anna prince redd and the distorted faceface52tt52 by claude T barnes five minute

49 walter L bailey 11iovingbovingmoving mountains the improvement era vol 5939 february to august 19561936 p 72 this continued story contains some didactic passages but seems to have the dominant purpose ofoj providing enter- taintainmentment it is the sborystory of two boys and an old seaman who are compelled to abandon ship and set up camp on an iceberg after an ice floe crushes their ship the boys and the old seaman undergo many exciting experiences before they are finally rescued by an ice patrol vessel among the experiences that they havehavahavo are a fichtfight with a polar bear numerous falls down icy cliffs the ever present prospect of starvation and the danserdanger of freezing 50 joseljoseijosephinehine spencer by way of a miracle the improvement eraepafra vol 14 december 1910 p 150 51 anna prince redd five minute hero the improve ment era vol 42 june 19591939 p 559359339 52 claude T barnes the distorted face tf the imj2improvementrovementmovement era vol 42 march 19591939 p 146 ththe distorted face it is the story of the authorauthors ex- periperienceence while camping in the mountains of utah he is startled one night to see a horribly distorted face bending over hlinhim but the face disappears and he forgets about it the next day the author returns to camp to find a book of poems open to a poem by byron entitled when we two parted when we two parted in silence and tears half brokenheartedbroken hearted to sever fforor years pale grewborewjorew thy cheek andand cold colder thy kiss interested in thebhe distorted face and in the secret of the poem the author finds an answer to the mystery when he meets an old man with a scarred face the old man willingly tells him the story of his life he had been clawed by an angry grizzly bear when he was young consequently he had lived in the mountains for forty three years having chosen such a life after the girl he loved had shrunk from his scarred face 44

hero elffeiffploysemploys humor to achieve entertainment the distorted facellpacellpacelipace seeks to entertain by means of pathos and ssentimente nt imeyme nt five minute herolthero is the sborystorystony of offofficericer zebulon smith who hearing angry voices and a terrified scream from the roompoom next to his drives his shoulders through the door connecting the two doomsrooms but the only person he sees when he sprawls into the room is a pale young man seated in a chair his leg bandaged and supported by another chair zeb next reasons that he has fallen into a trap for a cool voice behind him orders him to put up his hands

lunlunginginfID quickly he grabsrabs for the young masmans gun but

the gun is a book the young riannianman laurslaughsI1 hs the volume zeb has in his hands is entitled ventriloventrilioVenventriloquismtrilo qu i smitsM its uses onS stage and in drawingdraw roonroom

the polemical puripurlpurpose

by the term polemical purpose I1 mean a piirporposepurposepose in fiction that almsaims at supporting a side in an arcrumentargument or 5553 in attacking the opposing point of view A great deal of early mormon fiction can be said to be in a sense poleipolemicalnIcal in purpose lorfor much of it is concerned with

5553 the VVinstonwinstonplinston idonardictionarzdictionarytonaritonarDictioni arZ deinesdelnesdefinesL polemics as supporting or disputing an opinopinionopfnionI1lon or argument controversial a paper written tobo support or dispute an opinion or argument 45

defdefendingendino mormonism and the practices of the mormon people against the bitter attacks of non cormonsijormonsmormons an exception to this is found in resardregard to the defense of polygamous marriage the defense of polygamy has never figured prom ineptlyinently in mormon fiction 544 utah and the mormon people are however no longer the targets of attack that they were prior to 1900 the mormon people have become a part of the unified pattern that makes up america and the exchange of ideas between mormondom and bhethebhe outside world continues at an accelerated pace 55 As a result the defense of mormonism and retaliatory attacks upon the institutions of the people of the outside

54 one of the peculiarities of mormon ffiction is the avoidance of polygamy as a therletheriethemethenie vehement articles of vindication includinincluding those written by plural wives dialodialoguesaesues teaching the doctrine and pages devoted to interpreting the holy practices of polygamy as abrahamAbrahara lived it are ailallal printed in great number later notices are published of the detailed court proceedingproceedingssp in which men faundoundfound guilty of polygamy are sen- tenced to imprisonment but polygamy as a subject of fiction is seldom used if it is mentioned in a story it is done with haste geangeangoange clark 22op citc it pop 46046 55 present day utah is but another portion of standardized america but even though the liormons havehavo lost with the cominocoming of this standardization the individuality which isolation gave them they have a pioneer tradition which can never be lost ibid0ibid p 1 another statement telling about standardized utah is found in this reference ephraim edward ericksenerickson the psychological andnd ethical aspectsaspeA spe ctsacts of mornionmormon groigrolgroup life chicagoChic aEoaco univeisityunlversibyuniversity of chicago presspre s 1922 p 62 46 world have become increasingly less frequent in the fiction written since 1900 56 disputationsdisputatious among members of the mormon group have no place in mormon periodical fiction the fiction published in these periodicals is recognized as a reflection of the attitudes and beliefs of the leaders of the mormon organization opinions counter to these do not find a place there A few stories having polemical durpurposesnosesposes are found in mornionmormon periodicals after 1900 one or two stories defend polygamy and attack the imiimmoralnoralnorainopal practices of the people of the world thetho antitobaccoanti tobacco law in thetho state of utah receives a stout defense the problem of the intermarriage of the chitevhitewhite and colored races is debateddebateO and the allied cause in the first world war receives support but the nunumberniberdiber of stories havinhaving a polemical purpose is extremely small the defense of017 polylpohylpolygamyamy As I1 have pointed out previous to this stories having

56 so long as the people were at war with nature and with another socletcocletsociety there was no time for Dersnerspersonalonalonai reflection so long as the people were engaged with a common enemy the individuals were easily controlled by the authority of the priesthood but when the outer problems failed to demand the attention of the individuals they began to look into their own institutional life ibid p 60 47

the purpose of defending the long abandoned practice of polygamous marriage are rare in mormon periodicals of the period of this study the few stories that are concerned with this purpose seem to follow a similar line of defense a contrasting of the immoralities of non 1lormonscormonsmormons with the righteousness and happiness of people living in polygamy A shipwrecked life A mormon Storystory5757 byy samuel sorghum typical of the have the purposeporpose of is 1 that I stories defdefendingending polygamy A shipwrecked life A mormon story is a letter written on june 15 1899 from salt lake city utah by lillian to julie lillian who terms the scenery 11 perfectly11perfectly charricharnicharminglneinE tf relates how she and her aunt susan one night meet an unhappy woman whowilo seems to be a polygamous wife while the woman is talking to lillian and aunt susan her gruff bearded husband the conventional picture of the mormon male jeleavesaves the house in company with another woman aunt susan and lillian meet the martyr wife the next day they discover to their surprise that the woman is not a mormon and that her husband is the most prominent mormon hater in the city the other domantwomantwoman is her husbands mismlsmistresmistressmastrestres in hhighhyghaghigh disgustdisgusts aunt susan and lillian walk away

57 samuel Sosorhumgorhumsorghumrhum A shipwrecked life A mormon story Tthehe I1improvementdli21lov10v arienterient era vol 4 february 1901 p 261 48

the letter concludes of course I1 shared in auntieauntiets ts disappointment at the grotesque ending to our romance but I1 could not quite agree with her logic on the contrary dear julia the little incident has taught me that in our ananxietyziety to relieve others of their imoraimoral beamsbearnsbearhs we should not be indifferent to our ovalown social motes As ever lillian 58

defense of imeimmthe antantlanti ici C igaretecigaretteolgarette law the polemical purpose of defending the utah statute forbidding the sale of tobacco to minors is found in a few mormon stories during the early 1920s19201s the anti cigarette law was under attack and mormon periodicals vigorously de- fended it the battle on the Heightsheights5959 by elizabeth cannon porter is a strong defense of the anti cigarette law it is written in the form of a debate presumably being conducted in the utah house of representatives the defenders of the anti cigarette law hhavelve the upper hand in the debate the story ends on a note of triumph for the forces of freedom and right mrs landon the chief spokesman for the antitobaccoanti tobacco forces arearguesaesues that the present law is a safeguard for freedom of the body and soulsouisoulesouie 60

58 ibid p 265 59 ellzabethelizabetheilzabethUi zabeth cannon porter the battle on the heights ti the improvement era vol 26 february 1923 p 355555 600QUgoo tdutoTT buttsuto mrs landon continued if we see our children injuring themselthemselvesvess do we continued 49 discussion off racial Intintermarintermanin beermadermarrmarrilerleeriag e racial intermarriage is discussed in a small number of the stories in lormonmormon periodicals of the period this co- ntroversialtroversial subject is discussed in different stories from both the positive and the negative points of view most of these stories countenance the marrying of white people and american indians1Indiansindians61611 but mormon writers on the whole oppose the marriage of white and colored people

60 continued allow them to go on wevilevire stop them from burning cutting or drowning themselves veI1 fe surround thenthonthomthornthomm with every safeguard that our ingenuity can devise so must we save them from poisoning the inhalation of nicotine at the meeting of the council of domennomenwomen a member of the Y L M I1 A of our state iiitroducedintroducedintroduced the resolution wetwe stand for the nonsalenon sale of cigarettes to minors I1 it was enthusiastically acclaimed and adopted and the women and girls represent one half the population of our nation ibiibid p 356556 61 brianbrlanianlan douglas tsianina the illiirliimprovementvementrorovementmovement era vol 2523 september 10192020 p 1012 the opinion expressed in tsianina ll seonisdeomsseoms to be representative of the belief held by the mormon people regarding the marriage of white people and american indians A cowboy falls in love with tsianina an indian maiden he plans to marry her but his friends tell him that marriage to an indian will brinebring disgrace to his family thereforekhereforewhereforebhekhe refore he tries to forget her but after a mormon missionary tells hihinihimhinlri the story of the lamanite people and assures him that thebhe indians are of good blood he decides to find laninataninatsianinaTs and marry her but tragedy awaits thetho white man when he finds heryher for she lies on her death bed the innocent victim of an evil mantsmans desires filled with thoughts of revenge the cowboy journeys westward time and the christchristianlanian tempered words of the missionary convince him that it is best to leave the venoevengeanceance up to god the cowboy lives for the hope of seeing his tsianina acainagain 50

racial intermarriageQD is a problem in america today the controversial nature of the subject gives most stories of this kind a polemical Mirpurposepose representative of stories which consider the problem of the intermarriage of the white and colored races is Expatriationexpatriation6expatriationi626 by hugh J cannon it gives the iiimpress-idressipress ion that it is a mistake for intermarriage of the two races to take place on the eve of the announcement of her engagement to aristocratic nathan everett lilly nell redfield discovers that her mother was of fijian blood lonely discouraged and heartsickheart sick nell tells her lover and her fosterfoster parents goodbye and sails fforor the samoan islands the islands of her birth natenatte follows nell to the hawaiian islands urging her to reconsider and marry him nell indeed half promises to marry him but after she hears a lecturer compare the native fijian with the american negro she refuses to entertain any further thoughts of marriage the lecturer says they have many of the same characteristics as the polynesiansPolyne sians though they cannot be said to have the same blood the true fijian is ol01of melanesian descent quite different from the polynesian until the advent of the whites he was a natural cannibal in many particulars he resembles the negro one sees in nericaamericaa and indeed their origin is probably the same one

62 hufhughushhughrh J cannon expatriation the improvement era vols 5533 and 5434 september 19501930 to march 1931p19511931 p 754234734 51

chaicheichelcharacteristic which they have in coumoncommon is particularlyacteristicnoticeable the persistency of their blood when it is mixed in marriage with the whites of course many whites have been ttro30 foolish enoughCD to marry in samoa nell gains enousenouoenoughh information to convince her thaithat stleastle partly she also neetsmeets dick that seA truly is fijian hawley who falls in love with her back home in america engred nate and jessie nellsnelisneils best friend become engaengagedCD ed quite by accident nell discovers that her mother was not fijian after her mother a white domanowomanowoman died her father married her mothermothers half sister a girl who was partly fijian the world had erroneously thought that her step-stepmothermother was her real mother free now to return to her home nell marries nate jessie and dick meet fall in love and marry the story seems to assume from the start that it would be a lriinilulmistakestake for nell when her fijian parentage is discovered to marry a white person this assumption is maintained throughout the story nell regards the fijians as inferior to her and the other characters seem to have the same idea in order fforfoptopor the story to have a happy ending it seems to be necessary to remove the racial barrier everything is all right after nell discovers that she does not have the tainted blood of a fijianfijian in her veins from these circumstances it would appear that the chief purpose of the story seems to be to argueID that racial intermarriage is

6563 lbido9ibid p 785783 52

undesirable

war propaganda in a few periodical stories written duridurlduringng world earviarviauwar I1 and 1world war II11 a certain amount of propaganda for the allied cause appears the central or totalitarian powers never receive support

defeatjt64 by D v cumninsscumningscummings is the story of two friends one a german and the other an american who are on opposing sides in the great world viarwarwap transformed by war into a cruel heartless man the german neetsmeets death in the same savage way thatthab he has folifoughtht and lived the german admits as he dies that the cause for which germany is fighting is hopeless the story is a stronsstrong condemnation of war and of ger manylsmanysmanyas part in the conflict

conclusions

in conclusion it can be said that the principal purposes of the fiction of the forty 1fiveriveciveivelve years of this study are didactic and that the lessons which the majority of stories seek to teach are in the main concerned with mormon religious beliefs and the mormon way of life A small number of mormon stories have the purpose of imparting

D YT 64 cummings 1jefeatttlefeatdefeat P the improvement braera vol 22 decemberBecemberdecember 1918 1p 156 5553

knowledge of a secular nature this purpose being most clearly shown in the common practice amonralmonramonoanongamong mormon writers to catalcatalogueosueogue facts of interest in regard to places and people of the world although the purpose of providing entertainmententertaimment is a secondary purtpurposeose in most of the fictionactionfiction of the period I1

regard0 it as a significant fact that Y of the stories I1 have Sampledsampledambled for this study almost ten percent more stories since 1920 have tho purpose of providing entertainment than before that time this isLs evidence of a trend toward increased entertainment in mormon fiction

littielittle 1dormonmormon fiction since 1900 has had a polemical purpose this is to be accounted for by the improved relations existing between the mormon people and the people of the world thehe riorinonscormonsmormons no longer are a calitigatedmitigatedcastigatedItigated and a castlcasticastigatinrcastigatinggating people who are driven and persecuted As a result polepolemicaltuicalbuical fiction is not abundant in mormon periodicals since 1920 CHAPTER liiIII111

THE THEMES OF MORMON FICTION

mormon fiction partakes of the unique religious background the pioneer life and the undying faith in the soil which have been prominent environmental influences in the mormon movement from the time of its founding on the mormon past is mirrored in its fictionf just as truly as its present isLs visiblevis lb there the historical settinesetting and environment of its ffounders are the forces that have molded the literature of utah and given ititcharacter acance character and sinifsisignificanceQ nitnif icance toiltoll and tratragedygedygody religious persecution and strife have left their imprint in the written word and homely songs of the state across the pages of its literature marches a pageantry of indians fur clad trap- pers government eplorersplowersexplorers weary ox teams mormon pioneers pushing wooden handcartshandcarts gold seekers and pack 1aulesmules the galloping pony express a great leader rilowho commanded a temple to be built in a windernesswindednesswinderness 1

two main types of themes

the themes of the fiction in mormon periodicals

1 leilalellalelia merlermarlermerier hoggan 22op cit p 1

54 55

between 1900 and 1945 admit blassifblassicclassificationicationmication into two classes 1 themes that are peculiarly mormon in that they are suggested by and are directly influenced by the mormon situa-

tion the 1lormonjormonnormonmormon setting and are peopled by Ccharactersharac tersteus who are typically mormon and 2 themes that are broader and more comprehensive in scope than the mormon setting and situation for they are suggested by and are directly in- fluenfluencedced by world events and beyond mormondom situations mormon characcharactersterso settings and teachings may or may not be pictured in themes of this latter classification but the motivation for the themes is events of the world rather than events witwithinhin the mormon group stories having themes that are influenced by the mormon people and the mormon situation are as would be expected much in the majority in mormon periodicals of the period 2

themes peculiarpecullarpeculiarly mormon

the fact thatbhat a major portion of mormon short stories and continued stories deal with themes peculiarly mormon

is the result of intensive encouraencouragement0ement on the part of the leaders of the mormon church and the editors of mormon

2 some 540 stories of those that I1 have read for this study have themes that are peculiarly mormon 66 have themes that reveal the influence of the events of the world beyond Mornionmorniondommormondomdom 56

periodicals to have home writers write about subjects near at home it has been and is the policy of mormon leaders to approve of fiction pieces that are based upon mormon life 53 and writings by home writers containing a syipatheticsympatheticii approach to the mormon people and their beliefs are certain to receive a favorable reception from the editors of mormon periodicals two works of fiction that are restricted in theme to the lormonmormon situation receive these representative comcommentsbentsnents in the pages of a mormon periodical piney ridge cotootcottageaa by nephi anderson it is an excellent thing for our writers to found some of their fiction on mormoniiilil111 ormon life we hope more villviiiwill follow rotherbrotherli anderson in this there is much that is wholesome and poodgood in the book metta aa sierra jovloviovlovee tale by alfred lambourne is a charcharmingraing littleiftifflff tietle tale of western lifo chaste simple and quaint is the story and the manner of telling it the descriptions are vivid and beautiful NolothinenothinenothingthinE is unfolded abruptly but by the very atmosphere is the reader prepared for that which is to come asia usual with this

53 rosannah C irvine things to refoundbefoundbe found in mormon Literatiliteratureirelre the imdimpimprovementovementmovement eraepaera vol 42 july 19591939 p 40410404 in the early days of the church the prophet joseph gave this advice to the saints seek ye wisdom froinfrom the best books tt this counsel good at that time is doubly necessary now when the market is flooded with books of all types some good many questionable and a host that are really vicious thomas carlyle after reading a popular french novel said continued 57

authortsauthors work no mechanical detail has been overlooked so that the book is artistic and attractiveoverlooked44

the theme jof daidaldailydallydaliy livliving the most abundantly employed theme of those concerned with the mormon people setting and situation is that designated as the theme of daily living two main types of stories might be written employing this theme in one division belong stories that tell about morrionmormon religious doctrines and teachings put into practice in daily life in thebhe other division are stories that tellteilbellbeiluell about the daliydallydaily lives of mormon people without giving consideration to religreligiouslousious teachings the stories that are concerned with mormon religious doctrine put into application in dallydailydaliy life deal with such subjects as the importance of the word of wisdom to health and happiness the need for honesty kindness demonstrated the blessings that accompany payment of tithing the sig- nificnificanceance of the sabbath day the power of prayer the beauty that can be found in life the subjects of these stories all of which arcarearo concerned with the practical

53 continued 1 I feel as if I1 should cogo and bathe seven times in bhethebhe river jordan that type of reading salacious prolific and It popularitpopularimpopular t is the kind that should be dis- placed in all our homes by the literature ol01of our own writers 4 someome new books n the boiiyoiiyoung vomanlswomankwomanq journal vol 23 alintiaaiaiiaugustust 1912 1a 465 58

applications of religious teachings are as numerous as there are mormon religious teachings the themes of such stories are oftentimes stereotypedstereotypedo conventionalized devices employed to achieve a didactic purpose the stories follow a pattern siisilsllsimilarnilar to this A character is confronted with the difficult alternative of chrosinchoosinchoosing between doing what is right and what is wrong he chooses to do either the rikrightht thinathinothing or the wronwrong thing and suffers the consequences of his act or enjoys blessings because of his righteousness the debt of honor5honora by henry nicol adamsonadams on is repre- sentativesentative olof01 such stories an eccentric and wealthy uncle agrees to lend his nephew 1250001250.0025000 but he specifies that his nephew must pay back the money before a certain date this the nephew promises to do the uncle dies before the loan is repaid and the nephew is advised thatthab he does not feodneedneod to settle the debt he however insisting that he must fulfill his obligation to his uncle pays back the amount he borrowed it is not until after he has paid the debt thatbhat he is informed that a provision in his unclesuncle will Cgrants him his unclesuncletsuncle property on condition that he lives up to his word and pays back the money he borrowed

5 henry nicol adamson the debt of honor the Improverimprovementrentnent erar vol 19 august 1916 p 8668660 59

A second group of stories tell of events in the daily lives of the mormon people without regard for the religious teachings of the mormon church these stories simply describe Jmormon people at work at play in their fields and homeshorneshonnes and schools and coineolncommunitiesnunities such stories are not limited to the mormon scene but it is implied in all the stories that the characters and settings are Llmormonormon how squire pyopyouspygusus got even6even16evena by everett spring is a story of this kind it is sumsummarizedlartlarliariiarizedzed below squire pogustpygust neighbor boesroesgoescoes to the city becomes wealthy and forgetting his old friends deliberately swindles them out of much that they have honest courageous squire pygus setting out to achieve justice goes to the city calls on the swindling neifneirneighboraborhbor and siveselvesgives him

1tat a Ugood old fashioned t1ickinlicking the theme of miracles emdand dreams throurthrouxthroughouthout this period in mormon periodical fiction the theme of miracles and dreams isdiswis a favored theme stories employing this theme are of two types stories tellintellingrp of instanceinstances in which dreams and miracles have en- riched or altered an individuals life and stories in which the power and beauty of prayerpreyer are told the theme of miracles and dreams hasbe beenn popular from the beginnings

6 everett spring how squire paguspvgus got even the 11 ptguspagus improvement errerara vol 22 june 191911919 9.9 p 656636 60

of mormon fiction to the presentTre sent time restraining hands7handshandsy by elsie oharaCharacharabellainchamberlainbellain carroll is typical of stories presenting this thenetheme it tells the ffollowinglowinollowinolsollowinr ststoryory tom clayton a poor fellow workinsworking his way through college finds himself eilfelireligibleibleibie to participate in gay social life after his rich uncle dies leaving him a large amount of money tonstomsyons newly acquired wealth wins him new friends who set out to show him a good time for the firstarstfirst ttimeinie in his lifilfelifee tom tastes tobacco and drinks liquor fortunately he becberoniesbecomesbeconiesonlesonies exceedingly drunk and his so called friends take him home dreams horrible and very rellrelireni trouble him in his sleep he dreams that he is standinstanding on a precipice high above a roarroaringinzing anaangangryrv strestpestreamartlarfiaTri and that he is belarbelnrbeing pulled irresist- ibly toward the edge just as he is on thebhe point of topitopplinglin from the precipice the friendly restraining hands of his sunday school teacher instructor inln 1M11 1 A and father reach out and pull him badbamback to safety he is so thanthankfulyulyuiful for their saving himhirahirn that tears fill his eyes then he awakes he recalled his dream that deep dark cavern inlointo which he was about to plunge his riannianmanhoodtoodqoodC was the temptation a life of luxury and dissipation was holding out to him those

7 elsie chamberlain cacarrollrollroil restraining hands the improvementovementmovement jrairaaraera vol 19 july 1916 p 795 61

restraining hands were the influences of the gospel which had been unconsciously rooted into his being during his youth and early childhood he felt a great wave of repentant gratitude sweep over him tioito1100 god I1 thank thee I1 I1 thank thee I1 tisits8 determined that irhe will live a clean life tom decides that he will use his money to help him in his school and church work the gay social whirl no longer seems attrac- ttiveiv e tto0 him

the theme ofJ conversions the theme of conversions is one of bhethebhe most popular themes in mormon fiction of the period stories about conversions have always been abundant in mormon periodicals stories having the theme of conversions are of three women kinds those tellingQ of conversions of men and of the outside world to monmommormonismiionismiconism those telling of conversions made at home and those describing the hardships and sacrifices of converts to the mormon church the open road9roadaroad19 by john henry evans is an example of a story having the conversion theme it is the story of a little orphan boy brocketts3rockettsbrocketteBrocketts porter viowho escapes from an germany orphorphanageanazeanageD in faraway journeys to america and drifts westwestwardivard to salt lake city whereanerevnere he finds employment successful in his work brockettsbrochettsBrocketts falls in love with the

8 ibidibidp p 805803 9 john henry evens the open road the improvement braera vols 14 15 and 16 october 1911 to Decedecemberriberniber 1912 p 1077 62

daudaughterr hterahter oroc a mormon oishobishobishopuishopP iutbuthutlut becaiisebecabocaboeabo calcaniiseso helshe- is nnot0 t a mormon heho cannot marry herhorhop lhischis2his prompts him to study mor- monmonism11 si ii tobo which 1hoie becomes converted laterlatorlabordabor he marrimarriescs mormon the 1jirlsipi

when lvirmr F ernsteinerns teinbeinbeyn drockettstdockrockefts1 employer Is faced with

t financial ruin rocaroc1cLettsroclettsrowlettsro 1 e t s stestepsos in and saves his business mr and mrs ernsteinbernstein13 become convinced thatbhat helielleile Is their ioneloneionsionglongI1 lost son

ethenicmc 0 ne thetiiellieille thenic off the pioneersriopioplo pers the thorlethoriethomethonie of thetho pioneers ajappearspears ofoftenten in the periodicals of thebhe ears 1900 tobo 19151945 Ltorlesstoriesj of the mormon trek tobo utah and of 11thethohe colonizecolonizqcolonizobiontl on of utah arcaro favorite subsubjectsactsects rmonamon mormon authors in every nerlodverlodperiod of timetyme stories havinshaving thischisohisohls thelneheinethemetheine arcaroorcoro of two Rlindsrindskinds11 adsnds those relatrolatrelatlingre iablab ingtinglIng the experiences of the morion plonpionpioneerseedsoedscers and tithoseloseiose att-attemptingempting to establestabaestablishish a connectconnectionlionflonplon bebetweenU wccnwoon the11 he experlexpertexperiencesancesences andanclangl hardships 0ocC tiettebhe iioncnionenioncicdoesdonsotsorsrs and the problems 0 P the nobernmodern world

1 1110 thetho shortshorb story all Is leliielilelljell 1 all Is delluellueliwelldeildeli uionio by susa youngyoun cratesorates is one of thethobhebho bestdestoest examples of the pioneer sborystory that can bebc foundroundcound in 1mormondoai1oai lonion jicriodicalscr lodicalslodllooilogicalsLodi calscais it describes the hardships experliexperiencedenccc7l oy the mormon pioneers on the lonelonclono journey wostwardwestwardwostwardwosbwardwos bward from nauvoollauilauliau voo to utah the pioneers traavelinagelinbravelingravelinbr velngelngeineveln barouhbhrouh the awnustaugust dust and heat 10 susa younyoung gates all Is clilellieliicallelllclllbelll all Is lelli the improvementOVO 111ent ra vol 11 july 1908 p 696 63

sinsynsingsyngsyno as tI1 heythey trudtrudetrudgee alonaionalonoaionoalong come come veye salnissalnbssain61s no toil nor labor fearfoarteaptoap blablabL IV l youproup way but withitlitiitll Jjoy wend your11rour thourthoughh harlharihard to you L his journey may appear ornceoracegrace shall lcbo as your dayclay tisis better far for ilslisus to strive 0ourir useless cares from us to drive do this and joy yoyourlir hearts wiilwill swell 1 11 all is well I1 allaliail is well I al1l Torftommyziyzlywiy and hhishysnysLs invalid father iiimmigrantsirriicrants froi-fromn england trudge behbehind11ndlindlino the rear wafwafonwagonon at the wawaterLlorporpop hole the father unable to go0 o on tells toimytoiiiinynoimy togo leave him jehind that he will follow after hhimni in the oolcoolooi001noo of eveneveninginzing on the dusty plain tlthetiietileie Tiotyoryopioneersneersnears dance thatthatbhat night to the jajanglingnr 1 ln strairshrairstrainss of arkansascansasranransassas Tratravelervoler and a scotch rereele 1 because tommastorutiyfstommys icatfatherierler has nolnotnob reached calipanipcamp a posse of men joesgoes out to tylsylfindsylidid hinhim and holhoinelphelp1.1 hiinhain afafterter Ttommyonminonmiy hasliasilas sonenoneponegone to bed his father stands alone beneath the sstarsstarot ar and sinsings again the song all Is Velllhelluellwellbelll I1 aliAallaliail11 Is fjellyjelle I1 slnalnsingingin itt softlsofilsoftlyv at first butlbutlottingCutrut lettinotting his worn spirit soar to god and wifecutlettinin theohebheohoghegho all c hope so sweetly couched in that 1closingllosln verse and should we die before our journeyjourneysjourneylsls trirtairthrough0 u h Ihappy daydayl I1 all is wellweliviallvicll weyle then are freefreo frotrotronifronifromni toil andlandanocand sorrow too with thetho just we shshailshallshaliailall dwell but if our 1iveslives are spared acainagain to seeseosoesoo thethobhebnobho saints their rest obtain 0 mal- e as syell how welwei make this chodlchoreschorus 12nelinellneil 1 1 1 12 all is wellwoll I 11 11.11 iss iellveilveliwelieileli

11 ibapioppioir1 p 697 12 jijilddijtbidabid P 705 64

the next orningitiorninqiriorningiri thebhe father does not awaken death has overtaken him 13

the theme of vejvhjthe book jfof mormon characters settinsettingss and incidents from the book of mormon provide the subject matter for a large body of mormon fiction elizabeth rachel cannon is an outstanding writer of stories suggested by the book jfof mormon typical of her stories romantic interpretations of characters and 14 incidents fronfroiafrolafroinfrom the book of mormon 9 is the martyr because the prophet abinadi refuses to cease to preach and to prophesy wicked and voluptuous king noah burns him at the stake and outlaws almaaimaalmalaimar a courtier who supports abinadi abulonamulonamulono jingking noahsmoahs favorite attempts to seduce zara aimasalmasalmalsalmaas sweetheartswee thearty but zara flees to helem the new city that alma has established in the wilderness jeanwmeanwmeanwhilefille the lamanitesLamanites subdue king noah abulonamulon and a number of corrupt priests marry lamanite rirlsgirlseirls

and in various ways succeed in inveiglingU themselves into the

1513 and adenwhenwden tommy roused and looked tiponupon i-the white still features of his father and knew that behe too was with god the glory of the slightly parted lips the peace in the softly solemn featurefeaturesso hushed the frightenedfricphtened cry which gurgledguro led to his throat and he threw himself upon that quiet breast sobbing gently but ohohp so heartbrokenly oh daddy daddy is well with you all1 but oh daddy dadddaddy I ibid31 p 706 14 Elizabethelizabethellzabetheilzabeth rachel cantioncannon the martyr the improvement braera vol 1513 augustaugusto 1910p1910 p 895 65

high favor of king lamanlamanehamane eventually abulonamulon becomes ruler of the land of the nephitesNephites his evil rule extending out to include helem oppressed and persecuted by abulonamulon alma zara and their followers flee for a second time into the wilderness

the theme of Tthe bible 1115 A typical bible story is the thief and the Crossorosscross1115crossjtl5 by willard done the story opens as joseph and ariel of cabalcabulcabiil in galileegalileo hasten in company with other jews to jerusalem to hear and see jesus joseph is convinced that jesus is a weairweaklingllinselins and not the true messiah ariel wonders and is perplexed for he believes like joseph that the messiah must be a great military leader but he is impressed by jesustjegust gentleness and great wisdom the oldest of the phariseespharis ees advanceadvancedadvancedodo and in stately measured tones preferred a charge this wowomannian 11 said he west1wastowaswas taken last night in sin in the very act her partner a roman soldier interpolated a another our law resumed the first says that such should be stoned what sayestgayest thou 0 0 at length the answer came addressed not to the woman not to her betrothed not to the other two nor was it for their satis- faction it was answer and rebuke to the hypocritical questioners let him that is without sin anionsanion6anongamong you first cast a stone at her then as her accusers self condemned slunk away from him the woman and hertieriieriler lover

15 willard done the thief and the cross the tounetountoungyoungyounE womajriscomanswomans journal vol 12 june 1901 to october J igol1901 p 247 0

heard the words of dismissal neither do I1 condemn thee roo and sin no moreraoremorg tilg1116iai6 joseph organizes a guerilla force and attacks the roman garrisons arielhmiel arowgrowgrowinginC ii3 patientmpatientimpatientimpatienti that jesus does

not launch a vivigorousb orousonous military campaign against the roman forces three months later jo-joinsins the guerillasguerrillasguerillas joseph and ariel are successful at first but in tinetime their forces andano resources become depleted then the romans launiaunlaunchingchInSching a surprise attack kill joseph and take ariel prisoner still not ready to admit that jesus is the messiah ariel becomes an unwllincunwilling participant in thobho crucifixion of the savior dra37eddragged ffromrorapora his prison cell he bears a heavy cross up the hill of golgathagolgothaGolgatha then is dlacedplaced upon a cross below and beside jesus before death comes to him ariel comes to know that jesus is in truth the Plesmessiahplessiahsiah it is ariel who cries in a pleading voice lord remember me when thou comest into thy kingkingdomdoindoln the answer one of the last assurances given by the dying christ to mortal man came like a benediction verily I1 say unto ththee today shaltshallshailshait thou be with me in paradise ltvlt91 7 beulah arieladieladleiarielsaniels sweetheart marries zadok a christ- ian As the hour of sunset approachapproachesesp the husband and

16 ibid p 502302 17 lbtbtdtbodid0idsida p 448 i

wife gaze from the mount of olives doamdovm into the cityoilyollyoltyciby of

1 jerusalem their thouthoughtsZD its are with joseph ariel and 1l Q jesus chrlschrischristt each one of whom ave his life for them 18

iathei6 theme9 ajl2jlof thehe llsi110iormonlormoncormon j791711fiamii7 one of the most popular thethemesniesblesbies in mormon periodical fiction is that of farnfamilyllyilyliy life the thethemethenienie of family life deals USUusuallytiitlilt111t withwi bh such subject iriatterlattermatter as bhethebhe relation- ships existing amon darentbarentdarentsparents9 anandano children hiishiashlashusbandsbardsbands and wives clrildrenchildrengildren with children and old ieoleopeopleie wwithath7th younryouncyounce

Ppee 0odieopleopiepl E mother passes through thebhe shadows 11195 a short story by elizabeth cannon porter is a representrepresentativeltiveetiveeltive s borysborystory hehaving1t1n this tlthemeflemeraeme in bhe miller household stotherhobhcr1tother miller is an lmaimaunappreciatedopree i abedated household drudge she isLs alone in her dildodrudgeryery for fatheroather f lilleriiller works maud teacheslenchesbenches school and plans her marriage mable conconcernscorns herself with clothes dates and joyboy friends and dobbob does nothing ut participate in athletic contestscon bests this is thebhebho way it is until mother miller becomes de italy byB v cosoos tobo deathlyithly ill bvV deirderrderrcosdecreesdecroesdearcos the fsimilyfamily learns share in the

18 she rev rentlybentlyrenbly pressed his hand wi-withllh pitying ttendernesse nderne s s the simsun sanisanirganir a ball of fire behind the verdant hallshllshlishiis1lis11s qthehe nightnyght wind sighed thetho niphtnightn1jht birds called thebheuhe leacereace of evening settled on the sacred hills of ionzionlon and the weary trolaroltroubledibledidled clcityoltyti was at rest ibid p1 450 19 Eellaeila oethbethdeth cannon porter iviotlhotteror passes through Eliaeliaoetheliabeth11 the shadows the iniimprovementovementmovement era vol 19 januaryJanizary 0 1916 p 241 68

duties and resreorespensresponsresponsibilitiespons ib altielltielLtietle 11 their mothererolebol lh hashlasheas carried ehenwhenJ

I1 mother illerfilleri recovers she I1Iss approcappreciatedlated never iainagainlainbain does she have to bear thebhe rosponsibllibyrospondrospons ibilityability of managing the household alone

the hoieholebejethomeheje off courtourti A considerable nurnuunandernumberderdedber of stories in mornionmormon derperperiodicallodicalcodical fiction from 10001900 to 1945 present thobhothelnebhebho thenetheme of courtincourtinggr storiessboriesshories tellinatellinctelling of the ronromromanticint ilc adventures of young un-

married nienmen and wowomennien and vm 11 ttenaten froiafromtrom the point ojof view of a girl or a boy events in these stories consistently revolve themselves intoin bo a happytappy ending

A representative7 e nresentqt jvcjac storstoryv of this type is A rifrighteousrighbeoushteousoteous vjomansVJ omans recompenseI by lelia idiIvI arleradleradierkladler licoanlocoantiocgantl in which a non lormoncormonornton oos bo a Q ood but worldly orn1oniormon professor to little

1 mormon town1 own to supervise the scschoolbool30010001oool and is atlattractediri r istedicted to a liormonljormon irilriluiluliriirl Rohelathelhthelghei barton Febbelebheliheijhel however inesIideslikesD es 11VJ illardlilardjillard taylor a raijroijrouhh liormoniioriiion youilyouth because she ilasliasIhaslas promised hernerbiorleplopior father that she will riiarrvmarry withiniithin thetho mormon chirchchurch etheethoethelethol refurefusinsrefusingsinS the non 11oririonsmormon proposal of iiiarrial7marriagee promises to become illardvillardCl taylors oridebrbradebridedradeadeide whenwilen he returns fromtrom a diorimormonmoemoniloniton mission the professor makesilialiiialmamescs a show of being convertedconver bed to the

mormon chuichchurchchuichul ch but itheli ithel soon becomes aware that his

1 1 va ft 20 leilalella mariermarler 11orsaniioggan11 orsan A 1righteousihteous v4bomanvomanomanls recorrecompenseiPense the jjjjrovementii-i ovenient 1praaprara vols 17 andarldarid 18 sootsopterfiberSoofsoofcembertembercember loiigl191lold1914 to daceceberTdocebertDo f ilber lltlitallt p 1010loio01 0.0 69

conversion is just a pretense she settles down to wait for willard to return home

the theme of the adolescentado ie scent in stories such as with the youiryounryoungerer lbunchtttBunch 1 212 by jennie roberts mabey the problems experiences and something of the psychology of thethebhe mormon adolescent boy and girl are told stories that are concerned with the theme of the adolescent are found in every mormon periodical and

throuthoutthroughoutL the period of this study eithwith1117ith the youneryoungeryoun er bunch pictures two contrasting adolescent girls beatrice sdoiledspoiled and selfish whomno expects her escort to lavish money on her shirley friendly hllkiiblikindid cheerfully helpful considerate of the boys who go with her both girls seek to win the favor of leon Stusumnerssummerssuumilers the handsomest most popular boy in the school shirley succeeds in winning leon for her boy friend the theme jfof jfchejechethetho juvenile stories about children and addressed to children abound in mormon periodicals the childrens friend and the juvenile instructor contain numerous juvenile stories these stories picture mormon boys and girls in the

21 jennie roberts mamabeymaoeybeyoey tithvithwith the younger 1bfinchf11bunch the younayoungyountt comanswomansyomans journal1 vol 21 june and julyjulys 1910siglo1910 p 502302370P 70

activities of life both at home and in exotic adventure filled settings they are addressed to boys and girls of every age different juvenile stories permit classification into three general groups or age levels stories for smallsmail children for children of grgrammararamaranamar school age and for older children pioneers and indians are popular subjects for childrens stories pioneer bolbzbolby13obby222 by elsie chamberlain carroll which appeared in the childrenschlldrejs jlptibfibalpfriend in 1915 and has since been published in book forntornformtornoformotormo is a representative juvenile story it is a story about the mormon pioneplonepioneerserso told from the viewpoint of a mormon pioneer boy bobby patterson whose adventures are a compounding of the experiences of many mormon pioneplonepioneersodsors driven from nauvoo in the dead of winter the Patterpattersonspattersonsrsons journey westward attacked by indians near to starving beset by numerous difficultdifficultieslesoiesolesp the pioneers finally succeed in reaching utah janybanyhanymany experiences follow Plantingplanting of the crops an invasion of cricket hordes and the call of the fafagherohergher to the mission field which leaves bobby with

erbravegraverave responsibilities bobby participates in the utah radtiareadvaryianyuan and finally goesnoes on a mission himself he succeeds in 23 converting his uncle to the mormon Chchurchtirchulrch

22 elsie chamberlain carroll pioneer boby salt lake city deseret news press 9.9 1947 23 years have passed since that glad day bobby has filled many positions of trust continued 71

other stories resembling pioneer bobbyaj1j in themetherne are jr24pa two stories by howard R griogsorlggsoriogs covered wagon boy 1250 r-l- andiandcartand handcart Bboyoy stories such as these are evidence of the popularitpopularity of stories about mormon pioneer boys aandanand ciriseirlsgirlsirlsiris

the theme jof 1 riendliariendshlj the theme of friendship Is prominent in mormon periodical fiction stories dealing with this theme tell of the beauty of friendship and relate instances of particularly 2 splendid and beautiful friendships riding for a star 26 by pauline hammer is a recent story of this kind it is the story of a girl who although deathly afraid of

2523 continued and honor in the church and is now a beloved patriarch in one of the towns of utah helielleile has a lovely wife and a devoted family of sons and daughters and grandchildren his hair is white but his eyes areasare as bright as ever he has a little grandson 9 bobby who loves to sit on his knee and hear him tell the stories of the days of lonclongiong ago ehenwhen he was a pioneer boy crossing tbthee plains to utah ibid p 5533 24 howard R driggs covered vialonviagoneagonvagonwagon boy the Cchildrenshilhllhiidrensdrons friend vols 42 and 43045 july 19451943 to Januajanuaryryo p po 292 ttttpthis story relates the experiences of a boy named ben white ben helps build the city of nauvoo experiences the withdrawal from nauvoo and journeys westward t6ta utah with the morrionmormon pioneers settling in pleasant grovedgrovegroveo utah he is a typical mormon boy 25 howard R driggs handcart boy thehe childrchildrense ns jredfriend vols 4543 and 44 july 1944 to january 11945945p jrjdFp ent291 ertAranother stortstorrstorystony about a pioneer child is bennisdennisdennisbennis and the storr1 iotherlother I mormon battalion by mabel harnerharmer the0 childrens friend vols 44 and 45 july 1945 to juneojune 119464 6 p 268 26 pauline harmierhammer riding for a star the improve ment era vol 46 september 194519431943. p 53537557 72

horses insists on riding an outlaw bronco even though she knows its bad reputation contrary to all the laws of nature she succeeds in riding it rotdotkotnot until after she has reccireceivedved her two thousand dollars in prize money does the girl reveal that she ventured to ride the bronco in an

effort to getE et money to pay for her friendfriends hospital expenses the theme ofof the ardeArneamericanrican indian the theme of thebhekhe american indian Is popular in mormon periodicals between 1900 and 1945 stories about indians appear most often in the form of indian legends pioneer stories and stories about the indians of the present day the indian lecendlacendlegend is amoneamonoamongemong the most popular subjects in mormon ffiction indian lecleglegendslegendsends stories of the past usually carry within them the romantic atmosphere of the long afoaroago quite often they are associated with scenes of greatreat bobeautyauty sad- 27 ness and mystery the old trailtralltrail27 by harrison R merrill is a typical indian legend of the period the author findsandsrindsfinds a irolbrokenen heart of stone in a buck- 33skinlinkinwin bag stained with blood the broken heart prompts him to sit down and to think of the past for a possible sborystory connected with the trinkets As he sits there he is

27 harrison RK OMmerrillomerrillmmerrill the old trail the improvement eraepa vol 25 july errill1922 p 781 7573

inspired to write the ffollowingollowing story in the long ago a young indian brave named war eagle meets an indian maiden kaomidaomikaomip beside a jewellikejewel ilkelike mountain lalelaielake they belong to enemy tribes but they come to love each other As the summer wanes and the time approaches for kaomilskaomi1s people to leave the mountains harnarwar lagleiaglelagieeagleeagie nakesmakes plans to run away with her into the mountains A warrior follofollowsvvs them one evening to their meeting place and while attcmptinattempting tto0 kill war eagle inadvertantlyinadvertently stabs daomikaomi ivarwar eagle kills the warrior then turns to kaomidaomi to find that the warriorwarriors Initenifeinifeknife has split the stone heart she vearswears about her neck and has penetrated into her heart tearfullyflearfully he places the broken heart in a hidinphiding place there it remains until the author finds it and is inspired toco tell its story lone 1ock2rocknock 9 by orville S johnson is representative of stories telling of the experiences of the indians of the hestwest with the mormon pioneers like most stories having this theme it eriergeegiphasizesemphasizesipha sizes thetyde point that the pioneers tried to be friends to the indians and killed only when it be- camelleilerie a matter of self preservation A white man learns to love a certain lone rock of

29 orville S johnson lone rock the improvement era vol 24p24 june 1921 p 215715713213 74

uniunusualisial formation beside the trail after indians one day ambush him at this rock j capture him and threaten him

with cruel tortitortiiretortureirelre then as if in answer to his prayer 0.0 a flash flood sweeps through the canyon frightening the indians away and providing the man with an opporopportunitytimIty to clamber to safety atodatoo the pinnacle the indian as he is in the present day generally recreceiveselves sympathetic consideration in shortchort9hort stories and continued stories of the perperioditol starlesstorlesstoriessboriesSt orlesories suchslichsilch as the native Tblood3lood30 by albert R lyman reveal that the mormon people are sympathetic toward the american indian intn the present day for stories about indians generallye ne rtilly picture them in a favorable or friendly light

the native blood is the story 01of1 pee jo an orphan

navajo who resresentingertingenting the treatment of yolnsnezyoinsnez 1.1 an indian who has talen him into his homeyhome runs away is

adopted by a weaitwealthyayiy white man and asassumessiimesslimes the ways of white people but peejopeebopeejols heart is back in the deserts with roinsnezfsyoinsnez daughter elfceesleeltceesiep and with the desert horses he loves so much old yolnsnezyoinsnezts world is rapipapirapidlyllyliyIly changchangincchanginginc white men are enroachinrenroachingenroencroachingaching more andanelanclano more upon the IncIndianincliansindianstindianistlianssT lands A white trader called the badger sets up a tradtradingtn post near where yolnsnez lives and with hearty good fellowship

5030 albert R lyman the native blood thekiekle improvementtm provement erara vols 41 and 42 november 195819383938 to deptesepteseptembeSepseptembretemberiiberbiiberr 195971.1 q 9 p 6629662 75

cheats the indians at cards and belittles the Indiansindlanslindians11 horses artfully the badger goadsoads yolnsnezyoinsnez into betting everything that he owns on a race between a navajo horse and a white mans horse and a footracefootracerfootrace between the navajo begay and a white runner the badgers horse and runner win the races but peejopeojopeebo steps forward with proof that the badgers horse Is a navajo horse and his footracerfoot racer Is of indian blood the badger and yolnsnezyoinsnez schedule another race peejopeebo provides a horse that he claims Is the son of the famed desert stallion blackhorse and peejopeebo himself runs as the official navajo runner peejospeejols horse outruns the badgers fleetest horse and peejopeebo distancesoutdistancesoutdistancedout his indian rival begay and the white runner the badger is forced to sell his trading post and leave the country and peejopeebo after defeating begay in a wrestling contest claims eitceesieeltceesie for his bride the native bloodbloedtbloodt presents a clear strong and sympathetic picture of the navajo people it contains an implied criticism of the white mans treatment of the indians and gives a splendid picture of the life and reasoning of people of indian blood the story is critical of the white riannianman who has departed from the ways of nature in direct contrast to the indian who lives closeclos6clositcloset to nature andands by obeying its rules knows its signs 7766

yolyolnsneznsnezts words ofor defiance challenge and pride areeare the words of a i-man iihowhojho believes fiercely in the wantway of life

of hhisLs jafathers11 hers listisalstistls are the words of an indian 0ofj the dresenpresenpresondredropro senbdenbL dayduay who roirolremembersieiilellheii borsberbbeds hlhiss oastpast and Is proud

11 tilthiA law I1 he gloated as he entered the store thethothetho grealgreabdeatreat sspirito0 liltlrlt givesalveslves no people faster horses nor faster lclegss than heticiyebyc rivesjivesgives isus ueie ffightL ht our U no waway in healheatheak and cold we meet the flirfury31 of drouth and desoldesolationdesolatlondesoladesolatjontJonatlon in thetho desert and we thrive because of our E-superiorJ rourhneslroughnessll11 evereverythingeverybhingw th nr amongeumonteumonreumonr us that cancantI1 t taletalztatztakee 11 the 1tat i I1 old- manlan wenwentt on 9.9 uusiilistuusbj die whether ititt s a horse 0orr a man 31butut your realvealeaieal horsesborses and your weak men are doctoreddoccoreddoedocjoe loredloreocoredbored alowaiomalomalong to live andancianclanolana proiorprocorpropogabeate their kind for a weak rracece 1 your horses have to be kept iiiniiii oarnwarnwarm barns or they ciodiodlediedlo wwithwitriitri the cold you have tobo teedfeedpeed lllioibhcuiia with a spoon 7ndand nd wrwrapp themL hemthem 1inn alanlblanlblanketsets liiiiiillellie111ilkelikee bbabiesbablesi blesbiesdies yoyourir men must have dainty foods pro daredparedpadeeparee fforor sick people and 1 oleyjiey have to live in warmwarra rooiroomsfis away frolcrolaroifroifrompromfi the drafts anandondd sleedsleodsleep in snuanusnug blanbianblankelceulkelokebokeLc mice in winter you are blarbiar etl likeK 7 an offofrcminltecidiniteciminite breedbrood oinsnezyolnsnezY declared rubblnrubbenrubbing it in with a venfgenfvengeancebanceeance thailthatlthallsthatlst s why our lirsehorse beat your horsehoarse and our rilanuanman beat your man 113131 the heimhelmhedwheiw111rienie of ldventurelaventureldventure

the overpopularovedover popopularpbliar thenethemebhemabhemcU of adventuread venture includes11 stories about sichsienslensuch subjectsubjects as athathleticletle contests the accomplishments of women rnchanchr nohnch and cowboy epeiicncesexperiences travel ex- perienperiencesces in remote and csotickoticexotic places adventure in the profes-professsionsionslons and the ststruglrurbrur ielc 0of individuals to overcoiovercoilovercomeqc badbod names and est blisblish L t goodkocloocl ones

5131 ibidib id p 216 77

A large number of stories deal with the subject of athletic contests the athlete hero in mormon sports stories is usually defeated in a preliminary contest but he comes back and emereemergeses triimphanttriiunphanttriumphant in the climatic contest that follows never under any circumstances will the athlete hero compromise his honor for the sake of victory 32 in stories telling of the accomplishments of women a woman heroine malmaimakesmapeses good in some activity in which she has previously beenbeon a failure or in which few other women have succeeded most women in stories of this kind really

ppreferrefer to stay at home raisingQ a family instead of winning success in the world of the professions and in the con- clusionsclusions of these stories the heroines usually decide to make homemakinghomemah ing their lifetsilfelife work the compelling urge of a man to makemahe a good nanenamenaraenarne for hirhinhimselfseltseitself particularly after he has previously failed in sonesome way provides the subject for a roodsoodgood number of mormon stories cowardice is a brbrandnd that most characters in mormon fictionactionfiction are not able to bear they set out with

5232 KJavelinjavelin tosser by R D galtgait found in the improvementovementmovement era vol 41 march 19581938 0 p 148 is a typical sports story A javelin bossertosser hits a little boy and cripples him grieved so deeply by the accilentaccolentacci lentkerit that he cannot force him- antiantl on self to throw the javelin artiagainQ in the athlete is the point of eivinreivinsgiving up the sport then he is confronted with the chance to save a drowning boytsboy ilfelife by tluowingthrowing him a rope attached to a javelin he throws the javelinavelavelin saves the boy and makes the acquaintance of a famous leleg surgeon who cures the boy he crippled little hapnvhappy and very thankful the javelin tosser throws the javelin to a record distancedistance 5-3-

determination to clear their names of stain adventure in the western outdoors provides the subject matter for a number of stories found in mormon fiction good consistont1consistentlyy triltriumphsimpsimphs over evil in such stories and they are usually outstanding for their descriptions of the world of nature travel and activity in remote and exotic settings such as the south seasssersseas the north atlantic book of mormon and biblcalbibicalbiblical settings and fairyland like places is the subject matter for many mormon stories araonarnonanongamong more recent narratives the subject of adventure in the professions is important for its frequency and for the fact that it provides an indication of the changed attitude toward doctors and Ilawyersawyers and otherabherobher professional people among the mormon people professional people were once regarded with suspicion in morrionmormon literature in more recent stories professional people have prominent and praiseworthy roles test easeease33oaso5533 by mark E philllpsphillips and a continued story A week in a box canyon t13434 are typical adventure stories found in mormon periodicals between 1900 and 1945 foiFolfollowinglowinE is a summary of test case depicting adventure

5533 earlliariearkmark E philllpsphillips nesb1112esttesb case the Limprovementnprovement era vol 42 february 19591939 p 86 44 IvIlylalcolmmalcolm little A 1veekweekyeekyeok in a box canyon the imimprovementbrovproveidenteinent era vol 6 april 19051903 to june 190371905 7 p 401 79

in the professions the opopportunefortuneoortune collapse of a building enables dr brent an unpopular young doctor to prove that he is a good doctor after he performs a delicate operation successfully the townspeople recognizereco alzenlzenize that he is a skilled and competent physicphysicianlanian A western adventure story A week in a box canyon is the story of a cowcowboycowboyscowboylsboytsboyls experiences on the rangelandsrange lands of utah he is on his way to a little villvillageagre when he loses his way his horse wanders away and while following it he comes across a valley in which cattle rustlers have secreted stolen cattle his presence discovered by the outlaws the cowboy hides in a cave escapes through a rear entrance sterisstealsste lisils a horse and rides to the settlements to raise a posse he and his men return to thebhe box canyon where theyuhey prey upon the superstitions of the outlaw leader and frighten him to death they then capture the outlaws and return the stolen cattle to their rightful owners the theme oj0 animals andan d hatnatnatarenatureareure nature and animal stories are numerous and very popular in fiction of this study A love for the outdoors and for the free wild life found in the world of nature is characteristically a part of thetho stories of the mormon people many of the staricssloriesstorics evidence a love for nature in the raw nature as it is before mankind corrupts it 80

mormon animal storiestorlestoriess ordinarily tell of contests between men and wild animals in which the men arcarearo usually the victors but admiration for thebhe stubborn independence and courage of wild animals is expressed or implied in all animal stories A few stories tell of the cleverness faithfulness and courage of domestic animals A story of a wild horsetsborsetshorse gallant fight to retain his freedom Palmettopalmetto3535 by daniel S mcquarrie is representative of mormon stories about wild animals Pahipallpaltpalmetto isiettoletto a wild stallion famed for his beauty and speed and for the fact that he has successfully eluded every attempt made to capture him the author and his friends on the trail of the fabu- lous stallion make plans to run after him in relays until

he can run no loncerlonuerlongercj the dlandianplanpian Is successful strung out in relays across the desert the men pursue palmetto for many miles at last he begins to falter and to wealweakenwearenen fromprom a distance the author admires palmetto and when he joins in the mad race his admiration for thetho great stallion increases at first unconsciously then with all his conscious heart the cowboy prays that thepthey will be unsuccessful in their attempt to capture the kingly animal but I1 looked upon the foaming palmetto who had so gallantly shown his worthiness to

5535 daniel S Mcquarrieguarriemcquarrie palmetto 11 the IMimprovementovementmovement era vol 5636 march 19551933 p 270 81

be free I1 thought of his seven mile run before he had reached the ridge I1 admired his finely shaped body even more because it was covered with dust and sweat and his larolargo nostrils more because they were full of blood and him moterhomorernoTHOPOTHO PO for hishah5 s mettle and endurance then too his ionlonlonoionolong flowing mane and tail fresh in the breeze presented such a ststrikingpikin contrast to his straining body covered with sweat and blood I1 watched old pedro and how TC lonedbonedlonged tobo see hinhimhirnhirm weaken I1 iutlutut biebleviewe neared inch by inch until just ffittyfiftyifty yards ahead of us the 0 yellow raustanrmustangD strained spirit who guards the wild anianinialsnials I1 thought it save this hero 5636 the autauthorshartshorts prayer is ansiansweredvered even as the cow- boys rope himhirahina palmetto leaps into the air and tocopplesbopplesoples over dead A representative story of those telling about dome- sticated animals is petpeape&peggyy11377 by agnes just reid It itpeggypeggy tells how a pet calf furthers a romance between a boy and a girl the calf peggy is instrumental in promoting relations between a country boy and a girl from the city to the extent that they decide to get married A love for nature and the great outdoors is evidenced in all the stories about animals and the adventures of men with animals this love of nature is not limited to stories having the animal theme iib is found in allailalj mormon stories the mystical theory that the countenance and voice of godG od

36 ibid p 294 5737 tgnesagnes just reid peggy the improvement era vol 26 march 1923 p 409 82

can be seen and heard in nature Is oftentimes encountered in Moriimormonionlonton stories as is also the belief that the outdoors

rr is a healinhealingIJ agent

themes revearevealing the influence off jhthe world

A major share of the stories in mormon periodicals have themes that reveal the dominant influence of mormon institutions and practices this is to be expected in periodicals which have the avowed purpose of impartimpartingimbIME knowledgeknowledgeknowledEeledge in regard to their sponsoring institution A certain snallsmallsmail percentage of stories in monnonmormon periodicals however have themes that although they may contain mormon characters mormon settings or events in mormon history yet they are motivated by and reveal the dominant influence of the events and outlooksoutlooks of the world past and present typical subjects considered in such stories are the following two world narswars the financial depression of the IQSCs the san francisco earthquake in 1906 the coronation olof01 kinskineking george VI olof01 englanden land john charles fremontemontsFromontfremontsfremontefromonttsFr Ts adventureadventuresadventuressso the story of cortez stories having themes showing the influence of world events are not numerous and the percentage of stories havinhaving such themes does not seem to increase appreciably 8583

through the years 385

the theme of war notable among the influences of the world which have left their markmarirmarlsmaric upon the themes of mormon fiction are two world wars during the years that these wars wewereoe in progress and durinsduring those imftedlatelyimmediately following stories about war are much in evidence in mormon periodicals A number of stories which do not actually present the theme 39 of war allude to the progressC of the war then in progress most morrionmormon war stories tell of war on the home front a very few picture actual fighting the aftermath of war is described in several stories and antiwaranti war stories although few in number are found in mormon periodicals the war seems remote and far away in stories telling of war on the home front the homehomepicturedc pictured in such stories may or may not be mormon homes and the characters may or may not be mormon men and women the situation and

5838 sixty six stories of the 606 that I1 sampled appear to have themes sugsuggestedested by the events of the world thirty eight out of 547347 stories or 109 percent were written after 1920 twenty eight of 256 stories or 10910.9log percent were written before that time 5939 an examexampleoleoie in the evolution of mr penny by D W otinCuincummingsmings young woriantscomanswomans journal 26 may 1915 the 1 vol

ja 1 to october 111 j9 p 305505 mention is made of the war then europee in progresspro CDaressoress llin euroP the story itself however is not about war it is the story of how an orphan baby awakes an old bachelor named mrlillirlr penny tobo the boautypoauty that can be found in life on pasepageparreparce 305505 of the story this passage appears he was pickinspicking out the towns mentioned in the daytsday war dis- patpatchescheehe s 11 84

the cause of the situation are however worldwide and universal in sirrnificancesignificance typical of stories written during the first world ilarwarwantiartian picturing conditions at home Is pink pearls vs self respectHespecthespect4respectit4o4 by venice farnsworth anderson which tells of a nirlgirigirln iriirllri living near an army base who like her friends sells dances tobo soldiers ashamed she regrets doing it A mormon soldier sees her shareshaneshame and offers to take her home in the months that followfollows the girl and the soldier fall in love and get married conditions at home during world war II11 are evidenced in such stories as A substitute for gas41 by olive il burt which pictures teenage boys and girls at horaeshoraceshome who faced with the wartime emergency of a shortage of gasoline and oil are forced to find their recreation at home and in mutual improvement association activities instead of seekinrseekinsseekingCD it at commercial recreation centers few mormon stories picture war on the fighfightingtinS fronts and tell of the hard actuality of war but a small nuurfoernumber of antiwaranti war stories present some realistic linipsesglimpses of war A representative of mormon sloriescloriessbories describing war at the

c 40 venice Farnsworfarnsworthbh anderson pink pearls vs kselfseifeif respect the improvementvementrorovementmovement era vol 21 september 19181913elf p 959 41 olive W burt ttaA substitute for gas the improve menten era vol 46 january 19451943 p 22 85

firtinfin A422 battlefront is thehe escapeescape42 byY henry nicol adriadatadaiadamsonlsonason a story of oridorldhorldvorld riarviarwarnapwap I1 in erman ocoustedoccurpied belpbelgiumiimitimiaimi A ritifirlpirlpipi and her husband are guidediiided safely across the border ofor

1 prance belgii1rbelgium into francefranco10rtince by the firistrisirlasirlsirlfs rejected sweetheart this samesnme noble man delldeildeliberatelyiratelyeratelyerately offers his ilfeilfelifeilce to save ttltritrlthenthemerlerieni A small number of storesstories nattaattackingcling war as an institution amontalmonramonr nenmen atappearaopearpear in mormon periodicals the anti- war stories contain some of the destbestoest pictures ofor the bloody business of war that can be found in mormon periodicals A short story bybyroberbbyRorobertberb ikiivityl hyatt entitled mad alan waynewaynett tr 3 is representativepresontativerepresentative of these stories the following explanatory note droeprocproeprecedesedes the story As war clouds gather airainaainaaenainaln over the earth may we not read this story and hold y peace tichtltightltightly to deaceI1 just now riatulatwatwarvrar is in thethebhe air everywhere nenewsTapersvstapersvs lanersmaners and silver 1 i 7 screens screacrescreamlinirnainiin 1H111 at isus steadsterdysteady icerdseadsads and hearts mistmust hold firinlyironlyfirmly to the pepeaceice ideal or anollanolhcrhorher confraconf1aconflagrationr ton y send oerour sons and brothersbrobhers roroaringarinoapina ththroughrouhpouhT the sliesoliesollessidles under 1 and over the seas across snellshellsheil marked teberainterainterrainroinrolnrain at each others t1tathroatsthrothroabsalsabsa S and for what iro 1 we must reirelrememberleilerietdoerieTdoerdoensoen hatbhat thelebhele are hordes of peopeoplePle in emoiemoleoryy countrcountryj who will aroforofcrofitorofitit by a war iveweiyelye ronistconistmus b never forr-forgetet thotthnttant ththosese pooniepoonlepoodle thotthouthoughh ipubliclydubliclyiib11Dublielycly oieolecjecjecryncjecryincryn wrtwatvarwar can always find some reason for war ourhnnoroiurhnnor or our property or our sovereensovereunsoversoveroeUnounr n rifrijrightsnightsatshts or somethinrrsome thinn else to

e 1 them is ample excusecuse ngin1 I inf our boys as for flinalilnoriringinbingin 44 sacri ricescleescices to the lodstoosL ods of war

42 henry nicol adamsonAd arnsonannson the esca-tstscapeescapecanecapene the jjndrovementti i oroveraent era vol 21 auusb 1918 1p 901-905 4543 robert hl hyatt mad alan wayne the improvement era vol 5838 october 19351955 1p 6126212 44 ibibioibidld 86

the story tells that alan wayne a pilot haunted by visions of his coniconlcomradesrades who have been shot down and the enemy soldiers he has killed is driven to such despair and mental torment that he deliberately noses his plane toward the earth and plunges to his death earlsearswarswarts aftermath is the theme of a number of hormonmormon ststoriesorles A story representative of this theme is another unknown soldier 45 by margaret C moloney the soldier stephen alone in the world unemployed ill seemingly linlanianwantedunwanted by anybody is so deeply discouraged that he wonders whether or not life is worth living just as he is about to give up the discouraging struggle to find aglacea placeaplace for himself in the world of civilians he becomes acquainted with the mother of his army buddy who vaswas lost in battle the mother insists that stephen accompany her home and stay with her until he regains his strength and can ffindind a job the lonely soldier and the unhappy mother help each other in re- adjusting to chranchranoedchangedCoed conditions in life the thenetherietherlethemethenie of the deplcepldepressionllonmionlion the themetherne of the depression is prominent in mormon fiction for stories telling of financial hardships and simple living abound throughout the fiction of this study

45 marcaretmargaret C Wfoloneymoloney another unknown soldier the improvement eaera vol 5533 june 19501930 p 568 87

many pioneer stories echo the depresc1ca epress5ondepressionsionslon theme as do also many adventure stories and stories about daily living depression stories most numerous throuChthroughoutout the 19501sdescribe19301 s describe the hardships experienced by the mormonliililIvI orrion people during tirestinestimes of trouble and adversity troubles in the form of drouddrought1jaj ht bankruptcy anemunemunemploymentplo arientyrient or the death of a prize anilanimalnainal arise to perplex and trouble mormon men and women morlmorimormonlionllonfion characters however usually find the security they seekseedseep on a farm or in a simple way of living in which the eraenaennphasisemphasis is placed upon religion rather than on money most depression stories offer the thought that the materialistic things of life are not important but that religion is A typical depression story promise of the wheatwheattt46 by isabel neill is the story of a farmerfarnierls wife who growing dissatisfied with iiiliiili e on the farm goes to the cityciby to visit A few days in the city convince her that liilitelifee on the farm is not so bad after all for she becomes aware of the financial troubles of her city friendafriend4friend and she decoorecoorecognizescizesnizes all at once the wisdom of her energetic levelheadedlevel headed farmer husband the wife returns to the farm determined to help her husband make a success of it

46 isabel neill promise of the wheat the improve ment era vol 5636 august 19551933 p 582 88

other ththemesemes showing the jfinfljcjeluence jof the world national and world events in addition to the two itorldylorlcl ivarsvarswars and the great depression of the 19301s1930 are mirrored in mormon fiction of the period the san francisco earthquake of 1906 and the coronation of king georegeorgee VI of enenglandiandlandband in 19571937 are representative events of the period that find a place in niormonmormon periodical fiction A loaf of Breadbread47breadlt4r747 by willard done a story about the san francisco earthquake of 1906 tells how a non mormon financier philip blake falls in love with tdaldaTAamajoriejorie trent a mormon cirlgirigirlciri then rejects her after he discovers that she iiss a mormon left destitute by the earthquake philip consumes a loaf of bread baked by marjorie is re- minded of his love for her travels to utahlitah and tells her of his love Marjmarjoriemarjoryeorle agrees to marry him after he has served a period of probationorobationbatlon to prove his worthiness

another subject suersuggestedC ested by the events of the world is the coronation of king george VI of england in 19571937 mary eaidealdmaid in eailWailwaltingwaitingting to a queenit48queen by georgia moore eberling is a representative story having this subject it is the story of a little enclishendlishenglish searisearlseaniseamstressstress whose aiffbitionambition is to be maid in waiting to the queen of england

47 willard done A loaf of bread the improvement era vol 9 june 1906 p 605603 48 georgia moore eberling pilarymary eaidealdmaid in waiting to a lueenqueen tf the impimprovementovementmovement edaerai vol 40p40 july 19571937 p 427 89

delighted when shesho Is asked to help mako queen Victovictoriavictorialsvictoriansrials wedding dressdresspdresap she realizes her brightest dreams when she is named as the queensueenls maid in waitingwaltingwaiwal bing

the theme of histhistoryEeyy histories of the world histories of america in par- titicularcular provide thebhe theriesthemes for a number of mormon short stories and continued stories A story that is representative of those having a historical themetherne is the lost path finderfinder4949 by ann woodbury hafen it tells of the experiences of john charles fremont on the Vlesternwestern frontfrontierlerier while attempting to cross the san juan mountains in the middle of the winter fremont and his men who are seeking to prove that the route is practicable for a railroad line are caught in a blizzard and snowed in because their food is beginning to run low fremont leaves his party and struffstrugfstrugglesiesles alone through the snows to civilization almost snow blind partially frozen he

obtains help but bbsbyS the tiretime thebhe rescue party finds his men eleven of them are dededciddidvid the survivors experience creatgreat hardship and suffering A few years later fremontpremont proves to his omown satis- faction sndandtindsind that of his men that it is possibleposs loleioleioie to cross the san juan mountains in the middle of the winter 50 49 ann woodbury hafen the lost pathfinder zheaheihethe imimjprovomentrovorovomentment era vol 48 janijanuaryjannarylaryiarylady 1945 p 40 50 anotheranother representative historical story in mormon continued 90

conclusions

I1 have arrived at the following conclusions in regard to the themesthernes of mormon fiction 1 mormon stories reflect both the past and the present of the mormon people 2 I1thephefhe themes are for the most part repeated over and over through the years for most of them are concerned with the practices and institutions connected with the mormon people and belonging to them 3 A few stories have themes that are influenced by the eveneventss of the outside world and the outlook of the

people of the world stories having such themes 9.9 however show no substantial change in number throughout the period of this study 4 the most popular themes arc these drilydallydailydaliy living adventure courting animals and nature and the pioneers

50 continued periodicals of the period is retreat of the dismal night by TElizabethellzabethelizabetheilzabeth cannon porter the inimprove-ove ment era vol 21 may 1918 p 605603 appended to the story is the authortsauthors statement that it is correct histor- ically and represents much research work combined with a knowknowledeknowledgelede e gained first handed 11 retreat of the dismal night is the story of the conqueror cortez and the little known details of his tragic flight from the clcityty of the indians following the death of montezuma the ruler olof01 mexico cortez barely escapes with his life as the aroused indians slaughter his men CHAPTER IV

TRtreatmentslpt1vt NTS USIusedus1dD IN lilo1410MORMONRMON FICTION

As would be expected in a body of fiction which was predominantly didactic rorrromanticantic and sentimental before 1900 and in which from 1900 to 1945 a didactic purpose dominates mormon fiction from 1900 to 1945 is predominantly didactic in treatment by the term treatment I1 mean the manner in which mormon authors approach and handle the material of their stories giving to it one or more of the following touches the qualities of a lesson book instructive pedagogical the unreality of romantic settings characters and situations the tear compelling circumstances of sentimental situations the stark reality of life a laurlauplaughterhterahter or smile provoking approach to material the simple philosophies of children couched in simple understandable terms I1 employ tlthee terras romantic realistic humorous sentimental and juvenile to designate the different treatments used in mormon fiction

91 92

although a majority of mormon stories of the period are didactic in treatment quite a large number of themtherathern including many didactic stories are romantic in treatment A sentimental treatment is evidenced in mormon fiction as is a humorous treatment juvenile stories reveal a distinctive treatment 1J

the didactic treatment

the didactic treatment which dominates is a term used to describe a formforntorntorm of fiction which aims by means of dialogue narration and description to teach a lesson it attaches more importance to this than to anything else william thrall and addison hibbard in A handbook tto literature define didacticism in this way didacticism that quality of writing which manifests a desire on the part of the author to instruct and improve the reader A very general term it is impossible to block out its limits in a definite way acceptable to all since different people have different impressions of what constitutes a didactic manner the term is often used contemptuously outut if all didactic writing werewero destdestroyedroyed all literatures

1 I1 have classified the stories I1 have read on the basis of their treatments in the following manner didactic 441 romantic 458438 the romantic and didactic treatments frequently are corabicombinedned juvenile 52 sentimental 52 humorous 5232 realistic or partially so 5232 9593

would be greatly impoverished the truth probably is that we all accept didactic writing up to the point where it impresses us as self righteous then it becomes offensive and we hurl the charge of didacticism this treatment in mormon fiction from 1900 to 1945 is evidenced in a nunumberniber of ways 1 by a conclusion in the form of a moral exhortation called a moral taatag in which the didactic message is repeated or explained 2 by means of 9a lengthy speech in the body of the story 53 in the form of a didactic conversation 4 by frequent departures from the thread of the story to teachteacheteacho 5 by peering into characters minds and hearts 6 with scriptural quotationquotationsquotationspsp within at the beginning or at the end of the story 7 by goodood deed actions on the part of leading characters ini the story 53

2 elleliWilwilliamllari thrall and addison hibbard A handbook to literature garden city N Y doubleday doran and co 19561936 P p 128 53 this quotation from the glimpses by iasielaslelusie chamberlain carroll the yoliyonngyoung domanswoman1swomans journal vol 25p25 march 191701917 p 151 is representative of didactic devices employed in laormormonbionnionblon stories of the period thetho didactic 11mormon dioresdloresdioresslondigressionIDI D slonston is foundfolind in most ormon stories ah when will men cease to expect efficient motherhood the instant itib comes in the swee- thearts they have admired and wooed for effic- iency in almost any other field save that when will woman realize that she needs pre- paratory training for her lifeslifeilfe work as mucmuemuchmuehh as man does for his thenwhenihen that time comes perhaps domesticdoridonidonlestic crises will not be so common in memory by W J sloan is an example of a story having the didactic treatment that begins and ends with scriptural quotations A passage from the doctrine and covenantsCovo nant s 152132 19201921019 20210 precedes the story the story andsonds continued 94

A representative story havinhaving the didactic treatment is Sitismokyoky Summersummer4surfimertt4summerg 4 by otis L burton it ccontains a lengthy didactic speech a didactic conversation and ends

11 it with a moraimoral tatag0 it Is the story of a mornionmormon boy bill who begins to silsiislil1okelookesmoke because most ofor his associates in the construction gangang do bill does not regard his newlnewinewlyy devedevelopedloped habit as of much significance until in a conversation with jerry his non mormon boss he begins tobo sense the importance of a 000ooogoogoodd example and riorightht conduct in teaching mormonism to the people of the world jerrys words and the conversation between bill and jerry contain the didactic message of the story you know spoke up jerry afteratter a short pause ftltvelveive tabarenbakenen quite an interest in you bilblibill you see 1imim from the east and we think nothinbothinnonothingthin at all of the fact that a roodgoodfoodr ood share of the women and most of the men back there smoke most of themthomthora do itib so no one pays much attention 11 uellueliwell I1 smoke too t laughed jerry noting bills embariembardembarrassmentashmentassment but I1 remember an incident that impressed meraenaenne very much one day I1 picked up a young fellowfollow a eormormormonclioncllon missionary I1 offered him a smoke tobo getgot bhethebheuhe conversation goingoing but this younyoung fellow refused courteous enough though well as I1 was sayinsaying 1tat continued jerry this missionary told me about a code of

53 continued with a quotation from the sariesanesame reference 1521813218 both passages deal with i vi ormon temple marriage the subject of the storstorzstoryat7t 4 otisoils L burton smoky Susaumersammersummernimer rt the improvement yragraera vol 4543 september 1940 p 528523 95

these Morcormonsmormonsmons he called it the word of wisdom in a nutshell they strongly dis- approve sriokinsmoking and drinking and they practice it where other churches only preach it ittsitis a darn ffineinelne thinsthing I1 ssometimesome t im e s wish I1its they do be felt likeif id better off I1 know 11 4 yes tee would thought1 bill and so would I1 5 on this note the story ends A statement at the end of the story suniriarizessummarizes the didactic message live true

to the ideals of mormonlsmmormonismloplor riionism other mormonDl ormon stories present the sarlesariesaniesame or similar didactic devices thatbhat smoky summer does a romantic or a sentimental treatment often accompanying the didactic

treatment this is obablyprobablyT r true because didactic treatments and piirpurposesposes oftentimes make stories untrue to life

the romantic treatmentreafcjinnt

the romantic treatment is in evidence in a great many mormon stories from 1900 to 1945 it in conjunction with the didactic treatment can be said to be the dominating treatment in the fiction of the period of this study homer A Itatthattvattwatt and william WV watt in A dictionary of englishn h literatureliteratureterature defdefineinelne romanticromanticismism as follows the tendency in art or literature to represent life as iib is not eitherelther with the help of the lmaeimaeimaginationitriationstriationitria tion to distort the real world or to escape fronfromrbroibrol i it entirely into the shadowy realm of romance the term is

5 ibid appp 566567566 567 96

also applied to a work in which an author expresses his individuality in defiance of established rules 6 the characteristics of the romantic movement in england are representative of thebhe characteristics of romanticism found in almost every romantic literatureliberature among the aspects of the rolroiromanticqantctt movement in hnenglandland may be listed sentimentalism prprimitivismiiativadiv ism love of external nature sympathetic interest in the past mysticism individ- ualism romantic criticism the idealiz- atlonation of rural life enthusiasienthusiastenthusiasma for the wild irrelirpelirregularular or Frogrotesquetesque in nature andmidmad art un- restrained imaamaimagination1ma cinationbination enthusiasm for the uncivilized or natinaturaliraiiral interest in human rights sympathy with animal life sentimental melancholymeloncholymeloncholy emotional psychpsycpsychologyholoyboloy in fiction 7 ll11evidences of the romantic treatment in mormon fiction of the years 1900 to 1945 are nulnuinumerousrierous and varied the romantic treatment is demonstrated in the following ways 1 by exaggerated idealized descriptions of naturelsnaturnaturenatureselsets beautibeautiesbeauticebeautieeeE in which primitivism is praised godssodoodgodoods spirit is described as visible andanoeno nature is claimed to have a healing power 2 in statements expressing romantic melancholymeloncholymeloncholy 53 in plots that are iiprobableimprobablei and untrue to life 4 by melodramatic sensationalism 5 by idealized overdrawn characters as the martyr and good badman 6 by settings that are removed from reality

6 homer A watt and Vvlilliamwilliam V watt A DictiondictionaryLu jfof enenglishlish Literatiliteratiirembejatinire new york barnes and toblelobienoblenobie inc 1945 p 500300 7 william thrall and addisonaddis on hibbard on cit p 580380 97

7 in worship of0 people and events from out of the past I1 prefer tobo regard sentimentality as a treattreatmentarientcrient by itself because of its frequency and importance in mormon fictionactionfiction

romantic nature eanymanyliany mormon stories contain fervent lyrical and exaggerated praises of the beauties of nature asserting or hinting that nature possesses a healing power that god is visible amid turetsnaturetsnanaturenatures beautiesbeau tiesblesbies and that thebhe world of wild and unsullied nature is preferable to our mechanized civilization it is also characteristic of larselarge numbers of mormon stories to manifest an interest in animal lifeilfe in wild animals in particularnarticularoular A story by claude T bamesbarnesnames entitled at the top of the canyon18canyon 18 contains some representative cpressionsexpressionse of appreciation for the beauties of nativenature A description of nature found in the story follows far below him spread a level valley quiver- ing rays ofoi summer he-heatt and a thin haze of smoke giving a distant range of mountains an opalescent hue while the great city that reposed on thebheuhe gentle slopes resembled a mammoth checkerboardcheckercheclcheal er board of antique wreengreen and gray with here and there colossal chess men of white or brown the canyon sides about him were shaded with forests of lodge pole and white pines and he lounloungedjoedloed beside a blue spruce as handsome as any he had yet seen As heho meditated the fretful

8 claude T barnes at the top of the canyon the0 imarimprimprovementovementmovement edaeraa vol 22 december 1918 to january 1919p1919 p 136 98

brook at his feet the sunssuntsaunts rays were reflected as if by a thousand tiny mirrors and even the leaves of the ashensaspens scintillated and shone withwitlawitia a vibrant brilliancy almost as strohstromstrongC as that of the tinktinhtinklingling bubbles and miniature wavewavesS 9 such descriptions of nature and outright expressions of appreciation for its beauties abound in mormon stories at the top of the canyon is the love story of a govern-rovern ment research man and a shy sweet country girl who find love and happiness totogetheroether after they learn to share their appreciation of nature with each other the beauties ofoto T nature are frequently the occasion for mormon stories to venture into the realm of philosophy and theology mormon writers often express the belief thatthab nature possesses supernatural healinhealin7healing7 powers and that gods spirit is manifested in it such thoughts are expressed in bhethebhe continued story A summer outing and what came ol01of itloit10 by anthony IN ivins it is a story about frank anderson an ennuiedennuled banker who follows his friend georcgeorageorgesets advice and goes out into the world of nature where he finds happiness and gains an altered outlook on life the folfoifollowinsollowinfollowinglowin statement is typical of the numerous references to healing and spiritualspirispirl bual nature that are made in the story

9 ibiiblibiddo Dp 157137 10 antanthonyhony W ivins A sulunersummer outing and what came of it the improvement era vol 2523 june 1920 to october 1920 p 619gig6955 99

have you ever tried outdoor life as an antidoantidoteantidotetotetoto ennui continued george havhavee you ever with rodsrod suncun and dosdogdoosdogsdogg pitched your tent iniftintinn an open park bordered with pine and juniper at the bottom of a rugged canyon with titan peaks towering aboveabovep and a noisy mountain torrent tumbling over the rocks at yourfeetyour feetteet or camped on the shores of a crystal lake fed by the ice cold brooks which dance over the boulders as they merrily wind their way from the snow capped peaks above have you ever cast a fly on the sparkling water on that lake and felt the thrill which comes with the click of the reel as the delicate rod bends and sways in your hand and the ecstacy which makes the pulse beat faster as you land the speckled beauty and after esti- matingQ his weightweirrhtp carefully place him in your creel have you ever stalked the antlered mo- narch of the woods across the beautiful gladeslades throufshroufthrouchthroughh ruruggedagedpged defiles or over the mountain peaks and felt that exaltation which comes to the hunter when he finally brings down the quarry if these experiences have never come into your life theetherethepe is yet hope that you mayraay find recreation the health and above allaliailallpalap appreciation of the works of the creator which you failed to realize last year in your trip to europe riilize11 il Georgeorgelsgeorgesgeorgesgelsgets declaration of his belief that men who live close to the soil are blessed and good is a romantic thodthowthoughtht having wide currency in mormon fiction george states governments must eexistist for the protection of society there must be legislators to frame the laws and capable men to execute them great financiers are necessary to trans- act the worlds businesses but you must not overlook the fact that these men of the mountains and plainsplainseplainsp these men of toil who take the rough elements as they are found in nature and convert therthemthein into that which manraan requires

11 ibid p p 698 100

these men from bhethebho work-workshopsshops the mills and the farms have in therrthemthern the elements for the rishinriahinmakingY of legislatorslecleoieo islators executors of the law and fidancfinancfinanciers10 rs they do the worldworldsI1 s work they fight the worldworlds battles P sosolongbolongong as we have them with us we are safe fl the sborystory ends wltlwithwaltl a statement of how frankfranks experience in intimate communion with nature has not only cured hinhim of ennui he has in the process found an 13 answer to lifelsfifelslifeilfe rienierieaningmeaningsaning romantic delonchyelonchme loneioneholy descriptions picturing a cold dark and melancholymeloncholymelon choly world are found in a number of the stories of the period A mood ssimilar to that created by the poet macpherson in his ossianOs slan is found in many mormon stories particularly in the roclancesromances of the dormonmormonlor aon poet and author alfred lambourne 114 pletpietpletplot A christmas 11laletalelaiegalegaie of the Wasatchwasatch114wasafcch14 by alfred

12 ibid p 809 1513 thee following passapassagee is an expression of franks discovery ofgodtsof Godtsoodgod spirit in nature he had often looked at the mountains from afar but had conceived nothing of their beauty and raysmysterytery it was so with the gospel he knew now thatbhat its blessings had been with- 1ennAnn I1 in his reach that the lord is in annilesannplestemples11 plespies built with hands as he is here in the wilds in the solitude under the stars 9.9 but had re- quired their experience to awaken the latent spark of faith which was in his heart here in the solitude for the firstfirsafirsb time since he had beenabeen a manoman he had humbled himself before the lord and his pranterprayer had been heard and answered he knew that his redeemer lived ibid p 1071 14 alfred Lamlambournelambournesbournes pietpiotpletplot A christmas taletaietalo of the wasatch the imorimimprovementor ovelnentncnt era vol 6 november 1902 to Januajanuarydyoryo 1903p1905 p 45 101

lambourne is representative of iiorilorbiormormonnonmon starlesstorlesslories that present the romantic mood of darkness and gloomloom in nature the story tells how the author and his friend jo live in a tiny hut in the Vlaylayiawasatchsatch mountains set in surroundings grim but soinesomehowhow beautiful 1thepherhe auauthorauthorsauthortsthorts description of tlteiraireir home emphasizes the melancholymeloncholymelon choly nature of the scenes around themtherathomthonathonn the lake waters a pale coldish dreeftpgreen where they mingled with the melting snoapsnowpsnow or lay shallow in the rock pools on thelne north shoreashoreoshore appeared nevertheless of a terrible darkness where they leaned deep on the mountain side on clear noondaysnoondays ivewevve could trace the steplikestep like ledges of granite lead-load- ing down into the watery ploom oh we knew the voice of bhethebheuhe mountains weillwe iiiili111 three years we lived in that hollow winter and suinsuldsurdsummermer ilellelieyfeyde saithesawthesaw bhe place under a thousand different aspects but none we we thourthoughtJ ht more beautiful than when first met jo and I1 and we set foot for the first tinetirletinietime also by the deep dark lake ttwasetwaswas a wondrous slsightsjghtht then surely heavy curtains of storricloudsstormcloudsstormclouds hung overtheovertoeovover the hollow thatthalthab day and in thebhe murky gloomerthethe babylonish pile of crags at its easternendeastern end appeared to be little else than shadows black gjganticgiganticgjgantic shadows save for the lines of snow that rgleamedleamedbeamed on the spiral ledges along the northern shore of the lake thetirle roundroundedpoundedd boulders and the clusters of brilliant flowers were relieved in inassnassmassgnass aeagainstainstainest the indigo blue of the canyon depths the top of thetiietile conical peak was half burledburied in cloud and a great wreathwroath of ssteamlikesteamam lireilkelike vapor lay whiteitelie alonealong the crests is

jo who loves a beautiful girigirlj named plet plans to marry her afafterafteuter he and the author strike it rich on the

15 ibid appp 505150 51 102

evening before jojosI1 s wedding day the author dreams that jo Is swept away by a snowslidesnows 1 ide he Is happy when he

awakes to find thatthab it has been nothingU but a dream jo and plet are married amid general rejoicInErejoicing

the romantic jotgotplot probabilitiesimprobabilitiesIm in the working out of plots are romantic evidences found in many TmormonIvIo rinon stories of the years 1900 to 319453945945 1111ormonmormonormon stories consistently have happy endings and these endings often make the stories untrue to life farfetchedfar fetched chance and coincidence prominent in the plots of many stories of the period also help to make mormon stories seem unreal such devices as having a character make an amazing transformation the creation of artadtartificialif icialacial suspense provoking mysteries and from rags to riches incidents of success are romantic evidences found in many mormon stories coincidence and chance in the oxextremetrenie and an unrea- listically happy endianendinnending are visible in such stories as the Friendfriend1616 by willard done the story of bibitbig billBIII dayton a discredited politician and unsuccessful suitorsultor for edith baileyfs who now a more baileyballey hand is frontiersman birrbigbirnD billsbill successful rival robert bailey resigns as senator and with his wife sots out for the west after he discovers that he did not win fairly in his contest with 131biablagig bill 16 willard done the friend 11 the im2lve2iovemenment era vol 1513 august 1910 p 878 105103

on the Viesternvesternwestern prairies rodertrobertrooert and clith bailey meetmoot Dbijbaijdiji r 13billiI1 I1 drytondaytona atonvton Ininliansindianslians a blackattack thetheir1 r watonwaon train and carry their little daughter away bl huibui tercelterceTintercetininterceptsintercept ts thezhebhe raudingmaraudinmarandinmaraudingma indians rescues the child and saves robertbobert baileyballeybalkey troifromtromsromi an indian ambushamblishbilshbaishbiish but ai3i dillbill fatallfatallyfaballyV wounded in 1histis encounters with the indians ddiesdiosdloslos hoahearingheapingrincpinc in thebhe last minutes ol01oc his life a certain henry peters confess his complicity in the unfair plot thatbho b resulted in 1lisilshisbiskis defeat in the olecbionolec ionlonbionblon years before

chance fifigures13 liresiirestiresaires prominently in the rlotriotalotniot of this story by chance BJ liltilill311131.11 in bheLhe I1mmensityimmensityimmenslby ofor ohoghothethoghe vesternvestcrnjestorn plains is in hcbho vicinity ofor the eaonwaon traintra ln in which the baileys are journeyingjI1 ourneyn 3yay chance bibicdic bill311131.11 intercepts the partic-

1 1 ular riroupoun of indians 1bhat kidnapkldriap thetho1 he balleysBaileysbaileys13aaa lle s st daurhterdaughter by chance uibi 3bilas111sbilvs doiipollpoliticalpolibicalG lealicalleai enoienolenemiesalesniesqles confront 1hi11 ift as he lies on his deathbed these are coincidences that are 177 rodrrorrromanticantic and iiiimolaus bleidieibieidlebie 1inn thobhebho eextremegreriefGre riefnief

17 another excellent example of chancechancocnance and coincidence carried to thezhebhe extredextreextreme1 ie is foundcound in thecheohe short story some- where in francelranceanoe by ivy lliamsbilliamsvilliamsVi0711 11 laria s stone the younyoune jaklomansvlomansVl omansj9 stourjournalna 1 vol 2820 september 1917 p 475 this is the op storstopstory of a man who ls bliadedblinded inln battle and 0ofJ his sweetheart a nurse whose face is horribly cuffcusfdisfiguredL urcaurc1 when a van boibolboubbombfo strikes tlohebheohoie hospitalhos pibal in vfnwhichch she is workingwo kinokingkinglekinglblb the nurse caringearingearcar anilni forcorlor a helpless little orthanorphan by coincidence oes to the hohouselseise wherewhorewl edoodoero her blind lover is staylistaylnrstaylorirr and byoy chance thehe blind masmants servant recognizesrecoroco cizesnizes linclinoiino 1 stabli 1 the little11 U 11 le war orthanorphan as hisMshys own child the lovers are reunuedreiin1ted and the lather se-gebsl s baelbacrback his child the plot OL bhe story is dedependentpendentpcndent enGenolirelybirelyentirelyenbirelyengirelyen irely uponoponupon oxfceme chance and circucincucircumstancesnistancos that are ditdlfaifacififriculti icultscult or impossible to beilbellbeijbellevebelievelevo 104

the device of the sudden and amazing transitransftransformationmatlonmationormationformationor of a character so that his or her personality or physical appearance is completely changed is often found in mormon romantic stories this device is untrue to life for it operates contrary to human nature overnight alteration in the thinkinchinkinthinking and acting of a human being is extremely improbable farnerfarrierfarmer gone Wrongwrong18vlrongle318 by ralph harvard olson illustrates the amazing transformation device put into application in the telling of a momormonnilon story it is the story of sadie ross a girl who is unpopilarunpopularunpopular socially sadie meets lowell nevet and falls in love withvith him nevet however makes fun of sadie and her country ways sadie overhearing a conversation in which she is ridiculed determines that she will overcome herhor social weaknesses pete the brother of sadie I1 s roommate leipsIelpshelps her to trtransformnsform herself

sadie Egoesoes tobo san francisco enters business college and aided by petepotepetey learns how to dress how to act and how to talk in polite socsoesocietylettietTlety after a few weeks sadie is a changed person weeks passed sadie went through this school as she had conegone through the other two the results were amazing evenevon to sadie ross who was now rosalyn ross after her mother the work shesliesile did at the ofofficefice came easy and she was well liked she started to go out to

18 ralph harvard olson farrierfarnedfarmerfarmed gone vrongwrongarong the I1mpr ovementmovementove merit era vol 5636 july 19551933 p 534554 105

parties to hotel dances 0 and then up a step to the operas and musical shows and syraphonysymphony concerts sadie rosalyn ross she didnftdiandidn even know herself at tiriesdiriesbirues she became more self confident in time and even ventured to tutput forth sorrisome of her ideas and convictions out in public always in a quiet 9.9 cool unruffled voice never views on farming when anyone asked her who she was and from whence she came she smiled and said imifni a farmer gone wrong 11 everybody laughed and nobody believed her in the old days when she tried to hide the straw in her makeup everybody knew she was a farifarlfarmeraerner she iaulaulaughedphed aniand wondered about it all 19 sadie gets her rerevengevenCe when lowell nevet seeks her assistance andalidaridarldana her friendfriendshipshipp sadie deliberately snubs him pete and sadie marry and are very happy together the artificial device of creating a mystery of in- flated importance as a means of stimulating interest and sussuspensepenseponse is encountered in a number of normonmormon stories elsie chamberlain carrellscarrollscarrollfsCaroarrollsrollfs continued story A volunteer missionary tt2o20 contains exampleexampless of the artificial ex- agaggeratedgeratedjerated mystery it is the story of horace and frances ballard a young married couple who fcogocco east to school horace enters cornell university and frances proceeds to do missionary work she is pleased to make the acquaintance of an oldaoldpold white halhairedredded man but she is unhappy over her failure to convert her hushusbandsbandIs mormon hating uncle james

19 ibid0ibid p 575 20201 lisieelsieeisieeisleeisleelsie chamberlain carrollcarrollo A volunteer missionary the young womajnswoants anagnajournalwna1.1 vols 28 and 29 june 1917 to june IB 0 p nimhim292 106

ballard james ballard disappears under mysterious circumstances and shortly after his disappearance someone donates a larcelaroelargelauge sum of money to mormon schools and to the timpanotimpanoosTimpanoosos national monument movement the mysteries of james baiBalballardbailardballardislardIs disappearance the identity of the old white haired man and the name of the donor to mormon education and to the national monument movement concern the reader throughout a zoodgood share of the story these suspense provoking mysteries rivesivegivefive the story a romantic coloring the mysteries are solved at the end of the story james ballard has been secretly studying the teachings of the mormon church and has become converted he is the old white headed man who listens to frances tuilkUlikilk about mormonism and he is the person who elvesgives large sums of money to promote education among the mormon people and to preserve the beauty of their mountains

ronanticsonanticRonrombroma nticanticantic sensationalismse ns at ioralismonalism sensationalism and erilotionalisnemotionalism and forms of melo- draldraidramailaiiatia find a place in a number of mormon stories such stories are romantic in that they sivecivegive a distorted and overdrawn view of life murders gun battles black- hearted villains and noble supermanpermensusupermen are found in these stories everything about them is edaeexaeexaggeratederatedaerated in the 107

extreme madelon 2211 by alfred lambourne is a representative sensational tale about a bandit father a sheriff lover blood treasure a mysterious cave and a fight to the death As the story opens the girl madelon is mad and her father is dying from a bullet wound madelonmadelonts ts lover pierre is dead in the cave where madelon and he played when they were children MadelonmadelansmadelonsmadelontsvadeMade lonsionsts father a banditbandlabandlb robbed the stage pierre the sheriff followed him in the gungunfichtgunfightficht that tooltook place pierre was killed and MadelonmadelansmadelonsmadelontsMade lonsionsts father severely wounded madelon goinsgoing to the cave to meet pierre found him dead madness claimed her now she sits alone besidebes i de a stream

tf cryjcrybcryingapnp pierre pierre sivegivefluelveive niepieme back pierre A sample passage from the story illustrates the sen- sationalsat ional nature of the plot it is exaggerated unreal distorted the characters seem like characters out of such old fashioned melodramas as ten nights in a barroom fttt and the situation is more likeilke an incident in a cheap western movie than an actual incident from real life A guilty father a maddened daughter they confronted each other at the cave mouth the station master and madelon met there was no purpose in thetho fatherfathers dissembling now madelon knew the truth or rather she had known the truth in those eyes therethede shone no light of reason sho no loncerlonger knew of that which she

21 alfred Lambourlambournenejnep madelon the inimprovementvement era vol 20 february 1917 p 500300 108

had seen and so the rizzleddrizzledgrizzledr and one armed father lying upon his deathbeddeath bed learned the truth of the words their sins shall discover themthera 11 he that zettethgettethgetfceth riches and not by right shall leave thethemm in the midst of his days and at the end shall be a fool and so madelon wore her wreath of flowers believing it ever her bridal day and so she sat by the ford watching for a lover who never came or suddenly she would laugh and cry out upon the ssilencelence pierre pierre give me back pierre 12I1

romantic characters idealized and overdrawn characters mysterious characters whose pasts are shadowy and vague characters who can do no wrong characters who are completely evil pathetic and helpless hunanhurlanhuman beings such as a little child or a feeble old man abused martyrs characters outwardly bad but inwardly loodqoodgood and fanciful and fantastic characters such as fairies or elvos alloll are romantic characters for they representreprcsent departures fromtrom the real and the usual in life such charactercharacterss usually people romantic plots in exotic settinsettingsIs the characters in Mademadelonlont are romantic pierre is a spotless officer of the law who can do no wrong madelonmadelonts ts father is completely evil madelon is a pathetic and helpless heroine who suffers dire misfortunes and hardships she can almost be regarded as a typical romantic

22 ibid p 506306 109

martyr wlwilowibowhoio bravely bears a burden greater than anyone else and who trusts in god fforor strength to bear up under it and to persevere A typical martyr character in mormon fictionfictionisfictionistis a girl named mary in a story by nephi anderson entitled the straw 23 diaryearymary refuses to do as other girls do in matters of dress and conduct shesho prefers to be different rather than to imitate the extremes in styles of other girls of her own age although she is unpopular with the boys she tries not to care distrusteddisrrusteddisgusted when she sees a boy she has always admired smoking a cigarette she expresses thankfulness that she has the courage to be unpopular while remaining true to her religious convictions mary is a firstarstfirst class martyr she deliberately chooses to be unpopular her unpopularity being an honor in her eyes a cross heavy but gratifying to bear her conduct is extreme unrealistic and untrue to life butch cassidy is a typical good badman character in mormon fiction mormon writers credit him with a number of the noble and praiseworthy characteristics of a legend- ary robin hood he would rob wealthy men and pgivelveive to poor people according to the story IValwalkingking for Healthhealth24healthtt2424 byy

2523 nephi anderson the straw the improvement braera vol 25 september 1922 p 969 24 james P sharp walking for health the inImimproveimprovoprovoOVO ment era vol 45 september 1942 p 561 110

james P sharp tlllalkiwalkingng for IThealth is concerned with a robin hood- ilkelikelike incident in butch cassidycassidyls ls career one of cassldyscassidyscassidyyCassoass idys

men steals a horse from a poor mormon farnfarmfarmbryfarmboyboy D assiduokassidygassidyassidyoGasoasassisidydyo as soon as he discovers what hislisils man has doneclonecione compels him to return the horse to its rirightfulhtfulhatful owner and to plead the boysboy forrforgiveness cassidycassidyscassidyyGasoasCassoass sidyidys action seems exageratedexaggerated extreme untrue to life the paradox of the good badman is present in a number of mormon stories of the period 25

Rromanticoman ti c Ssettjlnse tlnaln settings picturepicturesquepicturesqueosqueo exoticexoticaexotico fantastic and connoting the distant past very frequently are romantic they are romantic because they are removed from the reality of lifeilfelifes are products of the authors imagination seemingly rather than pictures of life settings such as lhesechesebhese are usually the stastaesstageses upon which romantic events occur and romantic characters parade typical of stories telling about picturesque exotic

25 the central fir7urefigure in a short story entitled mirrymrrymiarymary eilentellent by maud 3arnaarnbaggerleybaggarleyarieyarleyerley the improvementvementrorovementmovement era vol 20 july 1917 p 811 is a typical romantic character 1 mary llen a cold hard woman of the desert 9.9 comes to believe that there is a god after she is arcedorcedfforced to give aid to a dying mother and is left with the responsibility of carinocaring for the dead rianswomaswo children mary 101elienellenlenien is puzzling to the reader outwardly she is hard and cruel but within she is kind and noble and good illlii

and lmarimarimaginative1native places is coquettecoquettemoquette A tale of the haunted

11 26PP memesas a u by alfred lambourne this is a tragedy romance about an actress who after encoiencouragingencoe lraira ing a poor man to pro- c pose marriamarriageD to her laughsIIDD at him breaking his heartheartehearty

the settingC of the sborystory is the cliffscliffo where an ancient and forforgottenrotten people thebhe eliffcliff dwellers once lived the author elvesgives the reader the impression that the spirits of the cliff dwellers continue to koverhover about the place where they lived and loved and died many centuries ago 27 happy valley by orothy carolyn retsloff is a story

L a having an imapinativeimaginativeD settinset ing happy valley is place that lies just over the mountain out the mountain is hihighrh and the only people who are ableabloadloadio to find it are the righteous and the pure in heartheartshearte happy valley is in a fairyland setting a land of make believe a lonclong narrow valley tucked between the mountain ranges one end is stopped by a blue green seaoaeaosea the other where a high wall with a waterfallwater rallfallsailsalineilneli joins the two rows of mountains herethere are green trees and mossy noolnooksx s and long fields of waving orainegraingrains there are wide sunny places and a warwarmpwindwind laden with contentment blows every day 8 the story tells of john grabsteingraysteinGraygraysbeinorayGraysonaycrays leinbeinstein who is unhappy

26 alfred LambourLambolambourneurneurnonejneo coquette A tale of the haunted mesa the imariialiaimpriraproveneprovemeovemenoveme nt jirabraera vol 21 may 1918 p 618613 27 dorothy carolyn retsloff happy valley the Iimprove1m-orove- mentnt eraT ra vol 27 november 19251923 p 47 28 lidjidibid p 48 112

because he is a hunchback and a cripple earinghearing11 of a place called happy valley he sets out in search of it after a long hard journey he finds happy valley and from a blind girigirl who has a sonosong on her lips he learns the secret of how to be happy happiness he discovers comes to those individuals who forgetting themselves love their telteifelfellowfellowrienfellowmenlowmenriennien

the li01romantic leasjp83past incidentstncidents from out of the past oftentimes are romantic material for they are separated Jfromrom the realityrelareca lity of the present by a goldengoiden veil of time indian lelegendsrends may be romantic as may also pioneer stories and stories about life in the old country book of mormon and bibicalbiblical stories oftentimes are romantic because they are about the idealized past besbens chimney baby t12929 by jean moore is an example of the mormon story telling about the past it contains reminiscences of pioneer life in the best romantic tradition grandfather and grandmother moruanmorgan are pleased when their grandchildren come to see them the old pioneer man and woman live in a memory filled house and the grandchildren love to sit around them and hear them tell stories about the past

T f 29 jean LiiooreI1loorenloorep bensben chchimneyliineylainey abyaaby3aby he illi 0 y2myamveme nt erara vol 47 january 19441941 p 22 131151131333

grandfather eorganmorgan had no sooner arranged the old patchwork pillow behind his back humhumoringor ing his pleurisy as he called it than the1 he clamclamoringorinc for a story began an indian story beebeggedrgedaged small tad grandfather dloreadloremorganan siailedsmiled think1nrthinkingr of the many friendly indians he had known in thebhebho early days who wishedwishod only to be left alone but elouenouenoughh of reminiscing tontonightightlght he had a story which he had saved for a long time so aftorafboractor clearineclearing his throat loudly he began many years ago a small boy 1130there lived called ben 1 50 grandfather toloretvloremorganan tells thebhe children a story about ben a boy who rescues a little pioneer girl named ireciousbreciouspreciousre ciousclous from tirtiptheP indians bensbents parents adopt the baby and when ben and precious crowgrow up they marry when the Frandgrandchildrenchildren remember that their grandfathers name is ben and their grandmother is named precious they realize that he has been teiltellteilingtellinginsing them a true story of his own life the romance of the ionlonionoionglong asoago lingers about stories like bentsbenisbens chimney baby 1 therehenehe golden clowglow of legend has covered over the rough places in the incident and the spell of time has enhanced its importance and charm

the sentimental treatment

from 1900 to 1945 a considerable amount of sentimentality appears in mormon periodical fiction although sentimentality is usually thoucthoughtht of as a form of romanticism

5030 ibid p 22 114

I1 prefer to consider it by itself because of the frequency with which it appears in morrionmormon fictionactionfiction and because of its importance in this study I1 consider it of significance that the sentimental treatment is slightly less noticeable in mormon fiction after 1920 than it is before that time although a number of mormon stories both before and after 1920 reveal sentimentality a larger percentage of stories having such a treatment appear before 1920 than since that timetimne 315 william thrall and addisonaddis on hibbard in A handbook to literature define sentimentality in this way the term is used in two senses important in the study of literature 1 an overindulgenceover indulgence in emotion especially the conscious effort to induce emotion in order to analyze or enjoy it also the failure to restrain or evaluate emotion through the of judgment 2 an opti- throuch exercise 0232 mistic overoveremphasisemphesemphas Is of bhethebhe Cgoodnessfodnessoodnessoodness of humanity

philo TA buck jr in literary criticism has this to say about the sentimental treattreatmentnentment the sentimental exploits a ready and popularly prepared theme for its particular and popularly predictable thrill hence the things ivewevve grow sentimental over chanachangee vithwith our fashions for we respond to them not because of the vital woemoeurge of the experience itself but because a social habit has already prepared the way for the responses and the thrill is in vogue 5533

5131 out of 256 stories written before 1920 twenty seven stories 105 percent are dominantly sentimental in treatment on the other hand twentyfivetwenty five stories seven percent out of 350550 wilittenwritten since 1920 are sentimental 5232 william thrall and addison hibbard 22op cit p 599399 5533 philo M buck jr 22op ojtcitbojt p 52

k 115

the sentimental treatment Is evidenced in mornmormmormonon ffic-ic tion in a number of ways it Is found in situations in which emotion Is excessive in connection with such subjectssi jectsejects as the joys and tears of parenthoodparonthood poverty moriesmorlesmodiesmemoriesnie of bygone days characters of pathetic helplessness death and impenimpendingdinodinC derthdeathdeathsdeathe the subjects are ready made and stereotyped and as a result they are much over used throughout the period of this study it seems to be the vogue to shed coplcopicopiousolls tears over deathbed scenescenes and pathetic situations and characters

the joys and tearste ars off parenthood christmaschristinas eve in ParisParistparis54paristtm54tM by lydia A alder is representative of stories that imentalizesentimentalizesent ready made situatsithatsituationslonstons such as the joys and tears of parenthood it is a story that contains moreraore emotion than its subject warrants simple subject matter surchaburchasurchargedred with an excessive emotional seasoning causes the story to seem exaggerated and untrue to life the story is of a mother who enters a great cathedral one christmas eve and kneels down to pray in her hands she firinlyironlyfirmly holds a few parcels all that her store of means will allow for theacoming morrow which should bring joy into the world love and happiness for soresonesomeI1 but only tears and moriesmorlesmoniesmemoriesrienie fortoror others why1ephy is the

5434 lydia A alder christmas eve in paris the I1improvementvement tira1iraera vol 5 january 1902 p0o 207 116

world thus divided 1chywhy should the same thing bring both joy and pain liasairsalasllastliastalast I1 it was ever so since the portal ofedenozedenof eden closed on the first wanderers and the cold barren world met their anxious view the stern world whereere the fiadfladsladsiadglad christmas bells never had rung 0 As the woman prays she thinthinksls of her son wishes that he would come home this christmas dveve to be with her she gets to her feet totters falls at once she is surrounded by people

A man standlstandistandinrstandingnr in thell11 he crowd of onlookers peers down at the woman recognizes her springs forward and bending down beside her calls her mother and chafes her hands MomothellmotherlmotheriMotheriherltherl he whispers vototherlmatherimotherimlotherlMotMl heriherl what a lovely dream she faintly says ttliti1 I dreamed myy boy was here he is mother he isilsiis I1 cried the stranger only look imonupon inelneme your own boy love the inspirer of life quick- ens her pulse and she hears the blessed word 11 nothermother11mother at last at lastilastlbastl she cries and clinging to hiraohim bursts into happy tears it was rgristagristchristqhrist mas day and joy had comecorne into tthebe world 56 poverpoverty andaridarld pathetic characters poverty and pathetic characters receive sentimental treatment in such ststoriesorles as intn the third watch of the 37rry night by homer M price this isls the story of a sub- normal ororphandhan boy who waits patpatientlyiontlybontly at the railroad stationstat 1l on everyevory evening in the hope that he will find his inotheromother but he never finds her the story plays upon the

35 ibid 0 p 207 5636 ibid p 210 5737 homer M price in the third watch of night the elpioveiiovenJIP zhezeeyh6yhulent ra volvoi09 8 february 1905 p 248 117

readreaderserts emotions by picturing the pathetic figure of the

orphan boy and his trattragicC ic death an old baggagee man tells the traveler about ben spill- man a poor mentally weak orphan who was deserted by his mother many years before thouthoughrh a kind man adopted him ben continues to wait and watch each niinightht for his mother trustintrusting6 all the while that she will come in the third watch of the night as the scriptures say ft ben who adores his fostercoster fathers daughter bessie transfers his adoration to besbessiesbessiealetsslesbetsietssies 1 ittieittle daucbaucdaughterhterahter after bessie marries and becomes a mother tragedy strikes one nihtnight as ben bessie and bessiesbessieaBes sies child wait at the railroad station the little nirlgirigirl slips aw y from ben and runs onto the tracks in front of an oncoming train benbren leaps

and 1nocksknocks the child out of danger but the train catches him draeadraedraggingaing7ing and manmanglingling him severely heileflefie lingers for a tiuetime but death is near his last words are the statement thatbhat helielleile is reunited with his mother and that the long lonely years of waiting for her to return are over surrounded by weeping friends he dies for two hours he lay that way irithwith his head in my lap nd the mother bessie a bendictbendintbendin1 over himhirahirnhina finally his eyes opened and the old crazy look auzwuz all one he saw her tharbhar a hovverinheverinhoverinhoverintho erint over him and craincryincryint and we heard himhlinhsin say very low kiss me bessie andaridarld bessie just kissed him again and arainagain and told him how sorry she auzwuz he looked very contented and said between his gasps for brbreatheatla donttdonttront beI1 c sorry I1 would have 118

died any time in the last twenty years fforor you or fforor one you loved then his eyes closed again and we watched and waited a way long into thebheuhebho night bout the third watch he stirred and tried to get up sayin excited like theftheathe trains conincomin with rnyroynoy mother shesshelschels comin back thar it comes dont you see it itts stolpinstoppinstoppin now they are comin out of the coachesits look I1 she said shedsheld come t and with his arm uplifted shestshesashes comelcornelcomet I1 then the poor oldoid heart beat out and he sank back limp and lifelesseliflifeilfeelesseless tt38 bensbents last words are typical of the words spoken by other dying people in stories havinebavinehaving a sentimental treatment the emotion charged deathbed speech is a favorite means of inducing the reader to cry but benberiberl without his deathbed speech is a sentimental character for he is the sort of person for whom the reader feels sorry his character type is a favorite in liililIVImormonormon sentimental stories the jeabhbeddeathbed scene A popular scene in mormon stories having the sentimental treatment is the deathbed scene the emotions attending such a climactic moment in an individuals life provide writers with the opportunity to exaggerate and overemph- asize the situation the famous last words of one who is dying very frequently are sentimentalized in mormon stories representative of stories presentinepresenting the sentimental deathdeathbedbedbod scaneosceneoscenesoene the orldsworldsAl a Stagestage59stag03959 by james sickles hart is the story of a comedian who aspires to be a serious

38 ibid p 255 391039 james sickles hart the worlds a stage the improvement era vol 27 november 1923 p 40 h-

119

actor he issis however forever typed nevertheless he persists in hisMs determination to play a serseriouslous role A e little tgirlirilriirl lyinalyinlyingCD ulonutonuronupon her deathbed pressesexpresses the desire to see heri priprinceice charming before she dies the comedian by playing the part of printeprinceprince charming rivesfives muchmilch happlhappinessness to titietletibtheB little girl and satisflsatisfiessatisfyes his long chercherished11shed desdesiretreire to plyplayglayuly a serious part

this a concliconkliconcludingiding passapassageI1fre in the story contains an example of the sentimentality in thee story she woftwort see the banbandagesdafiesdarresdacres he muttered

11guess 1 now guess in alrightI toodigodagodgod helielleile prayed ive never been muchmilch tondtoodbond7ondood to anyone but please prant me this let me be on time for my cue amen t he stetsteppednedped carefullyearecare filly into the sleesleepingning girl7irlts room and courcoughedrhedphed slightly with a start the atllittielittle1 le swollen eyelleyelidsds flickered open for a momomentitlbrient a puzzled frown mantled her brow then in Fladdgladdenedened tones she cried out 11mymy I1 1 comee 1 I 1 prince I knew youd concom I knewnew yoidyoldyoi0d I boid c oilomeliejiejle I1 silently and tenderly dad gathered the little wasted body in his arms where she nestled con- tenttentedlyedly thenthon with a gcgentiegentleritleritiebitle sis ighaghh and a wistful smile she droppeddrooped off into that Raftaf8fqftt sleep from which there is but one awakeniawakuniawakeningirrlcticrbcr

the humorous tretreatmenta tmerit

william thrall and addisonaddis on hibbard in A handbook to literature defldefinene wit and humor as follows the swift playploy and flash of0 mind and is expressed in shskillful111 fiiifici ahrphrphraseologyjlseolo y

40 ibid 0.0 p 46 120

plays upon words surprisingisurpr 1 sin contrastscontra stsats ara boxesdoxes epigramseplcrrams comparisonscoicoleol ji arisonsprisons humorturqorryor impliesimplcimpl ieslesI es a satsynpathebicsarsyri pathetic recognition 0oc human values and dealsdeaisdeals vithwith tho foibles and incon- srulgruitiesgrulgruities of hunanhumanhunnan nature ood neatnaturedlyuredlyusedly exhibited 41 the hinhiuhumorousiorouslorousdorous treatment is evidenced in a number of ways beinobeingbe n r manifested in thebhe way that a thing is written aboulabout whom and what it is said and withw 1 th what viewpoint it is set domdown the humorous treatment as I1 refer tobo it here is confined to sylsyisynipabheticnpap humor only satiresattre and un- sympathetic humor havenavename no plalceplcepiceice in this sectionsec lionbion the humoroushiiiheii titroustiorous ttreatmentreat nent is 1clenccdevidencedev in nonnon fiction in soiresoinesome of thebhe followfollowingin ways 1 bvby a happyhadly and often- tltimesflesfiesries sirprissurprissurprisinsurprisonsurprisinin encllencelendingng 2 by a1I conconflictconnectclictclicc which progresses in a pleasantpleapiea sanb via- r to a satisicatisisatisfactory conclusion 53 in

1 eeccentriceccenbricc c e n U r i c 0orr 6discomfitedi s c oafomf IL 11 e 1I ccharactersliallacia r a c t e r placeda c e d iinn inconincongruous1ncon riipusriiousri iouslous situations 4 in cleverclover 11rht13ght criticscriticiscritesacstcs i or comment in rorairegardrogardrorobayrorayraifaybay d to human traitsgraltgealt of01i character that ateareaie unive sal diedleviewe all iiilii111likee to langhlaugh at ourselves on occasions 5 byloynoy a

1 sstyletiet1etae of oxPressionexpression tlthablatbatiat iss 111light1 ahtsht briskbrick gayay and clever the humorous treatment aapp rearsroars ollquiteite reregularlyc iilarly in

A op mormonI1lormonormon periodicals the period of thisth-is st-shudyudy this is in direct contrast to conditionscondit 1 ons 11hatbhat prevailed prior tobo 1900 iwhenwhonnonnen only one trultruid laulhumorousdorousqorous story webweswas foundroundcound in i p mormon fiction 12

1 41 illiamwilliam17 ihrnlthrailthrallthrellI and addison hibbard op citeiteltc lt p 464 1. QOgoe 42 geangoan darkdapp p 22op citpcipp1 peP 609 out of the lanynanymanyi stories of hormonmormon1 authorship continued 121

A sllsilsiislightlyatlyhtly laralar2largerer nunumberbcr of humorous stories are found in hormon periodicals since 1920 than before that ti-bidebinene the raleraterabe of chancechancchangee Is small but itib indicates a sijsl3fhtht 43 growthrowthcrowth in huihulhumorousioroiis tietfletciccioncicbion1 on throuthroughph the vears

the payhaihaidpjyQ enc3jnenel in and the pleasant conflict A story thatbhat is typical of other stories havinhaving a happy ondino anand a pleasant conflict is ujasonojasonjasontsjasonesjasonts revenehevenge144 by albert liR lrilanbrilanlyreanlyrnan itib also provides Lchccac11 ic reader with sympathetic insfihtinspht into some of the universal traits of

hunahumrhumahumanityn 1 t Y jason black a ioorpoor cowlcowhandland is beatenbeeten out in a contest with Tbuddnuddyudd parkpaphpapic for ophelia eroerr ashfulbashful jason is no match w for boicbolebolc P dadasindasmndashirishirishirl budd and so he voluntarily 1thdrawswithdrawswibhdraws

1 frolfromfi the contest and foesoesroes to bhe1 he ranranere

but fthelathelopheliaophellailalla ikin jason writes him a note invitingQ 3 him to call to see her budd intercepts the notenoto and instead of dol-deliverindeliveringiiverinvedver mr it to jajasonson 1leepsleepoeeroeetobeepseeps ltlb one day jason

aa 1 accidentally discovers athel0thelOphelaophela1ophelan1a Is lctlotlitberlotberterbether amon 1 buddbuddi thinesthings when jason confronts hhamhjmI1 m wltlvithwaltli the accusation that he Iklashasilaslastas stolen the letterietterletzerletietlettiettletz berherer budd adladiadultsadmitsats hhis1 s uulitlit and asks to be

42 coallconllcoablnucdlmicd thatthabthau I1 have read I1 havehavo fmindfound but one strictly humorous tale it has the didactic quality also butouloub titillsilss is interiintermintermixedixedaxed with the hamoihumoihumor untuntil11 we cannalcannoicannol separateseparabe the two 4543 A oproximately 3555353.5 nergerpercentent of the stories appearing before 1911920110 are humorhumoroushumormishumorounhumoroungismisgio Tthisghislills1 percentage has increased s to 65 percent in stories writtenwrit ben I1incesince n201q20 11 tr 4441 albert 1R tyaanlyniantynan iasonlasonjason Is I1devendeveneievenree the trfiarfiimprovementtmprovementTpovrovrovemenement lraerara vol c9 bopsopseptembersepemlberbeptemberbep tember 190619.06 p 85705757 b-

122

fortorforgivenlivenilvenriven jason agrees to forgive hil-hinhimti on condition that he mend his ways start attending church regularly read a

number of Lgoodood relirellreilreligiousi ous ooks and participate in the activities of thebhe church budd lives up tobo his drolproiprolpromiseilseiise andi as a result he becomes a goodroodpood clean living man ophellaopheila marries budd and jason finds a goodood sirlgirl for a wife jasons revenge and other oriesorlesstoriesskoriesst like itib alvegive sympathetic insiinslinsight3 ht into life and present glimpses of incidents in life that prompt snilessmiles of understanding such stories do not invite lauclauchterlaughterhterahter for tjfbi ey are not slapstick cconedycomedyoneome dy rather they are desirrneddesigned to culcuicultivatetlivate under- standinstanding and syisylsympathypathy in the reader in regard to hisI1 ilslis felfellowmenlowmen

the acentricctctriccentricri haocharacterh88 tjrajr and thetahetjhe clever Sstyle an adventure in the life of dirmr horatio alalernonalgernonaigernonernon hardcastle burglar 1145 by elverett spring is representative of mormongormon stories having eccentric and unusual characters and of stories told in a clever light rayrayaaygay manner it is also representative of humorous stories having surprise endings the openingopen1m parapanaparagraphsraphsgraphs of the story offer an example

45 everett spring an adventure in the life of mr horatio algernon hardcastle burrjarburglarburcBurrJarjannan the impvementrorovementmovementrove me nt era vol 22 july 1919 p 805 125123

of the style in which the story IsJs told brlabrlbrightht clever smile invitinrinvitinvitinginning withwl th a touch of irony in it theretherothepe is little doubt in the readers mind after the first para- graph as to where a salubrious part of the country for a coullecouliecoudlecoudiecouple of years all ebensespensesexpenses paidpalot is and before the render has proprogressedress d far into the story he with a smile becomes aware of bhethebhe natiirenature of mr Hardhardcastlehardcastlescastiescastles vocation mr horatio alalgernonernon hardcastleRardHard castleeastlecastie more inti- ll11 mately known as hardy was byIDY nature both methodical and industrious yet there was something lacking in hlsmalhis makeupelip A touch of genius a little of oriorloriginalityalltyinalltyIn and he might have noneponep one far anilihtrnimihtht even who shall say have climbed to the sllslislipperyovery heights ol010 company promotion but thehe iinlbinlunrindunkindind fatesrates ordained otherwise partly by force of circumstances partly from preference he had in early it e adopted the same line of itelie 1 business as hhiss father beffibefoibeforee him heilellelie ilslisusede d the same tools the same cautious thourthoughh antiquated methods and at tiitiltimestildesdesnes met with simisimil reverses theirlast of these had resulted in an enforced residence in a salubrious part of the country for a colcoicouplecoupieipie of years all epensesexpensesbenses paid he left that pleasant and healthy retreat on a bahtbright day shaking the dust from his shoes metaphoricallybrht speaking as he cassedpassed the entrance gates 40xo following his release from prison mr hardcastle piirpursuessues his old vocation as energetically as ever he picks oltout a particular holhouseise inhabited by two wealthy ladies and proceeds to burglarize it

46 ibid 124

to mrlir hardcastlehardcastlels ls charrinchagrin a man whom he takes to be a member of the household enters and interrupts him

the man whose nnanenameaniieaxiie is woodward takes hiryirmr hardcastleshardeastletseardHardcastlescasties spoils away from him lectures to him on the value of honesty in every phase of life and wivinegiving him twenty dollars dismisses hita mr hardcastle thanks mr odwardwoodwardNo and scurriesscurriedscurries from the house after he hashns sonegoneone mr woodward sets to work A quarter o-ofl an hour latorlaberlabor the lamp in the room was extinextinguisextinguishextinguishedguis 1aedned and mr woodward suit- case in hand also emerged troinfroinfromtrom the window it seemed heavy and avoiding the gravolgrabol drive he trod softly and delicately on the bordering turf A clumsy fool said he a very clumsy 1 fool amateurish to a deodendegreeD ree but what I really wonder is who does the house belong to he turned out of the gate lit a third cigarette A characteristic of his kind editor and strolledcc nonchabonchanonchalentlynonchalantly44 entlyantly on his way whistling a gaystroilstrolllittle tune 47 the ending surprises bhethebhe reader for mr woodward does not on first acquaintance appear to be a thief mr woodward has thoroughly outwitted vir hardcastle and he has done itib so expertly that he iflakesmakes bhethebheuhe other thief seem a fool the humor of the story rests on mrmir hardcastleshardeastlesHardHarde astlescastlescasties self assurance and tlthetirtieB ease with which mr odwardwoodwardNo outwits him

mr woodwards slavisuavisuavliysuav liyllyilyi y contrasted with mr hardcastlehardcastlets ts artlessness invites smiles and lauchterlauphterlaughberlaughber

47 0.0 ibid p 812 125

the humorhumondimormimon jjiajiin living there is a smile for the reader in such stories as tikttaIPAA sheetshoot of music48Music1jusict4848 by anne spencer warner A sheet of

musictlmusicalmusic presents a Climpsedimpseglimpse of some of the smile prompting situations to be faundoundfound in everydayeverevoryday life it is humorous for the reason that it lays bare human characteristics that are universal through all time the expertness with which freda the wife maneuvers her husband is unique and praiseworthy freda and billsbilltsbillas marrimarriageaCeage is not the great adventure they had dreamed it would be for they never get to spend any time at home together fredapredaproda in an effort to solve

grsars their problem buys some popular soncsongskrs and places them on the piano she knows that bill likes to sing bill comes home finds the music and begins to sing he leaves home with reluctance that night freda noting his interest in the music is gratifiedratified and pleased she reasons that now she has found the solution to their problem

theh 6 realisticreoreg llticaltic treatmente a teentjenajen t although realistic tendencies are present in the mormon fiction of the years 1900 to 1945 few mormon stories can be said to be entirely realistic realistic characteristics however become sliChtslightlyly more niznimnerousverousnumerous in stories after

48 anne spencer Ilarwarnernerp A sheet of music the improve-ove ment erara vol 40 october 19571937 p 618 126

1920 than before that timetime1911911rigdig 9 realism may be defined as

A manner and method 0or1 literary composition by which the author makes a definiteeffortdefinite effort tobo present actuality as he perceives it untouched by idealism or romantic coloring usually realism is considered simply as a manner ol01oofL writing a manner relying very largely on the use of in- finite detail honestly and truthfully interpreting life and as free as possible from su- bjective writing and prejudices it has been called the truthful treatment o-orl material by one realist it is opposed to romance which is concerned with the bizarre and heroic in that it is simple natural and honest 4 0 realism should be psychological in its approach to character 0 all one need grant the realist is e go licenslicznslicense to I1co farther afield for his details than the pleasant meadow in which the romantic piesplespicspicks daisies 500

realism in the vllormon fiction of this study manifests itselitself in a nuffernumbernummer of different ways the faalfaclfacb that a story ends unhappily may be an evidence of the realistic

11 J treatment as may the usualusual11 rather hanthanU the unusual in settinsettinrssettingsrs and characters psychological insight into a characters thourthoughtsatshts a pessimistic attitude toward life and a critical approach to mankind and his institutions are othetotheraother1 realistic tendencies thatbhat can be identified in the JJmormonormon fiction of this study

49 eleven out of 256 stories writtenwrit benbon before 1920 seem to contain realistic characteristics twenty one outoi it of 350550 stories writ tonbenbon after 1920 contain realism some 45434.3 percent olof01 the stories viritten before 1920 contain realism 585.8 percent of the stories written after 1920 are realistic 50 williaiwilliaawilliamii thrall and addison hibbard op cit p 357557 127

the chappynhappyunhappyTJ lndandendingin the mere fact that a story ends unhappily is not of course certain evidence that it presents a realistic treat mementmontnt many sentimental stories end on an unhappy note as do a number of romantic stories but an unhappy ending that is free of false emotional coloring and is set forth accu- rately and in only the barest details can be said to have realistic tendencietentendenciestendenciesdenciedenclel ess A sentimental story elaborates over an unhappy incident and a romantic story colors over unsavory details but a realistic story presents the facts without attempting to interpret or to enlarge upon them thephefhe hero dies amid a flood of noble words and tears in a sentimental story he dies without undue pa6eantrypageantry ostentation and show in a story thatbhat is realistic Driftwooddriftwood11driftwood15311 by barbara miller is a typical sentimental story with an unhappy ending A youthful criminal has drift-dr lftaft ed back to his boyhood home and now that he is nearly there he discovers thatthab helielleile does not have thetho courage to go on instead of oinggoingF to his old horehomehoraehorde he sends his hobo companion to ask for food the criminalscriminailsnallsnalts companion recognizesrecoej cizesnizes the youth as a man who is wanted by thebhe police but he refrains from betraying him after he sees the boysboy mother and notes her kindness

51 barbara miller driftwood t the improvement era Au p vol 14 adustauustaugustC ust 19110igli1911 885883 128

the two nenmen continue their wandewanderingsrinDs in opposite directions such a story Is surclburclsurchargediarrped with emotion and sentiment what appears at first slcalcsightbightht to be a reallsbeallsrealisticgic story about a boy whowiloio has gone wronowrongwrongs turns into a recital of a sentiment satisaturatediratedgrated decd of kindness on the iadtadaariarbarcnarcnaro of a hardened wan- derer whose heart has been touched by a womantswomanswoman kindRindkindnessness memories of homehoinehorne ananoanuj mother fill both men their hearts are hehevyvy as they trudge on in contrast to this type of unhappy endendinclendinginCl Iveniventeancevengeanceleanceteance Is eineliinemineAlinealine5252 by orville S johnson ends unhappilybutunhappily but without undue elaboration or excessive sentiment it is a story of vdwho a white man lo insists on avenavengingb inarincrID the deaths of some white peoplepeople by killing a few indians in the fightfight thatbhat ffollows the white man is killed and the indians escape some realisrealistictiletilctlle elements are visible in a story entitled 5553 the gale CGirlsgirls55i ilsris by annie pirepikepike Cgreenwoodreenreenwoncwonc evenoven thouthoughh the story ends on a bornrornant1callyromantically hopeful note the gale girls is the story of what becomes of the three jaletalegae sisters fanny lurania and addieaddleadd ie addleaddie the beaboabeautylity of the family marries a drunkard whom she supports for years until he dies lurania the plain sister marries a man for his money and is unhappy

52 orville S johnson Vengvengeancevengeanceearce Is mine 11 the improvement eraE ra vol 25 october 1922 p 1076 5553 annieannlenie pike greenwood the gale girls the Yyouneyoung lomaniswomaniswomans journal vol 25 may 1914 to november 1914 p 282 129

fanny achieves fame as an actress but finds life empty and pointless tho greatest failure of the three girls is picked on lurania whom the author in the early chapters of the story has pictured as a perfect cinderella ttypepe and who logically should havellave been the sister wwhoio finds happiness and success butdutsut she most unromantically marries a man for his money and is very unhappy the author of course arranges it so that the story ends on the conventionalized happhappyv note lurania and addie go into the caterincatering business together and fanny retires from the stage and marries her faithful lover

1 the1 story is significant however for thebhe fact that the three girisgirls do not find life a golden hued adventure nor are their strustrumilesstrugilessbrugglesgiles malmaomagnifiedn ifiedifield to make them into martyrs and heroines they find instead that life is very real and not always a brbravebrnveve and gallant adventure to this extent it is reallrealisticstic

pespessimismsiraismsirasivaismsirnsinn ism and ps7tcholoyjjsychology pessimism of course may be found in connection with the romantic and sentimental treatments but a dark and hopeless outlook upon life many times is associated with the realistic treattroattreatmenti rient psycholoePsychpsychologicaloloE ical penetration into the thinthinkingkinokinC and feellfeelingsnosngs of a chacharacterractor very often is an

olo010 evidence of realism for it is thebhe slunsinnsignL of an attempt to 150130

interpret that character as an individual rather than as a type expressions of deep pessimism and an example of psy-

chologicalchologicalZ probing into character are observable in the story beckoning roads 54 by dorothy clapp robinson romantic elements are present in the story of course as in all mormon stories beckoning roads is the story of nancy and pete who are engaged to be married as the story opens but who are married only after each has faced the world alone and has come to know that they are meant for each other because he does not feel that he is able financially to support a wife pete refuses to get married nancy angry and hurt gets a job and begins to 60go with other men the death of her father calls nancy home and here she resuresumesraes the old relationship with pete eventually cominbcomingcorning to see that he is the one she loves pete rec- ognizingogni zing that postponement of their marriage was a mistake finally feels confident enoufenoughh to venture into marriage A good deal of pessimism fills this depression time story this pessimisticpessijnl stic feeling and thourthounthoughtht is evidenced in such descriptions as the following of nancys poverty stricken home

54 dorothy clapp robinson beckoning roads the improvementoverientoverrentoverient edaerara vol 41 february 1-19580138 to november 195819381938. p 76 lsiisi151131

aitAltalthoughhouCh twilight was kind to ityit the housephouse like nancys old sweater was faded to an in terminateddeterminatedde color it had been built with the idea of buibulbuildingiding on next yearyeap or the next atab the most the addition had materialized into an abortive leantolean to that hugged the lenclenothlengthth of the oriorloriginalinalinai two rooms the yard was barepbarapbare but against the house clumps of phlox were beginning to show signs of life trees to the west of the house refused to change the drab color scheme they had 1deenbeenueen set out when the place was rievvpnew but discouraged by the lack of water they had stopped growingthrowing and now their only evicuseviscuseexcuse for being was to hold the ends of a clotheslineclothes 11linene in place 55 nancys rebellious ambitious brother dale voices his pessimism and his critical attitude toward life he speaks bitterly to nancys invalid father in these words what do you expect me to do you could take up a homestead even pete was inclinciluckyy enough to buy a relinqulshmentrelinquishment but what can I1 do his voice rose to an irritating ten- sion just what can I1 do I1 cant cogo to school I1 cant get work and if I1 stay on this lousy dustbed until kingdom come 111 never clear enough to make a payment onilliiiilla real place 111iyliytillylly future he spread his arms in a con- deinnatdemnatoryor y ggesture this and reading the same book over and over to keep from oinggoingD cuccuecuckookooikool even a radio that wont work unless his voice turned nasty 1 I got married and have a bunch of kids to break tthehe momonotonyn 0 t 0 ny imlim oladgladlad pete has nerve enough to not do it 115656 nancy filled with doubts as to which man to marry is in an automobile accident the authors description of her feelinbeelinfeelingss and tholbh ightsbightsoughts arc an attempt at PStchologicalpsychological

55 ibid p 142 56 ibid p 189 152132

probing into her mind and heart these are realistic tendencies because they help to individualize her ahead was bhethe canal and a turn in the road she should slow up no use I1 up the bank careening wilolwikolwildlyly over the bridge and around the curve on two wheels nancy was in a room with no wirwindowsdows and but one door there was no air she rushed throutshroutthroughh the door to find herself in a similar room but smaller and more stifling panic stricken she rushed out into another and another each one smaller and more stifling than thebhe laslastt she threw up her arms for protection but the walls closed upon her one hit her shoulder 11notheranother was crushing her chest ihenthen from the suffocating intensity she heard voices from far awaaway someone said 1 I t told itL t while we pull her outauteoute her chest was free but the dark room was cloeloeioclosincclosingsincC in again 57 such realistic tendencies while not niuaerousnumerous are present in the mormon fiction of this study not one story of the ones that I1 have read for this study can be said to be entirely and predominantly realistic but the realism is there in certa-certaini n stories in forinsformsborins sirallarsimilar to those that I1 have pointed out

the juvenile treatment

in spite of thetche fact that many childrens stories present romantic humorous and didactic treaticreatitreatmentsilentssilents the majority of mormon stories for children have a distinctive treatment that I1 designate as jjuvenileI1 treatment the

57 ibid p 695 153133

chief distinguishing characteristic of this treatment is a concern for children and the activities and interests of children stories eriployinemploying this treatment are addressed to children of all ages simple language and the most superficial descriptions are contained in stories desdefineddesineddesignedined for young children the lanSulanguageage used and the plots of the stories become progressively more complex as the ages of the children for whom they are intended increase stories presenprosenpresentingtinS this treatment arcareaneargang lilightht and rapid moving containing much dialogue and action and presenting simple varied and transparent plots stories havinshaving the juvenile treatment invariably have happy endings and are addressoraddressodaddres sod to children they are not written from an adult point of view as were many early mormon childrens stories

stories for yoyoungun children 1158 manasmamatsmamas scrubbingJ crubbing cure58Cureourecure1158 is representrepresenrepresentativeLlativedative of the stories addressed to siiallsnailsnellsmalllalllailaall children it reveals a special treatment in that the language employed is the simplest the details are exaggerated for effect and the plot is simple and easy to understand for the details of the story are drawn from thetho life which a small child knows and understands

58 laura gilbert GunoununtherguntherG therrtherP mamas scrubbing cure the childrens friend vol 2 february 19051903 p 49 134

the story begins this way it was such a sweet little mouth no one would ever dream that naughtynaurrhtynaughby words could come out of it but somehow or other they did and they kept coming faster and faster until barrysgarrys poor mama was in despair she had talked and scolded andaridarld scolded and even spanked and not a single bit of good did it do finally she hit upon a brand new plan and made up her mind that the very next time she heard her little boy say anything wrong shedsheld try it and im sorry to say that she didnt have very lonionionglong to wait in ffactact it was only until the next momorningrnino heilellelie was out in the yard playineplaying horse with jijimmyamlynmly burling suddenly mama saw him throw back his head and heard him say somethingething that made her feel just dreadful selsei59 garretsgarrytscarrys mother deciding that she must take some action at once to cure him of saying bad words washes his mouth out with soap cadryoadrygadrycarrygarry kicks and spits and sautterssputterssputters and afterward he sulks but his favorite food at dinnertime convinces him that he is not so angry as he thouuhtthought he was garry remembers from this time on to avoid saying naughty words 6000

59 ibid 60 ihoaheihethetho sale of david by francesfrancosprances bent DildillinehamdillinghamlinEham the Childrechildrensclldrjll8childrenfsnfs friend volvoi 12 AuaugustoustCust 19151913 p 42442 is another representative story revealingrevorovoalinoaling the juvenile treatment it is the story of 17lizaeliaellaeilailza who becomes tired of tending her little brother david sells him for ten dollars to a kind lady discovers that she misses him and so goes back to the lady and begsoegs to have him back the kind lady pgivesives david back but she warns eliza to never try to givelveive away or to sell anyanythinanythingthin she loves godsgodts blessing to her the story Ilike mamatsmamas scrubbing cure is written in the briefest plainest and si elestplestpiestiplest possible manner the plot is superficial and obvious and the chief characters and the issues involved are of the aceaoeage level of the children for whom the story is intended 135

stories 0f oro older children SLstoriesoriesorles meant fforor older children have more complicated plot and action patterns than stories for young children they are also told in larger and moreraore mature words and sentences and they are concerned with the actions and problems of older boys and sirlsgirls many stories for older children are addresaddressedsled quite definitely either to boys or to iriseirlseiriselrisgirlsirls but a considerable number of stories are meant for children of both sexes A characteristic of all childchildrenchildrenschildrentsrents stories is the absence of sadness and brutalitybrutaliby of any kind in thebhe worlworkinginfenrinr out of their plots 61 koiko i chito the indian boy61 by harrisharrisonharrlsonhardison on R merrill is representative of stories having the juvenile treatment and meant for older children itib also is an example of a story addressed to morrionmormon boys

koiko i Uhitochito an indian boy recreceivescivesolves the claws 0off nita the boar the talltailtaiitali of a Jfoxox and a colorful bow to symbolize his near approach to rionniannionmanhoodhood Caroarcarreincarryincarryingryin 2 these giftsgiftsc ifts he leaves his lodliodelodelodeelodgee to hunt is captured by an enemy warrior and in time is adopted into the enemy tribe rutbut though hishys captors are foodboodgood tobo him koiko i chito does not forgetforoet his own people and when the opportunity presopresonpresonbsnbs6sas itself he runs away after undergoing a nunumberniderniber of experiences and hardships koiko i chito now developed

61 1IIarrisonlarrison RK TJerrillmerrill koiko i CJ hito the indian boy provo B1 Y U press 19571937 156136

into a courageous indian warrior 9.9 returns to his people A passage illustrating the point of view from wlwhichich the story is told follows after slipstipsupperoer koi chito lay on a sl-slinskinin by the fire and with riseishismls hands under nishis head watched the stars peek their way throwethrowhthrough the mystermysteriouslous sky hene wondered if oneffoneofone of them might be koiko i chito 9.9 his own father and n hrad ago c his mother both of wholwhom had ionlonlonsionslongID ago goneone to the happy hunting grounds he wondered huntin 62rideredrndereddered if they knew and cared about hihiuhimhinihinlni rn the language employed in the story is simple yet it is not so simple as that used in Mamamasnials scrubbing cure brutality and bloodshed do not have a place in bhe story and the plotpiot is simplesimpie and readily understandable the story ilielikelije other stories having the juvenile treatment relies principally upon action the story ends happlhappihappilylyp of course

conclusionsC anconc lu s lonion s

As a sumsummationnationbationbatlon of the points I1 have made in this chapter I1 list the followinpfollowing conclusions 1 the didactic treatment is the t-treabmonbreatreatmentnentmentmont most ofofbonobbonlonbenbon encountered in the fiction of the period 2 rivaling the didactic treatment and oftentimes found in conjunction with it thebheuhe ronianticromantic treatment is prominent 53 the sentimental treatment is encountered in a

62 ibid p 69 137

number of mormon stories of significance is the fact that a smaller percentapercentagee of stories since 1920 reveal

evidences 0oft tthebhehe sentimental treatment than before that

tb ime 4 the humoroushiihilhllmorous treatment is represented in mormon Periodicalperiodical fiction and seems to be making certain snallsnailsmall advances 5 realistic tendencestentendenciesdences are visible in the fiction studied 6 childrenchildrens stories are writtenvr itten from the viewpoint of the children to whom they are addressed and are designed for children ol01of every as7easaeae levelleveilevels CIJPTERCHAPTER V

THE LITERARY TYPES r1raRIPRNTEDprebPRES NTEJD IN MORMON FICTION

within the Imormon fiction of the years 1900 to 1945 two chief literarylibeilberarypary types are represented 1 single issue stories and 2 continued stories single issue stories appear in one issue of a peipelperiodicaliodicalcodical and are told completely in that one issue continued stories are told in several nunonumonumberserseps of a periodical and are divided into chapters or installments

sinrrlesinarlesingiesingleCIC I issueIs sue stories

morrionmormon periodicals between 1900 and 1945 contain nunumerousnerous exalexamplesiplesaples of the following kinds of sinulesanulesingiesingle issue stories prose tales short stories short short stories and allegories almost every mormon sborystory of one issue in lenothlength can be classified as one of the above types definitions of the prose aiealetalegalegaie the short story the short short story andancianclandl the allegory abound and examples of them are numerous it is a part of my purpose in this

158138 139

study to measure typical mormon single issue stories alongside definitions of the different literary types it is well to remember however that the fornsformsforras of short fiction are not fixed and rigid they are constantly shitshifshiftingtinotinC and changing and no two stories are ever exactly the same in nature purpose and theme treatment and author all combine to ive each story a distinctive indi- vidualityvi duality of its own 1

the prose tale

the literary type desiEnadesignatedted as the prose tale is deprerepre

senteddented in large numbers in the I1dormonjormonmormon periodicals of the period benjamin A heydrick defines the prose tale in this way the tale is a form of story in which no one element greatly predominates As compared with the short story it loses in definiteness but it gains in breadth it must not be inferred that the tale is a formforin of art inferior to thehe short story it is merely a different form olavClavclaytonCon hamilton in A manual of the art of fiction has the followingj to say about the prose tale but it must be admitted frankly that brief tales have always existed and still continue to exist professor baldwin after a care- ful examination of the undredhundredli tales in

1 dwardedward J obrienCBrien thcshortthe short Storystory case bookobook new york farrar and rinehart inc 103519551935 p 14 2 benjaninbenjamin A heydrick ed Ttypesype s of the short Sstory new york scott foresman aandnd co 191519131913. pattopttoTO 140

boccacciosBoccac cios decameron ir concluded that only two of themtheratheda were short stories in the modern critical sense and that only three others approached the totality of Limpression that depends on conscious unity of form if we should select at random a hundred brief tales from the best contemporary magazinesma azinesabines we should find of course that a larger proportion of thentherlthem would fulfill the definition but it is almost certain that the majority of thenthem would still be stories that merely happen to be short instead of true short stories in the modern critical sense yet these brief fictions are none the less estimable in content lcand1 sometimes present a wider view of life than could be encompassed within the ricrigidCD id limits of a technical short story 3 the tale then is a story formforra that is lacking in unity of impression and is not constructed according to definite pre outlined specifications as bhethebhe short story is it is sisimplynielyniply a story written for the purpose of what it has to say without special concern for the manner in which it says it the chief distinguishdistinguishingindino characteristics of the tale are these 1 it fails to siveolvegive unity talbytotalityto of impression to the readerreederredder 2 it is rambling and episodic in construction 53 it lacks planning in organization and structure 4 it fails to bind action and characterization together into a unity A considerable number of mormon stories can be said to be or to approach to be prose tales for many of them lack or are weak in the coherence and unity of impression that

53 clayton hamilton A manual off the art of fiction garden city N Y doubleday doran and co007 1929 p 180 141

are the chief distinedistinguishingbishingshinoshinguiuishing characteristics of the short story A goodood many mormon stories give7lveive multiple impressions rather than a single impression to their readers for most mormon stories aim first 9 to teach second to entertain A representative prose tale in mormon periodicals is the Greagreatesttost victoevictojVictoryvictoryavictory4yiayi44 by willard done before identify- ing its characteristics as a prose tale I1 should perhaps

sugsuggestfestpest what the story 11iss about the greatest victory is the story of two men hugh elwood and edgar belnap rivals for the love of beautiful edith gresham the issue of mormonism is involved in this love triangle as huchhuohhugh elwood for political reasonreasonsreasonspsp is

the avowed enemy of the 1mormon elders laboring in the vicinity edgar BeIbelnapnap on the other hand believes in their teachings and is their most vievigorousorous defender hughughh elwood vinswins the coveted judjudge shipeshipenship toward which he has been working for many years but edgar belnap gains the heart and hand of lovely edith gresham and

together they accept the irilriIvImormonormon religion to the onlooker huohhugh elwood appears to have everything that life can possibly offer he knows differently however the love of the girl he wants can never be his and almost involuntarily he reconreconizesrecognizesizes that mormonism

4 17illardwillard done the greatest victory the lenhimprovementimgrovementoveinent era vol 10 may 1907 p 497 142

Is a true rellrelireligionlonion in which he will never be able to share because his political successuccess rests largely upon his opp- sitositionlon to mormonismmormon ism worldly success belongs to hurhhuahhugh Dllllwoodllwooddllwooddellwoodwood but he is right

I1 when he terms rdgaradgarFAPpappan ar bebeibelnapsBelinapgnapnapss the Fgreatestgreatestreatestreatest victory

mult ipleipliplicciplicklyitylly of jjsjicnirressionaloressionalodloato jndandjnosnoand disunidisunityy the ffollowingollowinf diverdivergingin issues are involved in the greatest victory a defense of iormonismmormonismviormonism a criticism of political corruption measurement of the integrity olof01 the irdividualindividual the question of what constitutes happiness a

striigstraigstrugglele Afortoror the love of a beautibeautifibeautifulbeautifyfiil girl with such a large number of important issues with which to contend it is snallsnailsmall wonder that the author fallsfailsfalis to achieve the singleness of effect requisite to the literary type the short story the result is a loosely woven story in which a unifying element is weak or is entirely lacking As a consequence portions of the story are episodic and digressions from thebhe thread of the story for the purpose of tortejtojtoetorchingporchingching arc numerous the followingfollowings speech by edith reshamgresham0 is typical of the didactic insertions that are made into the story at different times she told of the noble lives and exalted teachings of the abused elders of the risks assumed by their defender she asked for justice on their behalf and his and I1 judge elwood she said stepping to deldeibelnapsdelnaptsBelnaps side 11 proclaim11proclaim myself a convert to their 145143

falthaithfrithfaithfalth though friends desert me and fortune failfallfali me and calumny followfollow me as it has followed themthom here and now I1 accept the ea egospel of our lord and agreeD ree to abide the results to this man the brave defender of the faith ond its advocates I1 publicly ppledgeI1 e d e my love and loyalty itait55 another representative prose tale in the periodical fiction of the mormon people Is a story entitled the coat of mailmallmalimaii by ida stewart peay this Is the story of a youneyoung man goingoln east totjo school and of an old lilormonmormon doctor who warns the boy his future soninlawson in law that he must wear a moral coat of nailnalimailmallmaiimali while living in the Tastrasteast in order to escape the ealsevlsevisevi3b of the people of the world the boy tilfiltikrruratlvelyfiguratively spealspeakinglneineing wears a coat of mailmallmalimaii and returns home as clean morally as when he left it

11 this stormstory like the Ureatestgreatestroareatest victory Is a prose tale rather than a short story becbecauseduseause it Is not a unified story the what and the chyllwhyllwhy of the story overshadow the how of itlt the dassapassapassagee that follows Is an example of the lengthy didactic speech a fformorrlorriorni of didigressionression that helps to mar the unity of the coat of mail it yes my boy reiterated the Centcentlemangentlemanlemanieman a rilfilrii coat of mail that will not periperlpermitt anything1.1 or anyanybodylodeod j to break down your habits of life or your ideals or standards you see it is this way east in the big collecollegessesges they dont seem to have the sanesanosamesamo stanclardstandard of manhood that our schools uphold there if a man is bright honest and ambitious he is considered avail- able for the highest honors no matter what his personal indulgences may be provided he

5 ibidibid p 508500 144

f16 doesnt carry them to excess 9 19 A story by 11lsieelsiealsiemisleisieisle chamberlain carroll entitled the n crucial testt7test jIsS yettet another example of the prose tale the literary type that is most abundant in TInormonmormonormon period-

1 icals of the perperiod1 od the crucial testgest11esv 1115 ve1 e the two stories previously referred to contains lengthy digressions from the main portion of the story 8 rambligambliramblingafpf structurestrucstrue lurbur the greatest victory andaridarld the other stories to which 1 I have referred in the previous paragraphsD of thisbaisbhis chapter do not follow the methodical and orderly plan of construction thatthab distinrdistinedistinguishesu1shes short stories as literary creations

6 ida stewart peay tiietibethe coat of mallmailmiall ft p 346 7 jisieelsieeisieeisleisle chamberlain carroll the crucial test the zt2lnjmentmgrovemejnt era vol 18 july 1915 p 806 88tat ITthehe crucial testtost is thetho story of a 11mormonornonormon student named philip studying in thebhe east11 ast who meets and falls in loveiovelovo with a non jjiormonornonormon girl named Marrmargaretaret daughter of a prominent writer philip proceeds to give margaret a glimpse of the doctrines of the nordontloriclorinornonlonion church under a disguised form and the girigirlirilriirl roadreadilylly grasps at his teachings as truths but when she discovers that he has been teaching morrmormonismionisidionisi i to her she demands that he choose between his church and her philip chooses to stay true to his mormon beliefs and liarelarmargaretaret loving him and knornoknowingwint that mormonism is true chooses to marry him A lengthy dicadic2digressionressiondession in the story occurs at the tinetinietime phjiipphilllpph1lllp takestakos margaret to his church and lets her know that he is a lilllillorrionmormonorrion the church services are described in con- sidergidersiderablesidgiderablealneainealAc detail 7 for example the services berrinbercinbegin with the s n7ingngingaing of 1100 my father the speaker preproprefacesac1c es and illustrates his 11 remarremarks1 s with excerpts from lordsworthslorolord ssworthsworth Is ode to immortality nephi andersonsandersonsAnder senssons addeadded d upuponi and a poemnoem by ella wheeler wilcox entitled a girlsgirlis 1aithalthfaithfalth tt the texts of the song the poems and bhe story are fgiveniven woidwoldword for word 145

As a result they seem to wander for example the greatest victory devotes considerable space and time to describing and discussing the mormon missionaries and their problems shifts to hugh elwood and his political dishorestiesdishonestiesdishonesties elelaborates1I idor utesltesaltes on P dgaridgaradgar BeInbelnapbeinaptsapts superiority as a man then is concerned with editheldith gresham and her problem of which ihn to choose to marry the firstarstfirst portions of the sto3stoastoryy seem to be concerned in the main with the problem of political graft and corruption in the clos- ing sections the emphasis is upon the issue of mormonism and the missionary cause A large nixnimnumberiber of mormon stories lack in completecomplebepiebe singleness of effect and show sisirnsbirnsns of digresdagresdigressionssions and episodic ununified structure practically all single issue stories in mormon periodicals of the period would be classified as prose tales rather than as short stories were I1 to stipulate that evereveryv short story must possess complete unity of impression I1 prefer however to nisceniceediccepiece only the stories that are extrepielextremelyv disconnected and rambling in structure in the divisdivisionon classified as the prose tale I1 classify the stories having mminorlnor digressions and a small lack of unity as short stories along with a certain small percentage of stories that seeriseem to achieve real unity

jpheephethe short loljoistorstop edgar allan poe specified that the short story must be 146

a literary creation fashioned with care and designed to achieve a unified preconceived effect leverysvery word he

said should contribute to the final effect rrivingpD in the final result a singleness of impression james dow cCallummccallumII offers this definition of what a short story is we may say that characteristically the short story Is an imaginative narrative consisting of a series of inclincidentsdents drawn from one situation and creating uudonunonupondonoonnon the reader a sinesingglenesssingleness of effect rewe manaymay say further thatslenessthese inclincidentsdents are so arranged as tato show the action progressprogressimprogressingprogressismim through a climax to a denouedebouedenouementinentaentabent as the result of the interplay of opposing forces upon each other this interplay sprinaprin ing from qualitiesJ of character inherent and natural to the par- 1 10 ticibiciticipantsPants10I the ideas expressed above and other definitions of the short story as a literary type emphasize the following points 1 the short story gives unity of impression

bhebhe 2 it traces the aclionachion from the beginningID of the

9 harry Vlolcottwolcott robbins and willlamwilliam harold coleman westernwo stern world literalI1 iter athretyretepeureupe new yoriyork the macmillan co 19581938 p 1051 in 1842 in reviewing nathaniel Hawthornrawthornetshawthornelselsets tales irin grahamtgrahamsgrahame s magazine poe enunciated for the ffirst7 rst tiltiittltbinebluebimeii ie the principles which he hiihimselfi iselfiseff wrli c hiclosely observed in his short story arliwrittincinsingCD osely woven plot extreme concentration of details definite unity of action and aboveaoove all other considerations singleness of effect today these principles have gained such common acceptance that they are studiously observed by bhe writers of short stories in all modern languages 10 jaresjamesjarnesjardesjandes dow mccallum theh collcojllege omnibus new york harcourt brace and co 1947 pop 4514519 147

story through a climax to a satisfactory conclusion 53 the characters in the story act consistently with their personalities and backgrounds 4 the short story reveals a conscious attempt to fashion anzi artistic thing clipped Wingswingsnilniluilull b-byt florence hartmanHart nian townsend is representative of the short stories found in mormon periodicals of the period it tells the story of walter and marta who are married and live on a farnfarmfarra marta is content to stay on the farm but walter lonionlongss to fly as he did before he wtwass married because he knows that marta does not want him to fly walter begins to fly in secret she aware that he is flying decides that she will conquer her fear of the air and learn to be a pilot herself she realizes thatbhat the preservation of their marriamarriagee dedependsoendsbends upon their getting a cocommontiunonteunon interest at last the day comes that wartamarta letslotslebs her husband

1 know that she too has learned to fly IalterwaiterwalterAl shocked and shashamedined recorecognizescizesnizes what a ood companion and felpihelpihelpmatenate that marta is he makes up hjhis9 mind to rivealvegive iiiup171117 flflyinalyinflyingyin realizing at last that he can surrender somsome of his desires to help out their marrimarriageaEe just as well as marta can

11 florence hartman townsend clipped alingsingsvlingwingss the improveimprovoimprovementrilentriient sraera vol 5535 allailaaiaiiaugustust 1932 p 588 148

slrlusinglenesseness ol01 effect and jnuanuunit clipped uingswingsedingsvdings achieves a considerable amount of singleness of effect the sole subject of the story is the problem of the preservation of a marriage almost

I10 every word character and idea is related toII11 o this sinlbinlsinclesinglesingiele dominatingdomi natine subject digressions fronfroinfrom the story for didactic purposes are reduced considerably over the number found in stories such as the greatest victory the lengthy didactic speech has been replaced by an implied form of didacticism this

circumstance contributincontributioncontricontributingbutin ID substantially to the unity of the story the structure of the story does not seem to be rambling or episodic event follows event each emerging lologicallyicallaically out of the previous one until the story arrives at a climax falteryeiterdaltertsdaltmeltmeit eriserts discovery thatbhat marta is enough in love with him to seek to learn to fly in order to preserve their marmapmarriageriase A denoueidenouementlent in which the leading characters all achieve happiness follows the climax keeping the subject and the purpose of the story in mind the author troeTrocproceedseeds to relate how marta decides to learn to fly because she knows that falterwalter is flyflyingenrlnr secretly and boauseboyusebocause she is anxious for their marriamarriagee to be a success because neinenetneitherI 1 her marta nor ealterwalterwaiter share their secrets with each other relations between them are strained for a tiletiietlle then walter finds out the truth 149

because marta has beendeen such a courageous and lovable wife walter recorecognizingnizincr her areatgreatrreatareat love decides to show his affection for her by ababandoningandonino his flyingflyings

actions 12eniciylajknilnj12.12 poutut of character

clipped wings presents some psycholocpsychologicalcl ical insight into character and as a reresaltresalbuituhtu1t the events in the story seem to emerge lo10logicallyicallaically out of thebhe characters personalities and tlcheoheje interplay of these personalities it isois in this respect unlike a majority of mormon short stories superficiality in c laracterlzationaaracterization seems to me bo0 be one of

the principal weaknesses of Vnormongormon stories of the period the following passage illustrates some of the insight into character given in clipped wings it is a narrative objective approach to character true but it is an atattemptattemptsattemptotempto and a fairly successful one to explore the thinking and feelfeolfeoliinsng processes of the characters in the story 12 this passage describes the thourthoughtshtsats of walter and marta during the time that marta is secretly learleaplearningninSning to fly and walter is flying in secret each day and each was more bhankhan a little hurt and withdrawn and trying not to show it halberwalterwalber reasoned that iiartainiartaigarta knew about the flirfiigflightsrhtsrats and if she would show the faintest interest he would Lladlybadlygladly make a clean breast of it but so long as she acted like thisbaisbhis and wasn1twasngasn she doing even worse running away

12 A S burack the 111ritersvjritersVJ11 piters jandrokjanhandbookjandooklan dook boston the writer inc 1945 p 173riters 150

three times a week he knew not where and if she were doinedolnedoing it11 just to getgot even why then maybe they werowenowe ro even atthatat that marta reasoned thatt 111151116alternalberwalber knew she took the car and spent everyevory other afternoon away from horaehome and if he werent so wrapped up in his own selfish pleasures and interests he would ask hetherhehepheyt where she went and she would gladly tell him but since he pretended not to notice and didnt so much as mention it why 1513 on the other hand the greatest victory tt representa-

tive of many tiormonthormontviormon stories makes liliitleliutle1tietle or no attempt to

a CD explore characters feeling11 and thoughts its author simply records the exteriors of the aodearanceappearance and conduct of his characters the sentences that follow comprise an attempt to reveal the feelings and thouthoughtsatshts of a character in the greatest victory hurhhufhhuohhugh ilwood1pjwoodalwood has just asked edith gresham to marry him and she has told him no the approach to a description of elwoods incredulity and surprise is from without11without11bitwitvithout rather than from within elwoods actions not his feelingsfecllnfps are described to his astonishment she kindly but firmly ii rejected his offer tellinteilingtollingD hilhiihllhim that prospects or the lack of them would maksmakemako little difference in the casecaso of true love in his surprise and disappointment he lost all seifselfsolf confconfidenceidenieidence he trembled with emotion may I1 not hohodehooehopeoe he pleaded Is there someone else before she could reply her father came on the porch and edith made a frnkfrank statement of the situation he took his daughters hand

1513 florence hartman townsend clipped winoswings p 656636 I-

151

and gently led her toward the door 343 4 AA consciousconsclqus itaitzitjlitertjry forin21 there is evidence that stories such as clipped wings possess conscious literary forms stories like these a minority in morlMorimormonilonflonfion periodicperiodicalss reveal the unity coherence orderliness and artistry that a3aaareanee characteristic of the short story literary tynetype stories written in the manner of clipped ins are not just stories ththatthabciteitelt picture several events and a nurinurlnumberiber of characters forioorloor the trioseurioseourposeur loseiosetose of teaching a moralmorai lesson or of denionstratinpdemonstrabinp the truths of mormonism while relereieroleroie patinpetineatinguatingbating tthebhebhohe storytellingstory telling function to a position of secondary imtortanceimdortonceimportanceImD ortonce they follow a definite plan in their tellteiltelitellii n rr arcarearo artistic crecreationsititionsirionsionslons are written to please and to impress the reader 15

14 willard done the greatest victory tf p 505 15 another story thatthatbhat is representative of the short story literary type is lilac lure by leilalellalelia marler hofhojhoaHofcoffanhoffanfanaangan lletleidethetl6 illeilieJlinPvementrorovementmovement era vol 20 april 19551933 idp 207 jl16TteisthisT16Isi is theeheehgitetaeiye story of a woman ncunednameduned mtearfmarearetmargaretapetaret who loves philip norton bhethebheuhe sweetheart of her youth wwholo is now a bilblindnd widower the opportunity is margaretilargaretfs of0 marrying a wealthy man but becabecauseliseiiseilse she still loveioveloves philip norton she refuses all offers of iiiajnaprianeriaf e and makes every attempt to help plillipbillipphilip endeavorendeavoring inning to I1eepleepbeepeepbeep hernerer identity a secret As if by a ratranayraratraclornlracioeloclo philip regains hhis1 s lost sllsilslosihtaht7ht and margaret then zrarwillingly11iinf ly consentconsent2consentsconsentc2 to be hishah5 s wife the story is noteworthy for its unity of effect and artiaruiarbiarulartisticarbisticc ticstic excellence digressions frontrontronifrom the story are rare the singiesingle messmossmessageargesageaage presented in thebhe story is thisthys choose your companion inln marriage for love rather hanthan for money 152

I1 regard itib as significant that stories that can be termed truly short stories are more numerous in late issues of mornionmormon periodicals than in early issues 161 6

the short shortoj Startqrstorstop

after about 19351955 the literary form known as the short short story made its appearance in mormon periodicals the short short story is really nothing more bhanthanbhan a lengthened anecdote consisting of not much more than a simple plot and contalcontainingninsning littie or no attempt at characterization short short stories have been popular and are popular in mornionmormon oeriodicalsperiodicals for thebhe reason that they are conven- ient devices fforor presenting moral lessons in a few words and within a small amount of space james dow mccallummccallijin hasbais bhisthiis to say about the short short story in recent years thebhe so called short short stories have become popular these short shortsshortsftft are twenawentwenbyowenbyty ffivelveive hundred words at the most usually they are shorter and usually they are without any distinction whatever nine out of ten are merely elaborated anecdotes that depend for 1their effectiveness on a surprise ending handicachandicahandicappedn w1 by thebhe space llnitlanitlimit bhethebheuhe author can merelymorely outline a plot and plot alone seldom resirebireblresnilsresiillslilslibsilLs in a powerful story 17

16 outoub of 225223 stories written before 1920 thirty eirianritt eielritteiriateightrIatD or twelve percent seem to possess the characteristics of the short story on the other hand 145143 out of 522322 stories written since 1920 about forty four percentoercentoercent seenseon tobo possess the qualities of the short story 17 james dow 11cCallummccallum 22op cit p 453455 153155

A grandmaisgrandmagrandmats s boy18 typical short short storstory1I is orandGrandmats boy by eartaarliapmarlaap Jlorielorlejorieor ie grlffithgriffith grandeasGrandgrandmasmas boy has a bare and simple plot and covers a brief span of time thus achieachievintachievingvinT con- siderablesiderable sinCsinglenessleness of effect it 11ilkelikeke a majority of short short stories has a siirprisurprisese ending a device that has become attached to the short short story probablyorobablybabiy for the reason that some lift Iss needed to rutniitnut across a plot of suchsilchslich extretextremeq brevity iandnd lilillililileilleilielikeilkeilbee most 0llherlaherotherothen hort short stories it contains little or no attelattemptaptipt at characterizationcheracterization the story is aoiitaoutacut a boboyhoynoyY named irdIfreddypreddypraddyr d whose andmotherandmother insists on riianarhianamanagingin his 1lifeilfe1feafe freddy however beobepbeginsins to feel rebellious he determines to deciledecide for himself what secretary to hrehareh1re and what girlirilriirl to marry grandma nevertheless insists that she be allowed to select fredpredfredysalsyisyls secretary and it is uronupon these provisions that she aagreesrees to furnish his law offiofficee for him grandma has her way allailal right she chooses freddys secretary a girl who must be trettygettywetty capable and engaged butblitbiltnut she unwittinglyiinwittingly chooses 1Ilheahehe one lirif-eirlgirlirilriirl freddy wants her to grandma tinfinfindss one girigirl wtwylowhoio is arettyorettyor etty cacapabletabieTable and eengagedn1rrnarr a r e d butniitnut what she does not know is that hebhe 7girlirilri1r1 is freddys tianceflancefiance 19

18 mar lorielor ie orlorigrigriffithffithfaith grandeasgrandmasT randtGrandmaslas boy thehe jjovemejrbimprovementtm provement frara vol 40 june 195719377 0no 57337 19 the surprise entenrenrlinoenelinoendinglinoiino is mulchmmuchtichulch in evidence in grandgrorandandjnd malsmasmats boy the aithoralthoraishoraiithor does not reveal that the lriirliri wwo0 o is hired is freddys flancetiancefianceflancefiance until the last sensentenceterice in the continued 154

tho alleaallecallegorya

thetho literary form known as thetho allegory is represented in the mormon periodicals of the period by the termterra allealieaileallegoryory I1 mean stories that seek to put across a message or thought by means of the personification of abstract 20PDu qualitiesquallqualiquail blesbies such as john bunyan did in the pilgrimpi1rrims 3 progresspro ss mormon allegories are extremely transtransparentparont and readily understandable rtheir messages are staplesimple and easy to raspgrasp I1thephe characters and settings in these allegories invariably possess designations resembling bunyansbunyantsbunyan1sBunyants giant despair help faithful faintheartfaintplaint heart rumalcowhiskeyholrumalcowhiskeyhol2 by annie 10 palmer is a repre- sentativesentative mormon ailefallerallegoryory thehe title a compounding of ranrunttrlu11rum tt ttalcohol it and whiskey has an allegorical sig- nificnificanceance the allegory which is an attack upon the evils of

19 continued story the story concludes in this way she grandma wouldtwouldntwouldntt have beamed so much if shedshe known everything in factsfact joan was the last person she would have hired joan was engaged all right but she was engageden aged to reddyrfreddy ibid 20 benjaminbe in A heydrick ed refinespefinesop00. cit p 235255233 thetahetjhe new century oictionardictionary he fines leoryalallegory in this way figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another a presentationpresentationtabiontablon of an abstract or spiritual meaning under concrete or material forms a symbolic narrative 21 annie D palmer rumalcowhiskeyhol ttrr the I1improve-ove ment era vol 19 july 1916 p 822 155

drinkdrinko begins with these words rumalcowhiskeyhol was the fiercest and most powerful of all the monsters bilthplithlith a glance of his evil eye he could cause strong men to totter and even fall and wallow in thebhe filth of thebhe streets vith the heat of his fiery breath he could waste their substance and re- duce to paupauperismperisin every soul dependent there- on with the bellowing of his houlishghoulishfoulishhoulish voice he could strike terror into the hearts of brave riennienmen insomuch that they would drop their weapons nor attempt to defenddefond their own nor was this all rumalcowhiskeyholslmmalcowh1skeyhols back and dragontaildragon tail werewore covered with shining scales that dazzled iilensnensmensliens eyes and if at any time the monster were hard pressed he had but to drop a scale in the way of his pursuers and immediately they left off fifightinghtingahting him to searchisearch2search inn the mire for the rIglitteritter of the scale all but the strongest and bravest men are powerless against this dreaded monster 9.9 the personification of the evil of drink morrion the kincskings son in an attempt to overcome rumalcowhiskoyholrumalcowhiskeyhol is overcome many other men fall victim to the monsters michtmight then landon the lover of isa the kings daughter volunteers to lead an army against rumalcowhiskeyhol landonland on trains his armyarray for many months preparing his men to withstand the decdeceptiveoptive wiles of the evil one 2523

22 ibid 23 firstst he had drilled the thought into their souls that they were always to look toward heaven when they came within range of the evil eye next he had trained them to close their lips and cover their nostrils against the fiery breath and with heart and soul to sing their glad song of victory to drown the bellowing of the monsters voice and against thebhe lure of Ccontinuedont in lieuieule d 756315635656

at lastlastwhenwhen landon and his armiesarrilesil es are ready they attack rumalcowhiskeyholruyialcowlaiskeyhol their preparations have been good and on every hand they are overwhelmingly successful rumalcowhiskeyholrumalcowhisheyhol is defeated and destroyed morrion and other captured warriors are freed the kinkingdomdom rejoices and amid the rejoicinrejoicingre joicin r landon and isa are married

stostory 2lc2ecycless

it is characteristic of lvlorimormonlonion stories to appear in cycles or series for instance1 nstance five or six stories may be written in the space of three or ffourour years about a single character or roupgroup of characters usually such stories culminate in somesorne such event as marriage or immed- iate success As examples of what I1 term story cycles I1 point to the jed and the cuthbertguthbert stories the tiedliedjed stories written by ida stewart peay4peay24peays tell thetho story of an orphan

2523 continued the shininrshining scales they had been warned until every one of them knew that rather than stoop to alckpckplck one fromfrointrom 11tj1.1thene mire he would suffer his strong rirightU ht arnarm to hanhang strlstrickenserl clencien at his side ibid p 825 24 stories in the jed cycle are the school over the tateritaterimater Tioieloieroleeolehole the improvementlmprovementimarimprovemenj eraera vol 19 llolioIlovembernovember 1915 p 14 jedasjedsjed1s schoollntschooling rilhefilhehe improvement eraer a vol 19 december 1915 pT 148 tjedojedjed at the old Acaacademydeiny the improvement erera vol19 january 1916 p 202 faintearnteaintfiaint heart neeriledledie ter vioneonwonyvon fairpair lady the ttlovementtmurtmpr 0 v ement era vol 19 february 1916 p 527327 the great event ththethoe inimprovementip ovementmovement era vol 19 warchmarch 1916 p 404 e-

157

boy jedajedpjed who IsI s a problem child until his teacher miss amy bleesonbleasonBle eson motivates hinhimhirahirnhinn to desire to attend school

youn ay jed attends the brifbrighamQ ham acideracaderacademyiy makes an outstanding scholastic record and in time becomes a member of the faculty his happinesshaDpiness becomes complete when miss amyP my eleeson consenbsconsentsconse nbs to become his wife the cuthbert stories by estelleesteileestelieestoile webbIV bb Thomasthomas2525 are concerned with the humorous adventures of a mormon henry

aldrichAldr ch named cuthbert Cuthcuthberfccuthberttsbertts eexperiencesI1 oeriences are typical of those of any gawky adolescent

continued stories

resentedrepresentedre in the mormon periodical fiction of bhethebheuhe years of this study are such types of continued stories as the following 1 the novel 2 the episodic adventure story a storstory that is tied together by a single character and structurally is like a picaresque tale 53 the traveltslktraveitcalk a story that takes the reader on a journey and makes the incidents and the characters subordinate to the descriptions 4 the frame story a story forniformroum that

25 stories in the cuthbert series are cuthbertguthbert tells the truth the inilorovementtmprovemenjb lraerara vol 5636 november 19551933 Dp 774 cuthbert steps out theh improvmebvementrorovementmovement erara vol 39 september 19561936 p 543545 when duty whispers low K the im2rovementimarimprovementimpr 0 vemejrb jrairaaraera vol 40 august 19571937 pep 475 0 Frafrabjousdiousbious dnyadny it the improvement frakraera vol 42 january 19591939 p 14 158 makes use of a central situation to tell other stories the firstarstfirst nalnainamedledaedied proupcroupproup of storiestorlesborless is the most numerous type in 11mormonormon periodical fiction

thehe nouelnovelkovelkovei

an approach to a definition of the novel is usually made by noting the ways in which the novel differs fromfroin the short story as a literary type the novel differs from the short story chiefly in scope since the novelist paints on a wider canvas heho is not compelled to com- press as is the teller of tales he may include forty or fifty characters as did dickens or thackeray whereas the short story writer imustlust confine himself to three or four he may inter- weave major plot with three or four or five minor conflicts whereas thebhe storytellerstory teller does well to handle one line of interest siibord inatebinate to his major plot he is not so limited by the mamatmatterfiter of unities since time and place may be much more freely expanded in the greater space at his corbcorucorunandcommandecommandonand rtwo qualities of the novel other than plot and characterization must be cited the novel is a form of fiction ndand as such it is lmaimaimaginativeinativeinactive no matter how realistic the mannemanner r jt how historical the material the imaginative conceptions of the author are always woven as woof or warp on the background of truth to nature and truth to history and truth to life acainagain the novel is based on human experience the novel then aside from a few usual qualities such as plot characterization imagination and portrayal of life iai3i8 too many sided to bebo fixed in sketch or this26 indeed in any formulaformula 18

26 lVilliamwilliam thrall and addison hibbard 22op cit p 285 159

mormon the morrion periodical novel Is a product of imaginat-D ion and Is based upon human experience it Is longer than the short story presents a larger number of characters than the short story weaves together a number of minor conflicts grouped around a major conconflictclictclicc and Is not so bounded by the limits of timelimeandbime place as is the short story many monnonmormon novels however are no more than lengthened versions of short stories for essentially their plots are simple and the characters about whom the stories revolve are few perhaps two or three in numbnumbere r an extreme to which a number of mormon stories have gone is to relate a series of adventures about an individual the leadinleadin7leading7 character serving as the sole linklinh to connect them I1 prefer to discuss this type of continued story under another heading for the reason that these stories are quitequjtequate numerous in mormon periodicals and are of significance in this study some of the characteristics of the mormon novel are as follows 1 didactic dicrressionsdigressions in all but a small number of stories 2 suspense provoking chapter endings 53 little complecompiecomplexityity in plot but events that are linked toSethertogether by the principle of cause and effect 4 shallow- ness in the development of character 5 numerous and extravagentextravagant descriptions particularly descriptions of 160

nature 6 few characters

plot constructionconstruction on the trails of tirnpanotirnpanogos27os27 by elseissisieelsieeisteelsteeisiele chamberlain carroll Is a representative novel of the neryerteriodferiodoeriodTeroer iodlod it isJs the story of nature lovinloving frances fredericks who meets an eastern engineer horace ballard converts him to the mormon church and falls in love with himnim complicating the plot istislis frances goodrloodnoodpood friend gordon creercreerpcreery a talented young artist and a herder of sheep who meets and falls in love with horace ballardsbaiBal lardIs sister A central incident in the story is concerned with a quarrel between a rouchrough miner named bill and gordon creer horace ballard is drawn into tho altercation after bill burns gordonlgordonsgordones tent down and attempts to put the blame on horace when horace ballard accuses bill of starting the ftirefirere the treacherous minerminor shoots himphim wounding him severely involved in the story as well is horace baiBalballardslardIs conversion to tltietidtlethee kormonmormon church As a result of his con-

1 1iililiiihii version ho and his 1normonmormonormon hating uncle quarrel bitterly horaces first antipathy toward the cormonsmormons and thetho reason for his hatred of them are ties that help to link the story tostogethertogether Horachoracesets sister has joined the mormon

27 I1josicisle chamberlain carroll on the trails of timp isie younsyoung andoosanooosanogos the comanswomans journaljournal vols 26 and 27 J november 1915 to august 1916T p 659 161

church a few years previous to the opening of bhethebhe story and horace has disowned her now the sister and the brother are happily reunited aftetaffetafteracter horace chooses tobo become a mormon and marry frances and edna his sister marries gordon creer

structurally on the trails of 11Timpanotimpanogosfimianofimpanofimdanonanopanososoosgosos is a well knit story the main plot and the several minor plots are joined totogetherether by such ties as the brother sister relationship and the mormon issue the events of the story seem to emerge out of one another happenlnhappening becabecauselise of events that come before them by means of artificial mysteries coincidences and very obvious foreshadowforeshadowingsings the author arouses the renderrenderlsrenderos ls interest for the most part the story like all other mormon novels is easy to understand an example of the foreforeshadowingshadowing technique and the transparent nature of the plotpiot is found in the mystery of horacehoraces extredextreexbremeextremerneone hatred for the h1lormonscormonsmormons and the secret of rldnasednarudnas relationship to TThoraceoraceopace the reader begins to sense lonionlonslong before any revelation is made of itib that 1loracehoracetorace and edna are brother and sister edna says at one tiretine 1 I was just wiswiowishinghinr 11 edna beebepbeganan slowly her voice as well as her face filled with yeyearning and wistfulness that my brother arninE 1 was here I1 feel sure hatbhat in a place likeilke this he would you pladpiad have a brbrotherbrothorbrobhorbrobothorhorhon how happy and gladgiadD you must be gordon creer is the only brother I1 have ever known 11 162

1 I had a brotherbr othero ll11 edna repeated remors- efully rrbutarbutbut oh some day I1 want you to know all about itib but T- 1 I cant triktaiktalk about it today acainagain somethlnrsomething in the girisgirlsolirlts grey eyes sent a startled danapanpangnang throulgthrough francesfrancestfrancesf hearthearty brought a vivvividad1d picture before her mind of a man sitting on a rockrochdochdock on the top of the mountain totelling1 1 1 her about a little sister helieuietae had lost could itib be the girl caughtca ht her breath but no it was impossible 0

didactic digressions mormon novels charactercharacteristicallyist icallaically are loose and ram- blinbilnbling structurally 05digressionsgress lonsions appearapgearap peargear in tracticallypracticallynracbically every mormon storstoryV

on ohechebhe trailstra 11 Is of timpanetimpanmtimpanogosTimpano gosos like other mormon novels of lhbhe period contains didactic tendencies an example of this is found in francesfrancestfrancesiprances prayer nothnothincinothinginclinci more than a disguised form of moral preaclpreacepreachmentiinentzinent inserted into the story

god otieotle oh she beganC1 just as sheslieohesl ie mightt 3 have spoken to her father howhowrow can T ever be mean or seltseitselfselfishish or blue when I1 have all this how can I1 care about 1larysmarys silk dresses and marmargaretsrabetsarets fine home and Dorothydorothysts trips abroad all those thingsU hin s seem so little and silly right now that I1 feel I1 would never care again but I1 know I1 shall maybe it wonbwonttmontt be tomorrow nor orsomsLlh week but im almost sure I1 cantcanitbanit stay full and happy and contented with the big real thinesthings before I1 know it be forgettingforget tinatinc thetho shyskysl Y and the peaks andilliiiliithe flowers and worrying about 1uhe dresses and hats and shoes I1 wont be able tobo have nenextt winter when I1 go back to school tt2929

28 ibidoibidijidebido PD 544344 29 ibibid p 660 165163

susdensej3usponsosuspenseSus densoDense in chapter endinresend ings excellent examples of chapter andinendinendingss designed to raise the interest of03 the reader tobo the hah1chestghesthighest possible point and to stimulate his appetite for nenextt months in- stallment of the story can be observed in on the trails of timpanogostiampanogosTimpanobosgos tt chapter one ends at the point thatbhat the crude miner upon edna bill the villain of the story is advancing3 dna to altacattacattackk her chapter two closes at the moment frances and horace neetnoetmeet for the first gibinebimene chapter three ends at the

time that frances I1 alone on the tlmpanogtimpanogosTimpanooosgosos glacier with horace ballard has just informed him thatbhat she is a morimorlmormonaonnon the following conversation brings chapter three to an end in an atmosphere of sussuspenseponse he looked down at her in deepest scorn t A vornonmormontmormon I1 by ilditdltd like to ststrangleranleraniepanie the whole bunch ld frances stood up facinofacing him her eyes also flashing and why she unflinchiiglyunflinchinglyjy demanded ft sir unflinchnr would you ilkelike to do a ttaingthinglansians lilelikeilke that because he fairly hissed A couple of their missionaries lured mvm sister from me into their rotten church rihribrth30 the paspassagesakresarresarpe below illustrates bhehe method of concluding a chapter with a summary of the events that have occurred and a sugsuggestionestion of what will happen in the next installments

5030 ibid p 5232 164

at that very moment frances was lying in her bed lookinlooking up at the stars with dry sleepless eyes wonwonderingderinSdering over and over why it should hurt her so much to ffindind out that horace ballard was not whatwhau he seemed and down at bhethebheuhe mininnmininomining cancamcamp in one tent miner bill was gloating over the success 0of his plan and how he had got even with the gaitagalt1galgal who had spurned him the sheepherder who bad kicked him and the boss who had threatened to dischardischargegre him while in a tent a few rods away the boss was walkierwalkinrwaikingwalking restlessly up and down wondering by turns how that match case came by gordon creerscareers tent 0 0 none of them dreamed of the newnow character soon to appear in the 1lttieittielittle drama being enacted there on the trails of Timpanotiiapanogostimpanogosgos 31

characterizat-charoharact e rizatirizaviionsons continued stories in 1lormonmormon periodicals contain few characters and reveal scant evidence of any probing beneath the outer surface of these characters this is a characteristic of almost every novel I1 have read for this study the stories seem to record only the exteriors of character As in the short stories therefore the events in a majority of mormon novels seem to just happen an example of this is found in a lonsionsloarflonrflong rambling story by G milton babcock entitled out of the world tt3252 A boat is slipslippingpingpinE over a waterfall with the hero walter aboard little by little inch by inch itib seemed the craft bore to thehe south 11the enenginelneine did

5131 ibiiblibid p 211 5232 at5t iltonlitonmiltonmllton Babcocbabcockkp out of the world the relief society leaplaapMagamagaziriezirie vol 8 january 1921 to december 1921 p 7 165

notnob seem to bo working siiioothlysmoothly think weillwet ualmalmaimakemahee it captain faltered walter sternly the orderordor ccamecamolmealme in reply pilpliputt on litelife belts ah I1 Resoresolutelylately the captain samnsvmnswung the wheel to port and the clumsy boat met the current prow on r 1 editheditnedithl I1 were oinggoing over the dam ilelleliehelpheiplp 0I1 1 ft help I1 shrieshriekedshriehedredhed the woman 33so no insirinserinsightht whatsoever into character is slshowniownlown in the description of the characters in the above incident the exterior actions of the characters the comanswomantswomans cries of help help I1 it and the boysboylsboyts inquirlesinquiries of the captain are the only glimpses into how they are reactinrreacting to their danser dansdanddanserdanderdanger131 3 er furthermore the incident troinfromfroin out of the world does not seem to addacid anything to thetho development of character ealterwalter is substantially the sainesaluesame after the experience as he was before althoualthoughh characterization in on tho trails of tiitiltimpip anoosanogosanongos doubtedlyundoubtedlyuin is mojemore penetrating and effective than that shown in outouloub o-r the loridworld the fact remalremainsns that in the former story it is extreiextremelyliely ilnilimilimitedtod the characters in on 1bho trails of tirmairmtimpanoosTimptympanoanoosos iauladlacilacliam in deptldepaldepthi and their personalities are simple and un1lifelunlifelikealixelixe either they are wholly goodood as 1tancesrancesmanees0rancesraraneesarancesnees who loves nature because she detects grodoodsgodsIs presence in itibiborluor or entirely evil like the evil I iiindedminded miner bill who does everythineverything that heho ought not tobo do

5533 ibid p 90 166

the motives promppromptinpromptingtin the characters to act seem to to be elementary and simplesimpie revenge Is bills motive love prompts frances love of nature motivates gordon

some attempt to make a character morei-lore complex is shown with regard to frances that sheslie is not without weaknesses is denionstrateddemonstrated by this passage describing her fight against her baser iiripulsesrepulsesimpulses A half hour later frances announced supper with outward calm but 1nwardinwardanward turmoil and laterirberlaber thatbhat nightnighty she lay awake tryinbryintrying to convert her rebellious soul to that part of 1 the old mosaic1 law which comicommandsands thou shaltshallshait not covet 34t34 5 the volcevoiceobiceojice of the intanerible35I1 ntang ib ieaie5 by albertaldertalbortaldort arR1r LTlynanlymandanaan a continued story in the imarimpr ovementmovementove merbmeru Terara of 1912 1913 and 1914 is a novel containing examples of croodgood character- izationization and in particular of psychological insight into character it ilkelike most mormon stories is centered about a single character a boy nanamedned ben rorerhogerroger who learns to commune with nature and to love its voice the voice of deitydelty spespeckinespeakinespeakingakinE in the stillness bensbents reactions to the voice of bhethebhe solitude are told in passages that reveal the boysboyts heart and mind to the reader besides the 11livingving tangible things that moved and broke the silence in that faraway

5434 elsie chamberlain carroll on the trails of timpanogostiinpanogosTimpanogos lt p 543545343 5535 libertalbertalbort R lynanlyman the voice of the intauinbauintangibleibleibie salt lake city deseretoeseret news press 19561936 167

place bebesidessides the bittern that cried at mid- nnightifhtight thethe reat ltntanlentanintangibleible soiothf1ingsomething spoke in loud silence Tbyv day and by nirhtnichtnight its voice was louder stil to ears that could hear no hunanhuman voice noondayday in thetho heated noondaynoon jayday and the stilstiistill mianmidnmidnetmidnhtD ht thisth 1 s somethlnpsomethijig spokespolapol e from all around and all t above hah3 ie ben huntedI1 facesfacostacosraces inln theU crlcricrumblingi ilblingelbling embers ofor his evenieveninreveningnr fire or kneitknelt reverently in his cave he heard and felt thethobhebho response without words in thetlletile dark hours when heiloibo1 ic awoke and glancediqncej at thethobhebho shade of cliffs and treesbrees around lie heardhoardboard lb andc nd sank neacepeacefullyfully it still 1 to sleep by its7tsibsILs southinsoothinsoothinfsoothsoothinginf labylullabylu 36 bentsben fears as well as his rnedarnedmeditationsitrationsnitrations and philosoihphilosophphilosodhle1 c mis1nrmusj nss ive 11insightisitht itoirto hhah5 s character ben oiirsuedoudour sued throlitheolibhrouhoutholhoi t hlhss nfotipe byoy the threat of attackat tackbrckback by 9 vengeful indian soorowitsSoorowits 1IsL S at last confronted with the necessitynocesnocos sity either 001 killinkillinjkilling soorowitsoorowltss and coreverconeverCoporeverreverpever frettinrerettinreretrefrettinre tin it11t or 0oj not killinrkillikillingnr hihiuhimhyuhyrilrilrii and trust- ining tobo luck that hebhe indian wllwilwillwiil nolnotnob find hinhim ben debates thisuhls problem back and forth remembering

1 a yidyio the cowboyCOWIDOY 1jontiiontanana who liveslivos 5nann fear boccbecause1 uiselise he hidh s killed oiher denmenmon rerecallinrecallingcallin his ratCatrathersratherdcathertsrather&hertsheris wordswoddsworos of advice and coleolCOIcounselhseimselamsel socinsoe injhinj as in his drearsdreams1 rearsreams boorowusbooro13oorowitssoorowUs advancing advaiiadvaniadvancinrdvadvadvancingancinc in and stsbillabilllil111 lieiloito waitedxa sted1ted and listened as 1ifC in a trancer 3 n c e I1listeneri s t c n e 0 thrahrthroughc tiT i thetho loncoa moments it tool those wild menmon tobo taltaitaketayec a step listened as if to the voices of eternity with hisMs finderflnaln r er on thebhe trltritrieper the hahannbannierhannierbarmhanmribierriuierlerier raised and thetiietile leaden contentstrierof his rifle aimed with dead1vdeadly precision at a human heart

5636 1bidibidibid p 157 i-

168

the groatroatecatrcat inttntintangiblen itbleirble somethingojieojjethanth1n of losertdesert andrnoanozinc mountain hovered oueoveouerover hatthatbhat gulchiilchbilch and spolapolspokespore loud likeilbo a soul alarmed it ecechoedlioedlibed the past itib echoed ohetheghe words of lips sullied by death or byLTL T distance in the trectreobreo tops behindahindbehind him andaw1 around hinhimim a pleading sound oh aymy son t myliylly ssonion I1 t 1 oh lidiidild I1 ddonedonooneono it 0 I1 done it I cantcan1tcanut fer 1 1 i I 1 hodhoarhoorr the windswynds of bhee n 1 eiteltbitgit it I hear itlb in tt37 th ightnghtht ana 1im1mam wealweahweak ason a wowomanirnbanirnbanan 0 other 11hormonmormonormon novels rcvcgreveall characteristics and tech- on niques of construction ssimilarjrailar tobo the1 ho trails ol01of TimpatimpanorostimpanogosTimpanonorosgos and show evidences of ccharactcrizabionharasteharacte rizatbizat lonion as various as thetho tocliniiucstechniques reverrevealedriedaled in out of the world

and tho voice 0 i thethotjho inttntintangiblea ibleibie diidaijjigrcssionsrcsslons for idacticdidactic purposes can bebc found in most novels as can also plotspiotplot S thatbhatbhat are transparent and uncom- licaplicatedted iiosbtiioslriosb c1caapterschamberschapberschapci bersbors in lorilorlijormoniorinon novelnovelsnoveisnovelos endond on a high note of suspense1msp cscnsensc and interest insinsightht intoingo chacharacterractor is li-limitedmited in 11normonmormonormon noveisnovels but a certain amounbaiziountamount of PSpsych-jobojoho 358R ological0 c i probing is evidenced in kleiklelthemi

5737 lbibdabd1 d p 279 11 5838 ine slali1laliraimentnentment by narymarymapy loolscyjyjoolscyI1 the youyonyonngyoung jomar s journal vol 5636 ariarujrjanuaryi fluary 1925 tobo june I11925 p 7 is an example ofor a novel that propresentssonts a simple utU L unified plot and contains exalexamplesiplels 017omiop didactic diressdidiresodaressdigressionsreso ress ons and superficial charactericharaccharacterycharchadac terlteritoriaclonsa-l1 ionslons cupe it leilstelisbelisbellsbeils Uthebheohehe slodysbory of0 tbreebroecure e irlsiriseirls who choochoosee tobo follow ditdifdifforcnbi orciit paipatpathsjils11 is in life one irl lives a ririghteous1 itchusitcous life marryinsmarrying herlterlierner clilldhoodchildhood sw etheartethoartetneart and becomingbccominrp a otherotnernothermotherni anotheranotlioranobher larlljrliri Ymarriesiarrllarricarrl1eoieoleoaeo a ian for lilsills1lisilshisnis ifloneyoloneymoney and js ucbunblappyunlappyununsappyappy a lhjrdtlalixd lriirliriirl denied onportnonportopporbunjun 1 ticsbicst iesioslos for goodood timtimesOs 1inn 1hernerierler clrlhoodgjrlhoodgirlhood slnssinlcssans intoinboanbo sin and dies under blagicbragic11 ra c circumstancescircunscircums bances involved in taht1hthee sgstoryory are thobho cconbrlbutingont ribupidu crobieproblemsms of a robrobberyleryiery involvininvolving thehe fafamiliafamilicfamiliesmilic s of two of tbhe1 ie irislrlsirlsiriseirls a contest forcorC or popularpopularitylity between two iivialcivialrjval iriskris and a love affairaffajra fairfaarfa1r betweenatioti cti reen thetho heroine and her sweetheart 1 go i tttheatthethe iierrydlerrypierry loundrounc111 lyby aiicealiceallcekliceblice Jlorreymorrey bailey the relieff l1ailaiialaa rno relicreile sociesoclesociety jijiyiyiaz 7 vols 28 and 29 april 1941 to february jjji continued 169

7 thehc episodicP D sodiesodic tale

consoonsconsistentlyistast1st antlyontly lhrouhoutthrouriiout thetlle period ofL thisij tudyL a certain nunumberniber oioori continicontinuelodloji storiesst otiesotlesories in ttoriattoriliormonionlon periodicals

1 1L 1 assumeS S UITIC 1 fornisforms thathaifchalachal11 are j1sconnectejiji&uonnected and locking in unity it is characteristic of ala nwnnumberw j beddedber of lllorallormormonrfionryion stories to assnassnmeassumeasoumeme somethingomeomo thierthinr resembling thetho structure of a picaresquepicarcsquettpicarclsque rnovelove a story jojoinedlncd 0togethero ethor only by one or more charac tei-berss who are involved in a nunumberitiberstiber of otheraotherwotherwiseiso jnLmrelatedunrelated epicocepicocoepisodescs bailiesjamesjailies dowjowow cCallum1iccalluiiiccallumII fi says this about such stories in generalocoralonoraloneraloralorai theteteteretherethepere lavehavebavenaveiave been tlireebereebhree types of undyimltyunuy in the novel the unity of a serlesseriessorlessorlos ol01of rclalcdrolatod opepiepisodicopisodelopioplepisodecsodecisodels the unity of life and the unity of action thetho first type of unityuniunt ty lsIs someblm6s called fl I1 t1picaresopicaresquepicaresqueflluc tromfrofromi LIunoilcilolic spanish elcarpicarpi carcaro0 a rogue an ecellentcellenaexcellenteelcellent caMoamexamplepIc is the sixteenth century EnanishspanishI1 danishbanish picaresque tcaleecaletc10lo 1lazarilazarydazaryjazarillo0 de T 0 rmeamejaess he an ac I1 Tortorjaes the story ins vithith accountcount of thetho andrandcand childhoodchildhoodof of lazlazarllloir111o thohanhonhcnn irth 1 I1 colcoiconescomeslieslles tiheibeahepe first oplopiepisodesodo hshis sorvicorviservicece withwlthwalthvyuh a blind man hete runrunsruno away and enters thetiietite service of a priestT rithehe pricstprinstpriosb tthrowsnroiis kimhimwimih i m oittoutont of his lousehoasehousebouse andond LzarillolazarillalazarilloLaaz L ialoi1lo becomes a ontcntlemancntontleinantslenanlonanleman servant he 1inn LbhoI io seventhsoventhoevcnth episode secures a oveovenovenmenttientnentment aappointment0o P ointment rfinarfinmnrrlcsrri c s and

y continued0 n t 1 nue d 1942 p 235255955935 contcontainslinstIns examples of the psycjpsyckpsychologicaliocoio1o jealgeal approacliapproacii to characterization thatthotchotbhat is made in a jfewfowCAV ilormon1iformon stories I1 allnalinniinalyn 1 ordyce tiltedt lier violet hat ovodover one vivjolobalotolot eye and took stslomsuomoci of her possessionspossessqossess ionslons clovesgloves crisp white linen handkerchief and ppursepursourse yes stsilesilosheoheohote had evoryevorythineverything andanaena she looi1001lookedledked ithin artini i iloa charicharlcharmingrtiniQ in tilcie exclusive ilalorla one nodelmodel suit shehe could almost hear tbacbhc1 ic envy in reaea llclntyresiicintyrets voice alyn olierovihcrcwliero in hethetbhebhotho oridlorldloridhorldorldiorld didclidolid you netet darlinr suitsultsnit that tarllnedarlieribid 170

lives happily over after it is clear that Lalazarillalazarillolazarillqzarillo ded e tormetormes s has ununity1 ty all the ete p 1isos odes happehappen n foto one person but theyaheybheyuheykhey have no causal connection one episode hahappensopens ja ftjrfajrafter the other notnobnou bocausebococausecause of it each episodee pis efeece preprecedescedesaedes the next tatbutlutiut it doos not cause it the episodes are beads each separate strung upon the thread of LazazarillolazarillalazarillolazarillosLa rillos 1lirelifefe 5 mornionmormon writers do not and have not presumed to write about rogues but they have made use of picaresque structure to relate stories about men and women who have made rgood7 ood in some endeavor iiormonijormon episodic stories relate the advenadavenadventuresguresagures of an individual but as in the It picaresqueitpicaresque novels these adventures fallfailfali to cohere and to emerge out of one another quite often the only link joining the different adventures together is thebhe chief character in the story A representrepresentativerepresentabiveitiveetive episodic story is the castle ladokadobu elderola401ldero byy iphinephi andersenandersonhnderson it is a didactic and ram- blbling story the incincidentsident of which are joined tontomtogetherether by the princprincipalprincipal1 palpai character araldharaldII for entire pages at

5939 james dow mccalluimccalummccallumn cp citchrt p 594 edwin muir in theThe structurestractureucture jbfjpfof thebhe oveilovealnovelovejloveJL new york citoltcityolty harcourt brace and co 1929 p 5737 has this to say about the picaresque novel the object of the picaresque novel is then to take a centracentralcentrql ffigureilurealure throuthroughh a succession of scenes introduce a great number of characters and thus build up a picture of society there is an almost exact parallel to it in the younyoung man who begins in poor circumstances and climbs vertically throuthroughh all the social classes until he reaches the top 40 nephi Andandersonandeesonandevsonersonevson the castle builder salt lake city deseret news press 1909 S

171711

a time the author d1pressedigresses from thobho thread of the story to tech moralmorol lessons

i-10 haraiHaralharaldharoidharoldcl a poor norwegian boy soesgoesoes lo0 o school stistialesstudiesstudstudjesAlesmleslesjes

and tries very hhardrd to be a ood bovdovboydoy nut itH Is difficultdifricultfi if 1 icialt lorfor 1himbimlm to advance for Msh s father Is damldomlc1om1 noer n and a

poor providerprovi idodor and class disldialdishi notions are caitecpite1 liteiltolitoalto mar-markeded in

the conurunitycommunity araldllarald21arald21 iellelleclearnsrn lhrouh bitbitircrL cr cperienceexperienceperlpediperi ence thatthalthelthebthau thetho clallaclallcchildrenren whoido recreceivecIve advanceradvancementtient antand honor are wealthwealthy chchlrenchirencharenlyreniiren

after helieibe leaves soschoolmoolmooihool eadHaregrharalckarainharaccalcalgdig bccoacco I1ioslosiesioslos woodcutbcrwooc1cutterwoodcut bcrbor and later he joins 1 he ffishingishlmisham fleet of his relatives in the north A terribterrib1gerrib P experexperienceleneelence in a storm on the wvlntryvantry1 ntry seas is a noteworthy norienceexperiencenorience in1 hisillsliis difojifo relirellreilreligiouslyioiisly

harald prows liirou li hhiei aas ococioctinatt ions wilhth a frfriendrriendbriendlend and relative who later is frozen loto10 death followlfollowsfolow1nno thetho visilvisit of his sweetheartsweethenrtsweebhenrt thora to the norbhlrnd harrldharald becomes convinced thatbhat heho loves her Anoharnohcrnobher irilriirl a relatrolatrelativelivegive fiaslyas1hasyas alltractcdallractod his attentattonbions1 ons buibul novnow bc loses all inlcrestintorcst an1n1 n her

F 1 SstrucL riictiirahiralI1 I1 y 0inolooo sjlji0sybilcC mul11derl011 Is1sas an ei1soofic odicic account of haralds eper1eperuexperiencemee h lxceptxceptexcept for the fact thatbhatkhat they concerncorlcori cern harald thethesee diffeenboilffelent cxpcrexperiences11encos rrcarcre arittauittentirelyrely unrelated iiaralcstlaraldts school emper lenco his voodcuttinrroodciitt n7na and his fisishinlohinfishinrfishinghinrhinc arearo epinopinepisodeslodes that are isolated from one another in most respesresnpctsneatsnects

chor2horthoradhoraL and thetho love elementclement persist however chrothroughu I11

172

all theU he inclinciincidentsentsants and throuChthroughoutout thebhe story the iovelovelovo affair 0 vory objective ppicturepicbureictureacture ofor which is giveniven is a ilnilinking1n1c uniunitingln element that 1iss necessary and of importance tobo ohetheghe connected structure of tlthetiietileie story but except for harald and the love story the castle builder is not composed of much moremoromope than a serlesseriesserios of adventure beads each adventure a unity in itself each adventure unrelated tobo the adventures that precede and followfollow itib

1 4 hermans rewardleward4Leward1 le ward by 1 jinnielim ue iverson hodapp is another slopysborystory that is representativerepresentativorepresentofcivc of thetiietile picaresque continuedcont inued storystor it is thebhebhoghegho slorpsborystory of a boy named herman who is converted to the iiormonvlormonvl ornonormon church by missionaries miraumiratmiratcsmirabelmirabesmi rabosrabescs to Arneranneramericalicailca and setisetsc ouout1gag in spite of his crippled arm to earn money enoufenoqfenoughh to have his mother join him in

ameramericalea1 ca herman has many experiences and endures a number of hardships eacleacheaceli one an episode that is linked althvithvlthwith other episodes only by thebhekne facttact that theybhoy all concern herman and his dream of brinirbrenirbringbribpiniriliiii his mother from germanyO ermany to america after a time herman earns sufsufficientclcient money tobo send for

i hhisis mother bidiltbutdutit at thruthauthab ttinetime1 nie he recoreeoreceiverecoivereceivesivelve word thatbhat she is

4 rhian 11 i dead herhedhermanfilanriian now a respectedrespoctedrespecbcd membermomber of the1 lormonilormon community

41 11inniehinnieminnie iverson hodappllolioIlodapp liililIlIermanIshermans reward tho chlldrenlchildrenss friendbriend vol 20 january 1921 to october 122119211221. p 312322 175173

indsandsfindsf happinessliappiness llonEhmongamongLl his many friends lssenbiallyhssentlally ierbermanslermansler lansiansmans reward is no llorenodenoremore than a modified zarillolazarillalazarilloLa de tamostomestornestomostormestormos hedihedlHerihermanherinantsnants different excerexperexperiencesilenceswences on thobho road to success arcare unrelated except for the fact that heriherlliermanitanlaaniaan Is always the central figure in them and that theythoy culminate in hishysnyslislys success the big diferencedifference between hernanhermanhermanfzc reward it and zarillolazarillalazarilloLa de tormes seetseerseemsis to bebo that whereas Hereerhernanhermanhermantshermanasnantsmants difdlfdifferentforent adventures allail lrearearotretro connected with his alifoitionamblbion to obtain suffasuff1sufficientclent tilTiimoneyonor to jayoay for his nothermotlermother to mimigratercateacate to america zarillolazarillalazarillolazarillotsLa adventuresadvenadaven curbscurcscuros ore silasitasimplyply adventures 42 that posselpossessss no unifyingunfifyincL objective whatsoever

the I1traveltalkTravelrave italktalk

I1 have previously pointed out intn chapter illIII111 that

mormon 7 continued stories are oftenoiftenoisten characterized byb 1 ionlonlongiong digressions tronifromfroni the story for the 1diirposepurposenurpose of givingriv nr the reader informatinformantinformationlonion of either a religious or secular nature qiitequibequiba a number of stories contain didactic diodindlodigressionsressionssessions for the purpose of presentingprosen linolingbing information about people places andanc thinsthinthingss 1 xpatriaxpatriabion1 ionlon by hugh J cannon is typical of stories containcontaininginC isolatedisolabed passages of

42 approximately the same numbernurifferrifoer olof01 stories written before 1920 as after 1920 possess episodic ttructstructureslires of soinesonosomesomo ffifty nine stoistojstorieslosfosacsics road fforcoror uhls study eeighteenlrhteen seem efty thisry ifty 11 to me to be defdefinitelyflnitcly picaresquepicaresquery stostoriesriessrieso Ttenc n of these stories were writwrittwritten benbonen before 1920 and eieight s1sasincesincosyncolnceance 1920 174 formatinformininformatinformantinformationinformabionatlonabionablonlonion of a didactic natinatiirenraturegratureirelre lxpatriatlxpatriatlonlonion lakestakestaresbakes thebhe reader 0GO hawaii where the pausepauso enc bo o on a hero and eroineheroineli of the story lauselausonause lonion entenoughuhD to 0 tour of the hawaiian islands ththeye y rider 1 cl e to pali where the wind blows so swiftly ascas 11lo100 o almost sweep a norperporpersonon offof r his feet 1they see friiitfulrrulbful fields of sugar cane rice and pineapple they visit a pineapple factory capable of cannincanninocanning ffifty1atyfty thousand cases more than half a million cans of pineapple daily lr and last of all they taketalcetaice trips to 43u ttheielielfiefle island of01 hawalthawaii and thetlletile reat hllauea1ilaiiea volcano

T A flfewe W mormoniormon ststarlesstorlesstoriesorLes comseencon to be written for no other purpose than to colcomiicomaiB unicatetunicate information to thetho reader about people plplacospl9cosices3ces and things of interest in such stories didactic elements overshadow thebhe plotsplouspious and thebhe characters are puppets upon the stasestafrestartestarrestageID of the settings which the writers arearc doterminecdetermined1 to outline and explain tobo the reader I1 ternterm such stories rrbravolt9lktravo1tq11k stories

z it 4543 G miltonmlltonmil bon Babcocbabcockkt 1 story out 001 this worldworlo

.1 ince 1 ce containsconoon bains passagassapassagesQ es presentingpresen bin information of lninterestrestoest to thetho reader the travels ol01of walter the hero arearcape related in this way hehc followed oneoneratlyonerallyoneraTlyrally the course of thebhe old river roaroo j which in evolutionaryrevolutionaryevolutionar y tlestiesalesbi es comlectodconnocbod ebanabanjban with Sarsasaroasaromsaratogatopa and on which GIgeneralenodal 3nrro7nebnroyne proposedropos cd to march 10tolo albany next came cohoes as famous for its knitknittinglinbin mlisiliiyllyl 11 11s as troy folformolmoifop itsits collars in waerburyWaerwaterburywaterbinrybury a mile fartfartherlierilerbler nailerwaller stopped for a few minutesa lililinutes to watch the operations in connicconnectionconncc illonion withwythw lthalth hcbhe jtauctionconstluctionconstructionconlconstconnjtluctionauction of thetho new darcdarobaro canal an undertakirirundertaking rlvallnrivaling the prponamn111arae canal ibidibid rp 217 g-

175

A representative traveltalktraveltltravcltalltaiktalk story is romance of a missionary by nephi andersenanderson it is the sborystory of the experiences of a I1mormonTorriionlon missionary Vrillardwillard dean in enrenglandland Ivillardwillard deandeanss missionary experiencexperiencesos and his problem of which sirlsirigirl to marry his sweetheart baebacbacrbrckback home or an enenglish11sh girigirlirilriirl to whom heliekiekle is attractedattrnctedabtrncted comprise the pioploplotpiot of 11ilieillebhebho111010 story

r butbulbub thebheI1 missionary experiences and thechebhe love storstory are of secondary importance tobo thetho auauthorauthorsauthortsthorts purpose of irvincalvinggivingivinc

1 U en effective 4jajglimpses11mososes 0ofI dietheuieuleahekne englishlish cointrysiaecountryside and the EnIeniislaenglishislaisia Topeopleopleopie As is often the ccasese with stories of this 1Flindfindind photophotographsr iphsephs ofor englishn71 lshash sceneseenescenes a-aneanoareapore scattered through the story the followfollowerfollownrfollowingnr is a typical passapassagee frotrotroifrottrotfronfromt i the story in one of thetho firstfirsafirsu letterslotters which willard sent hoinoinolhomenomenomoilo110iyo jfromrori london p lleilehelie detdesdescribedcribedbribed it thus london is a low I1fiatflat10to ugly grovelingroveiinc thlngthangbhing spreadspreadinglingding out over thebacbhc oreenoroenpreengreenp reenroenproen countrcountrysideysido on every hand reachindeachinreachingCD out li llribs1 imbs over it its rimy oer the beautiful eartheartho P aulooago in a later he ssaidsaldla 1 d london is little1 not a city itib Is191 9 0a world by itself oior at least it has thatbhat appeappearancearanco I1 suppose thatbhat london contains people from everyoveryevory corntrcountrcornarcoantrycountry on the lobe londonjondon hardly needs the I1lightht of heaven 1 I arilariiam told that it doesndoeandoesntt retget much of it durinduring thethobho winter for itJG seemssoemssqems an allaliailailandallanda llandiland11 and aseifselfselcC I1 Ssufficientafuf 11 c e nl thing in itsitselfI J goingoj n on without the aid of simsun or moon oior stars wrapped urup in its omovna busdusdusybusyroinr goingoin alaffairs day and night willard was disappointedfairsin the Ththanesthanosthamesalnesaines he 111 sa itib first nerrnorrnearnoar the louseshouseshousosausesouses of parliaparilaparliamentI1 tient andandtandlanol

L dis 44 Nnephie ph andorson romanceromanceromancoHonancenancomance of a ulssionaryuisslUisnisslL sL onaraonarv the 1riprovcuimprovementicnticat lraera vol I111 dovcinovembernovcmbernovciliberfiber 1907 to october 1908908908. 57171717P 176

faundoundfound it to0 be a slursluggishisilisla riverpiver with very on 1 t save a few freightht little 45life5 it frelefreie barfbarrbarrebarresbarrenbargene P such pLaspassagessages fltillfill11 romance of a 1trislillsatrismissionaryS ionaryconary although the character yjillard flialifigureszires prominently in evereveryv action and descrideschidescriptionptioneption ho seemssoems to be nothing more than a conven- ient point of vview1 cw fromfrointrom whwhichlehieh tobo present ohebheghe reoreaderredderder with pictures of the enenglishilsailsolisa colintlryslidecountryside and somethcomethsomethinglallnl of the local color of tlthee popeopleopleopie 6

thetho braneframe sborzStorzstorzstoryborz

A few fraiframefioflo stories are found in 11mormon periodicals of the period by the name frame story I1 mean stories that relate one or more stories within the frametrametramoframeworlframeworkworl of an outer story 7 to seelseeiseeL their fortuneswxfortunes by Josephjosephinelne spencer a redrorepresenbatlvesontatlive franeframe story tells the story of a group of girls meeting on 1thehe first anniverseanniversarydryary of their raduationgraduationrradiation from school to tilsthis core situation each girlirilriirl contributes

ax455 ibibicabic1 0po 425495423 46 guadimuadiilad10t byT I1katherineathepjne arthur theT he young womnt111omant s journal vol 11 Janijanuarylarrlaryiary 1900 to november 319009007 p 8B is another rcpresentativerepresentative traveltalktraveltraveltalictaiktalk storstoryy it is the story of a girigirl and herhor brother and hih s bridbride who 0go0 o to Eenglandnlnn- ind write home about it meet oltolaoldL friendfriendsfriendspsp and visit the historic and beattybeauty spots of EnIensandeniandenglandand aitAltalthoughhouCh the story seemseemss tobo be bothinnothinnothingr more than a lesson book a certain amount of gospel teteachingch lnpgnp and a love story are inciinclinelincludedudod in it 47 josephine spencerspencor to seel their fortunes the Yyonngyoung jmansamansvloinants journal1 vols 26 and 27 allatlalaliaugusti ust 1915 to OcoctobertobertoLer 1916 p 501 177

a story of what 2checnelielleile has done dduringlirlibirli n the year thatahabbhab has

pas-dasapast jcachjoacha c h girlirI1 ssboryt 0 i Y ccomprlsey0 i ioir 8 e a cchapterha T t e r iinn tthehe sstoryt 0ry each clichapteraptedapter capacapableoleoke ofor beinebeingbeyne regarded asalsalmass a short story were it nolnotnob for the situation inintoinboanboto which each is introduced some of thebhe irlsfirls1 experiences arc as follows Mmissis s winter the toachortobe acherachor Cootgotot narriedmarried paullnepauljnepaulilne tau7httaught home economics in a burcrurcruralrupal11ll school beulah trtriedloolod in vain to arouse the intcresbinticrest 0or country people in claselaseiasclassicaliicalcical music loppypoppy helped to solve a burrlarburglarburglary mystmysterycryory ruth and deliadolladoila laughingly loscridoscridescribe1 be their escapes from designing men litthittlit byv tells of her marriage aniand of her home in caicaloaicaliforniaii torniaforniafornlaforklaforntorn la irriaarria1rriaisrma tearfully relates howinow their schoolmate Coclliaciliacecila gaver avo her life for thetiletiie advanceadvancementident of social work 1.1mlallaalaetantaila writes frolfronfrom1.1 euroeuropeoe of her experiences and addleaddie

9 in a letter from canada tells ahabwhalwhatwhabI1 she is dodosdoingnf klarymary describes herlierkierkler fcfihtfehtht tobo overcome fear Jjorajopaoa t tolltolitollstolis of herhor art studies and describes dalbydaiby trine a man whose philosophy of life appeals to her As the reunionrounion cocouescomeslleeaiesylesiies1 to an endond the c iris asreeazreearee lobo10 meet again a year from that time andnd repeat the storytellinstorytellingstorytellin experlonceexperexperiexpertlonceonce

conclusions

I1 havehavo arrived atab tliesebeesoaliesebheso cinclusconclusconcconclusionslus 1I ons in regard to the iiterarli horary types to be found in Tcorrion7orrionliormon pcrlodlcalspcriodjcals of the period 178

of the sinsinglee issue type of story the proseproso tale is tixfix nostnosbmost nuinuynumerousicroiis in thochooho pagpageses of mormon periodicals 2 of sisignificancenificance however is bhethebhebho fact that the short story as a distinct literrliperrliterarybryiry type seems to be i-morelore nacerousamerousnumerous in morrionmormon periodicals after 392019203920 than before 1920

53 the short I1 hort story and thebheuhe allerallegoryory are represented in iiormonstormoniImtormonormon periodical fiction 4 the larlarestlargestestost number of continuedcontiniicd stories in iiormonljormon Perioperloperio31periodicals31 1cals are stories reresemblingemblinrembling the novel stories possessing un ity and cohecohocoherenceronce

5 the IVpicaresquepicaresque111eadearcarcaresqueesque 11 or episodic story appenappearsrs in

Morrmortmormonfionflon periodneriodicalsperiodicalsicalsicalas such stories are distributed 1.1inn about equal yiariariuyiijaiiberca bercsberdsiiiibercs throuthrouhoutthroughouttliroughouthout tthobhoho period of thlsahlsbh s ststudylidy bG lraveltalk1111111naveltalk and fraifrayfraioic storsboryy typestyues of continued stories are reproceprorepresentedfontedsonted in hormonf fictionactionticficfictionficbiontionbionblon

7 it is a eollcommoniziion practice for Jiiormonilormon stories to be aedanarranaeranarranged11 e d ininserserlesserieslesl or cycles CAPTErcitapterollCITT t1ta P VI

SOLC oys R soicsolo gfjwralizatioksil1 L I1 ONS gahdtfgREGARDING moreonMORMON FICTION

the fiction pieces found inln mormon periodicals between the years 1900290019002.900 andendrnoano 1119455 lend themselves to generalgeneral- ization in certain respects in other ways of course the stories are as various in their characteristics as as there are writers and ststylesstylosioslos of cirvirwritingltingalting

1 it is my purpose in histhist section of my sjudyludystudy1 to note some of the characteristics of the fiction I1 havehavoflavo studied attelattemptingiiitingiliiiiill ting to ariarlarrivelve at geneigenelgenelcligeneralizationsCLI izat lonsions in relregardregard to 1 the ways mormon stories bolbeginboginin and end 2 the procedure in the cevelodevelodevelopmentpi ilent ol01of plot 53 technbechntechniqueslo of character development 4 methods of describinpdescribing settinf1ssettings 5 the stylistic cualiticsqualities of DmormonIo inonimon fiction some repetition isic oundaunduound to occur in this chapter because many of thetho points which I1 inailualmakeinal 1 e have already been noted in chapchapterstors kroviouspreviousurevious to tthislisils 13ut I1 eelfeelfoelcolooi t at these

1 111 c1011 1011 1 cul a generalizationsD lottiott 1izations breareaae nelphelp ulfulfui andancianclanol are fecesnecesnecessaryary to true picturcpicturypicburc of thetho1u1uahc fictfactfictionlonion that I1 ariiam survesurveyinginc

179 180ISO

the jj0111jjf30eilielci0111nnln s andanali ijasijacndjindjnija3s

the way in wilchwnlchwliich a torystory beginshoginsdc ins deterdeterminesmineninesminesS to a conconsidersconsideraconsiderablesidera biebleoie clextent the attlattitudealtitudetude the readerroader will havo

1 J towardLl owardowaruJ tt-thee reimrelmremcremcindorinderindor of ttee story this Is trueL duerue because the beinnlnjbe inninannin of ci slopysborystory establishescstlabl 1 s leslebies thetho mood andan calves11 ives

the first luprojloulupro ziouzionjlou 0ori a story and similarly the

i i 0 cclosinglosios inlbinl ssiitenceastencntenc e s 001 1a sc tloryborybonyor j liveve tictiot o rreaderroadereade r the finalinaifinalfinai im-

1 F pression ocol01 wat ie liasilashaslas readroadnoadpeadpoad or tc loseoseyose reasons tltietletheL e belinnberinnbe inningsanoslnos ancancyand1 endlnendenendingss of borrmorr7orrloronlonuon stsborcsorlas arc of imnortanceportanceimportance

taict3ic jeijnins

ways in lehiehvj iehlehich orinionoriorloriiionlonion storiesstor l es bebc in arearcaro nerousnumerousnu and vavariedr IL e d he storicstolonstoloj I11 navenamenamo readroad for this study lioiioilohoweverwover

yon 0 o e lend tlthen6lvegcselveseive to g eneraeneralizationgeneralizationzat ionlon thethohe exbenfctenltenibenl tthathlathurthuatthurtthuat theyaheybhey

c can be1 c saiasalasaid loto10 have be innings that pre- cut thetho ednedmednedmerm ofoc thebhe

sboabos t artsrts iiesaeL leoieoleoa a je attoafctcrnietiipbnipt to0 arouse bho readerreadersls interest

U s and introduce the leadinleadingQD characterscharactors bhehe settincsettinasettingscj and the essential factstaets about the sloryalory

arrionraition the most coconuiionconuiflimonfirmonionlon devdevicesdevicesices for beinninrbelninnlln T lortor-irionidoninonfionflon stories arc 1 a conversation between two or morcmorem-orc char actorsacte s and 2 a descriptdescriptionlonion of the physical settingsetsettsetu inolinoingbinoling lnforiinformationiatlionmatlion essential to an understanctinunderstandincunderstandunderstandinginc of thetho story Is presenpresonpresentedtod in such belnnlnsbeninnlns as these the otenopeningln sentences of thebhe shortshorb story thethe doubleo lib le abnyaonyA onyalonytl by susa youn gategater are topical of the oncninopeningonening 1 susa younjyounayoun gates the jouble abnyaonyA ony the inprovemejitroveraentroverarovernent era volvo 1 12 april 1909 p 4854834 83 181

U lines of other stories that bebegin1 lin with a description of thehe

s e it physical settin11 inelneingI1 the ionlonlongiong rooms were biasing with 11lightr ht and color and buoyant motion as pleepieerleealecaleeplec martin stood a rflomentmoment at the wide hall entrance grazingazing with blundinboundinbounding pulses liponupon the fascinating scene the eexquisiteaquxqu sucicsuc1c blondibiondiblondinrblondinablendingnr of color in the robes of young women so charcedcharged his eyes with deideldelight1 ht that heie did not ioollookbool with disfavor upon the low aces H bodbodicesbodicedbo lces eishisIsI eyes1.1res were losinlosingI1 their onetimeone time dices 1 swiftness of condelcondeicondemnationmatlonmation for such displays 2

iving1 setting in addition to giving1 ving a picture of the setsettingting the author acishcis succeeded in placing a hinlhint as to the probable didactic nossamossamessagemossagee that lnebhe story will present avoid evil worldly ways and practices the leadleadinginri character alecalee is also pictured on the scenescone and the point of view from vflalichwhich the story will be told isls established smolysmoky summer by otis L urton13urton referred to else- where in this study offers a bcrborboobeginninginn lm in which thetho essentials ol01of tltlletilebheie story are idrosentpresenteded and the interest of the reader is aroused by deansdoansmeans of a conversatconversetconversationlonion amonamonoamong characters in the story in this besinninrbeginning as in the bebeginninginniainnim of the double kkonyagonyony leadinlleading characters are introduced the probable messagemossage of the story is hinted at and the bes7inninbeginningss of the plotplolpiotpaol are established tithah come on blibill311 taletake one urged toodgoodood vgoodard torton o natured stan loodardivoodardloodard as he temptinglyabtinaptin cj ly heldheidholdhoid thlthetho raeldaelpackagea- 0 o of cicigarettesarettosarectos oll01011071ottout1 11 to w11hilliamwilllamwilliam111711771 am bill darkclarlmarkmarr

2 ab1bibidd 182

1 naw tthanirsthanarsar S jiistjjiust11 the same answeredanswer od brelbulbjel3u1 but his voicevo lee laolredlac17ed ilsilibss usual conviction

the endingsnd I1 mormon single issue stories and continued stories usually try to do one of two thinesthings or both in their con- cludingcaudc3ud inflnf sentences 1 nicturerilcturenictunedledycnic tudeture thetlletile situatsithatsituationlon satisfactorily settledset 1 ledaed1ed and the participantspart iciloants in 1bhe action happy and content and or 2 reassertre assert 11thehe moralmorai message of the story and interpret it for oheonetheghe readerroader it seeseemsis to be characcharacterscharacterischaracteristicteris ic of Jdmormonornonormon stories to end with a description olof01 nature in a state of peacefulness and restful beauty the purpose of such an ending seems to be

to sivegivelve ive the reader the impression that the events in the story have resolresolveresolvecresolve1resolvedvefvec1 into a satisfactory conclusion and that now happiness can relldelldelideiondelonreigncn suprosupposuprememe jesdescriptionscliptcript ionslons oiof the sun-

mormon11 set hour are favorite ways olof01 endinoendingID ormon stories on thetho trailtralltrailstraliss of timpanogosTimpanoaosgosos11 by risieelsie1sile10isileasile chamberlain carroll presents a tyllityplitypicalcalcai restful nature endinoendingendings and tltienthenun hand in hand they loft thethoknebhoknobno tiny lalelaielahelaliallai e shishyshimmeringmriierin there at the1 lootfootrootcoot of the gleamingleam glacierlaclaelaclierlackierlierller slowly the twilttwilltwilightr ht deepened and nirhtnichtnight spread her soft bianiblanketret over the ollold oldoid trails of timpanogosTimpanoaosgosos and their newfoundnew found joy 21

descriptions similar 1tou0 o thekhebhokho one givenivon above are oftentimes found in singiesingle issue storlstoriesstormeselseks intn thetho story 11tllaclilacalac

53 otis L burtonburlonburzonburbon smoky Surmsummedsummeriierlierlied 11 p 528 4 chamberlainch on the of ilsieelsieit tmbcrlain carroll trails Timpanotimpanogosallmalimpanososcosgos1 1 os p 466 h

185183

lure by leilalellalelia marler ilocblocmoggant an foriforrorcoridor exaexampleipleipieaiple descriptions of a beautiful garden and a pepeacefulcef ilililill hour come bothdothbotn before and after the story proper

the soft dusk was heavy wwith11 th thezhebhe sweet odor of lilacs clusters of thebhe Lpurple tinted blossoms drooped gracefullyracef1 illy troifroltronfromtromii the luxuriant arbor nearby A little trailing breeze ststirredrred tho leafage lightly andrand spilled perfume extrav- 1 p afagantlyCD ant1vI I1 across the vine covered lorchporch the rardengardennarden was bathed in a silver shshimmerlimberlimqer of whitewhitle moonlight fromprom outoub the shadows came thebhe chirp of a ninihtnightht bird callincalling to his iflatomalcmalo A muffled tivtwitterttcr soundedboundedsouzulod in rereplyreolyoly thetho njnighbneighbU was en-on- ttrr 1 wiI c ig

A 11 ain doralmoralimoralamoral tataittatttagajqj colcoieolcomingliniin at the conclusion of a story is characteristic of much ijormonljopmon fictionfic lionllonbion such a moralmoraittmoral tarlzcarlztartztastag emphasizesreemphasizesre the points that are madeii abcadeadc in the story the folloiiinfollowing moral taggag is found in a sborystory by charles FC steele entitled the Strstrangefanoefangerange caseoasecaso o-01p robert tt6tta 1lenyonkenyonallyonollyon 0 thetho story of a supposedly wealthy man respected and honored who dies a spiritual and financial bankrupt because helielleile has concentrated all hisilislils life upon gainlngainangaining material possessions rather than on dolndoindoing goodood now at hisitislais death heho possesses nothinbothinnonothingthin the story concludes with thistills statestatementlentbentient

L herehero our story ends I-ibL1 has a nessamessamessage0 robert lenlonhenionlenyonkenyon appeared to the world to be a man of financial stability he could 11gotgetot dyllbyllby as ionoionglong as holieiioilo lived butbulbubbuh death overtookoverbook

it 5 lolialolla 11arleradleradiermarlormadlermadier 1108JTOEhogganan lilacttiijac lureeure Dp 207 6 charles flillii steele ilitilIIIthothepilo strange case of robert kenyon ththe improvementvementrorovementmovement lraera vol 22 februaryV iglo1919 p 540340 t-

184

h nm and hehc was not dueorenuepreparedpared i- o die he was a financfidancfinanciallailal andnd spirlspiritualtualtuai bankrubandrubankruptbankruplbankrupLpt oeD e thh wwass the ffarartiestbhesb t1tiloutathouhcioulou ht from obert lenonlenorlsrenonlenonls ls mind L i i that ipateipaty ruicuicul jccembcrocecceacce liberlibee1ibcr n ht dutjutout death ca-callecal-l ielielle fateful ahtnhth 7 andanc iitU found hj i unprepared1epared

the devocevelodevelo pitienpatieni lentbentientt off plot

I1 assume as 9a basis of illlyliyllymy disciisdiscitisdiscussionsloneloneion of the plots of

momonmormon stories and thebhe melmemethodsluflodllod s of plot development that the majority of storliestories3 havehavo plots hatthattbhat arc improbable that is that they are romaelromanlromanticlicjiejle olotsblots andanaona that roipoipolromanticiantic devices characters settInsettingsCs and stuitionstuationssuuations1 are muchmuela in evidence

1 laovekoveimovei ilenti ent and plapl2proportionpeeortiniortioi jnbreare plotP lo10 b characteristically movement in plot develodevelopmentpment in Toriiilornontoriiionlonion storstoristorlstorlcstoriclccs is slow and by a rodgalgradualrodualrradual process digresdigregdigressdigressionss ionslons

for tietlethe 1irposeimposepirposepurpose ol01of teachincteachteachinginainclna and soisolsolievhatiewhat lenttbenttlenrbhy descrip-

tions ofor settinsottincss and charcharacterscharacuers11 e ts heplep to ririalemalemalplale e this the case bonsoconsoconsequentlyconseouentlyouently therethepebhe e are sections of hanybanyluanymany stories that dradrar n in wilchmilchWwhil ch interest is lackimblackimlacking A slow andancl painsta3inpains balrinbaldin bullbuilbuildingclintyupsupS up process is followedfolfoiloed by a rapid iiiisiiimriarizationutimarization near thetho endond of the story in a

number 0ofL the stories that I1 have readrend in a number of storlestoriestor lers entire chapters are devoted in their earlycarly sections loto10 descrilptldescriptionsons andanclanci introducintroduceincroducuorygory inclincijncdentsdents the final chaplerschapterschaplesschap bersLers of sochsuch storlcsstorlslorjessLorstory jesyesyoscs hoohovhochocherhocverhooverhovroverroverver droarcarearo etreotroetueo re iely

7 ibioibid p 542312342 t-nh-

185

abridged and radlorapid r1ovimoving

A silver girdlesGirdle 8 by claire I1 1.1J noall Is an exalexampletiple of a story havinkavinhavingwaving this tindlindkind of plot development it tbells0 11 s how tom reynolds and his family ruined by the financial

crash of the 1930s1950 rrogoo to their ranch timber toes in the uinta mountains of utah and set up a dude ranch but toratomtorntonn reynoldreynoldfs creditors insist thatchrtohrtchat timber toes rightfully is theirs this heliekiekle denies the creditors taketahetane the mattermat berher to court and reynolds fighting for his famfamilyllyily117

attempts to rindfindcind innimnT fin low a chinese traderbrader who hknowsnows that rereynoldsnolds is choohogho rivrightfulhafhtful owner sxfluxslux chapters of the story are concerned with laying the foundation for hee courtcourb battle and with describing the froprocessprocesscoss by which leynoldsReynoldreynoldsreynoldareynold1Leyueynolds1 s datdaughterdau literlaterliterlater tcilecn comes to love a youn forest rahrerranrerranger named brentbront ash7shthetuotwoc rremainderrnainknain j er of the story is told in ffourcourconrour parrparaparagraphsradhs vihenvohenvjhen the case was heard in the county seat preston testitostitestifiedflodfiod that a bilandilanbrianman like reynolds was a oodgodgodsendsend to the cocountryunGry and that his daundaupdaughterliterkiter was another morley testified as to the in- tectoctegrityr aty1ty of the man he had known so ionglong TEbutut the sensation of thebhe dairday was hinlincmin low tom hadnt found him 13butlit a younayouncyoung ute brave hadhod 9 9 tqinliinlilntainelnoeinghing low had sonegoneone to the coast in a rickety olioldoid ffordforoord he insistedinsisansis tel on coriconiconlcoriinccominocominginfinc home that way but he arrived he said his say in chinese indian cathecathercather fromfronicrom then ho lo-skyly interpreted and the court bellevbelievedcd adams released his

ayqyB clairo VI noall A silver girdle u the improvementfillpiovemcftt aj1j ra vols 5838 and 5939 Septorseptemberober 19551935 to februaryfe7riiary 1936719367.1956 p 536556 186

claimclaira and eileenelleenelieen turnedranciranel rancherer she aagreedreod with brent forostrforestrirforestair and ranchranchinranchingln might be closely related A characteristic of many IImormonorrion stories Is to abridge

climactic rapiarapid imovingiovin portions ooiori the story givingivil only general irdpresiralrairdimpressionspres s lonsions ofor the momonlmoraontmomont ttilonlionilonthen returninEreturning after that lnorluornonentmonentlent Is pstpast to alq more detailedI sbatementstatementstaternentstaternent of what Is taking place

an example of this the abridged clclimaxI1 ma ic Is found in the folloivinfollowing paspassageiajae e anibn enraged dulduidullbullduil Is attaclinattattackingattachingaclin walts little boy theic detailsdetaoeta listis of that moment are recorded only as the fleetingoleoieCle eting lnimpressionsarcproprc lonsions ialtvzalttaltaalt has oiof iiwhat is happening walt never remembered clearly what happened thenthon 7there were gray and his men on horsosborsos there were screaming women and doctorgoedoctorloeboegoejoe and a still iiliitlelibtlettleatle figure on a white bedbod 10 such an arranarrangementerieaielweiirientslent of plotpiot causes the plot to be disproportionate and leaves the reader withawith a sense of lost- ness as if the story has ended too quickly or solsoisomethingiethlnlothin vital has been leftleie ft out ihereuhereghere abridgeabridgementsments are too extreme itib leaves the reader with a feelingfeellnjz that thobho ipointointolnt of the storstory 3ey hasilaslias been lost variety in dacenacepace however if eupempemplovedemployedlovedlomed with wisdom and moderationmoder abtonablon shonilshoniashouldCL aaidd to rather than take away from a 13 S 1 storatstorvtstorylu effectiveness the examples I have pointedpoinbed outoub

9 ibid Dp 12 lf 10 Ddorothy0r 0 thy Cclapplap r robinson foxtail the Dimprovement0 ve rfiafi e n t era vol 5939 Jlilytllyjuly 19561936 p 45011502150 11 cloantlicleant1h i3rooks jr and robert penn larrenbarren in continued 187

above and other stories like them represent extremes in 1 the ilatteriatternattermatter oiof Jpace and proportion

plotpiotplojbploub structurestrucburj3 the plots of mormon stories converconvereconvergee upon aea hllhhlfhhufhhigh point of lninterestcreatcre3t a focfoetoefocal1l point at which the leadinleading

lyas1 character rocereceivesives 1lashishibhystias rerewardrard or punishment thehe climax is important buthut mosimost stories do not end there A moraimoral11moral tarptitarpaitan and a statement of wlwhatlat haphappensnensoens afterward usually follow bhe climax A short story entitled 11 footirintsl2footprints by orville S johnson contains structural characteristics thatbhat are rep- resentativeresenresonpeson tativetadativetive of those of many 1 lormon short stories footprints is the story of a hlinhunterger who tract-trackss a deer that isils bein piirpursuedsued by a coutibouticougarar A yameayamef aarneraerne warden sees the tracks of the deer the couparcougar and the man and follows them

11 continued understanclundeundoUnder rstandstanclstanol 5nan fictionpictipicci anqn new torkrorkhorkyork71 city F S crofts and co 1945 1p 590599 have this to say about pace in fiction bo we i-maylay in regard to speed thinithink alon QD these 11linesiinesnebnes slusiusummarylimary is faster in rendrendcrinorenderingcrinoorino an action than is narrative narrative tends to be faster than full renderrenderlerenderlnrenderingln in ternsbornsternobornoterms of scene 1 0 scene tends to be fafasterstelstea than analystsanalysis and so on almost all stories involve a combination of these methods if the author rellesreliesreitesreilesreikes on one method too ex- cluclusivelysively the oace tends to become 2monotonouslonoiono tonous the chanoschanchauchangescs of pace which rreallyally reproceprorepresentsent chanchangesr es in crieuieulphasisemphasis ancanoand may represent ohaneschanohanchaneschangeses in distance tend tobo sharpensharpon 1hobho readerreadersreaderls ls attention 12 orville S johnsonjohns on tllootfootprintsprints 971911thee improvement era vol 26 june 1925199519231993 p 71714 188

in a climactic nioniomentmomentament the deercleer leaps away frofromfroniri the cougar and runs at the nilanmannalan the man shoots the deerdeepdeop then turns to face the coucougarar the warden arrives just in time to slavesavesage himhirnhinn from sorllcorllseriousous injury or death I1thephe clielleilclimaxrfiaafia of the story isls passed but as in many mormon stories of thetho period the author proceeds to relate what happens afterward the warden and the hunter skin the deer and the coucougarar and the warden telistellscellsgeils the hunter that he rnoirnowsornowsis heho lillcdiillcd the deer only as a means of self pro tolectiontectiontecct lontontion he elvesives thetine hunterhuntorhunker the cougar sl-slinstinin andland tells him to collect his bounty on it

A ssizable7 zablezadiezadlo number of thebhe plots of 1liormonbormiormon stories are episodic in structure thatthab is inc-incidentsl dents in one part of the story are only dimly related to inclincidentsdents in other parts didactic digressions faulty characterizationcharacterizatioticharacberization and a ram- blidijblingii unbusinesslike approach to material arcarearo reasons for episodic plots thetho entrance of the author iintoito thebhe story to express his derperpersonalonaional views is a charactercharacteristiccharacberisticisticcistic of a considerable number of TfiVornonformonormon stories similarly mormon writers 111likeilkece

Ci 1 to include in their stories debateseba 1wes between cormonsmormons and non 11ormonscormonsmormons inln which the llornonsilorllorilormonsdonsnonsmons are consistently the victors the following speech of defense for MormonismmormonisirsmormonismtsMormoni sirsts pinciplesprinciplesr inclInciples is typical of spspeecheseechesbeches found in Tilormormonnion and non mormon debatesdebalesdebabes in1 mormon fictlonfictionficfiefleficbionbionblon this particular speech 9 189

conescouescomes frorfromarori a story entitled the crucialcr ucial test by elsie chamberlain Carrollcarroll speeches and debates similar to this help to contribute to the episodic structurestruc bure of many mormon stories

you 1 must realize hatbhat6 polypolygamyU anyampamy is a thinsthinothing of the past in our churelchurch but it served its piarpurposeposo well in our pioneer days itib was fecesnecesnecessarycardapiar- ifortoror a rarapidold increase in copulation in olderorder tobo cadcarcarry on bhehe worlwork of a driven people Ppolygamy0 1 agyganyamy provldeprovideprovider that and let rienieme assure you sir there was nothlnnothennothing unholy in thehe practice no people can hold ala hihiherhigherher more holy view of marriage than docloglogio the latterlathereathereatteredther day saints t1tatheyie marryyearryymarry for time and all eternity in sure that polygamy001woomooool amy as nracticedoracticedpracticed by the tloricloricormonsmormonsiionseions would beideioeloe a blessing and an uplift to hairianhuirianhumanityity in many places in the worldworlo today 0 sir it is a false notion you have when you ththinkl nk polygamy is another teriterltermii for licentiousness I1 wish I1 could take you into the homes of thobho few reireliinantswinantsremnants of that practice that remain touhouyou would find in thoseL hameshomes as somethn1somethingU you never felt before it is1s love purifiedpur 1 C ic J by selfseif sacrifice and sliftersuffering1 n t113iai5

the devedevelopmentlarlarriettlarrienttientrient off character the characterlcharacterycharacterizationszat ionslonstons encountered in mormon periodical fiction are enerallygenerallyr ene rally shallow and lifeless creations for the reason that thebhe majoritymaority of morimorlmormonflonibon stories contain little

1 ol01or no psychpsycholopsychologicalolo010 lealical iinsightnsiansi 1 ht into the human heart and soul what little charactcharactercharacterizationer lzationleation that is shown is ilslisusuallyliallybially in the form of the authanthalthorauthorauthoilsoilsoitsolts ceriicoriicommentsentsants about the characters rarely is itib that Tlormonjormonmormon authors create characters who

1513 elsie chaohachanberlainerlainiberlainib carrolcarroll the crucial test tt p 816818 190

reveal tierriselvesthemselves for what theythoybhoy arcarearoapo in their ca c1cb5onsons words

andanoanoanu Luhoughtnh 0

objecbivc chacie izicizjc ionlon the following passapassagee from thothetho stranestranosurano casecaceoaseoace of Rorobeltrobertbeltbeit ieienyonlenyonbenyonlkenyorlnyon by charles i11 steele is illustrative of the type of claracterizationcharacterization that is found in most 1hormonmormon periodical fiction

lieilellekiekle had never beenboen muehmuchtiitilrii ch of a churellchurelmchurchmandanaan he 12gaveave rollroilreligionionron no thothochtthouhtthoughtuht he accelacaelaccentedacceptedredaed as true the existence of cod also some sort of a life beyond tho gravepaverave Althouralthoughrh hellelie had been baptized a member of the church he had never been active in its work1 he looi1001lookeded upon thebhe church 0ass a nccnconoonecessaryessary fixture of societsochetsociety but it meant 1ittieittlelttielittle to him occasionally lleilehelie donateddonabed to bhethebhe church funds thus managingriana tobo keepbeep nishislills name on tthohethebhebho recordsro cordscordocoros Iib1 L must be saisalsasaldsalo16 tobo his credit thatbhat he always encouraged his wife and daughtersdauphters to attend 0 divine iviceselvleeservicese ivlee on bhe sabbath1 provldinproviding a handsome limousine for the purposedpurposeipurpopuppopurpose11seIsel

i this is an objective exterexterior1 or opproachapproachppproachopproachoppppproach tobo character

bhanL and as a consequence it is less revealingC hanbhan a pspsycholog-jcholog ical view would be the above quotation contecontainsins only the objective factfacbsfabbsus aboutaboul robert kenyonanyonenyon chatbhat only a idersonperson other thanbhan ohebheghe actual character coucouldac1c know dialogueD Le19c12jepylepylo to reC yeteala 1 characterCharac ber dialodialogueoue Is employemployedoct in soniesonesome poriod1periodicalcal stories to holcholdhokd reveal characterc characterscharacbersCharaccharaclcharackhersbersers whoi possess eccentric- y ititieslesies in their speech such nsni s frontiersmen and westerners

14 ibid p 340 191

show 1ltt in the way heythey tairtaiktalktally as do characters who are noble nighhigh minded hand inspirational individuals whose words help or confortcomfort or inspirejnspire those to whom they speak A character nanalnamednarrledaedied old pete shoalspoalspeakss tiietilebhe r0u6rough11 ellip- tical dialect of a frontiersifrontiersmanrian in filsfeiseels 1 e chamberlain carrellscarrollsCar rolls on the trails of timpanogosTimpanoj J riipanonosriipa nonossosgos old petes manner of speaking tells thebhe reader that helielleile Is unlearned and plain the follfolloivinfollowingoivin passage illustrates old fetesfetetsfetethpetes frontier dlalectdialect 1 I hear the little city g93bitsbliscasggs91ts olt011r oint tt stay right on livin with iranklebrankle11 e and her pa aalwaysalways toa I1 guessruesspuess be loneionelongiong lways thathaithalt is it wont fer n jodjedinjodgin1jedjodin in frumfruin the pace her antan ordsgordsG aboinagoinaglintagoint ubut4butbut elsshissmiss 1rederlcksfredericks iihatcihatvjhat does she tl why branprankiesPranfranlpranl1 kieskleskleis tickled tt derath ye know her antan ordsgordsG always been aistjistjisb likeilke brother antan sister 15

words 0of1 counsel and advice help to reveal the stature ol01of areatureatgreat men in wfortimormonlonion per1peraperiodicalodicalcodical fiction the ffollowingollowing conversationconvers abionablon between ben 11kogeroero er and his father in thehe voice ofoj tbhehe I1inbanglblentanantan is one of nanymany conversaconversationsionslonsyons thatthab contribute mr nto a man to rogerserts 17crowthgrouthgrowthrowth as areatgreatecatrcat inan in thebhe readers eyes

1 fred 1rogeroee3 bensbents father sperlsperispealspeaks1sas

1 son did it everevea occur to you asked bheU he father thatthab we are butbiltblit acting out a proprogramram arranarrangeded forf or us a ionoionglong timetimo ago dow111howliow do you neanneonmean inquired ben 1 itithithlI irleanmeani thatthabthau there are certain turns and chanehanchangeses in our earthly career which seem to

15 elsigeisig chamberlain on the of timp it eisteelsieeisie carroll trails ID anoosano I1 os it alvdiv417 s-

192

be scledscaledscheduledblied to come wlletherwhetherwilether we will or not ov hy do you know of somethlnsomething cheduled lorfordorfop you benden aslaasl7askedled anxiously findincfinding voice and 11 hi s zenttent uo fe fecliqss bertyliberty for his at dinesohnes ilyesye T thiniththinkiniint I1 do 1t ahat11iihatvhat is itlt the bonsonon almost Lagaspedsped som-S oi ie 1 thinething was comicominacominjeorcoreoncortijocortijntijnnj somethinsomethingsomethin differentdifdlf 1 aronteront froinfrom any- tthingh 1 n yetyoti c t 21 m p t111 thysthisilslys is my0 last trybriotriptryp son 11 nevornovor T tri ji ll 11 1 e 1 11 croscross clay hlllhillI ar-aalnadinaaenalndinain 0 9 ieliveilyeliII1 as I Ssucostodsusosuco0 sstedstodt e c1ca tthereere arc turns andnd chanchangeses in our afaffairsfairscairs which arearcruceuc arranarrangedled lonelond ao our trip tliroutsirouthroughh ttiietilelneine world ivaswas ordered to be jastjust as profiprofitableprofibableproifitablebable as it coulecould be made by 1eaebeinnin0inninrinning at a certain tinetime and place passinpassinopassing tthroughin 0u h j iven situatsithatsituations1 ons and tlthenthoni n endinoending at a g iven1 ven time and under prearrprearranged ome drearr1 ned conditionscoiiditions timos ivelvewe arcarearoapeapo toldU01ol l of thobhobno turnburn just ahead that we may makemane the most of itib 1116

ped lluchliuchlluch about red roer thathatthab1 the reader would not otherwise know is reveroverevealedaled in passalpassalespassageses ssuichsuchslichlichulch as thethobho one above

fred iioerL zo er is more vividly revealedrevca lecl to thetho reader by this method than he could be itrodoicedintroducedL by thebhe direct comments

0of the author unforlunfoollinforbunatelyiinatelyj most descriptionsdo scriptioscription i IS by mormonI1 aorlgorlgori lonion

aauthorslithol 3 arc in the I1 iririormornoriri of objectobjeclobjocblvelveive comments

actions to ijvealevealteveal 1 characteroharGhargharacteohapacte r rthe actions of charactercharacterscharacberscharac bersbemss ililay help in devcloplndeveloping characterization actions however to be effective must be

moremorg Uhanbhan the objectobjectiveivo recolclinrccordinr of what charaecharaccharacterscharacbers1lersbers do

I1 1 there riusmusbmusa11 bebo motivation for these actions andanclanci proper under- standinstanding of001 ch raeter before thesethose actions will mean much othorwiotherwiseOthorwi e the characternaracterlsc actions vilwilwllwill be no moremoro than

1 16 1lbortalborbalbord R lyrian the1 voiccyoiccyoick of the iribangibllntanlij2le e p 171799 195193

the movements of ara manipulated puppet who does aas he does because thebhe author wills it to be so

1 the ffollowingoilollolt owinowyn I statostatementflentfient shows the bycobypo ofL actions that do not mean much becausebe camise they arcaro in no way connected with

thebhe iiindividualidividualls charactercharacter1 and personality about a mile from the aileuileulleulie s f lowedflowedblowed bhebhoLhe hudson andnd shortly after noon that day baltervjalter ll11 ialter and elizabeth1 II1 zabe tyrltysl came out of thebhe world and enGenoenberedengeredengebredered ohechebhe fold of christ rv thin coaticoatingnr of iceico was on the water 1iaialtervjalter was bartibartizekbartizedbaptizedbapbizedzed first andanciancl although the water was very ccoldcoid0 id a feelinrfeelingfooling of joy andaridarldarlo aultationustationcxullation1 ultation possessed him that overshadowed evciavcievcrybhinyllpluhinchln7 else1elseeiseelsea 7

descrlldionsdescripbionj3 j0 setsetinsayspysjys

Settinsettingscs in horrionhormonmorrionmormon fiction usually are described in quite extensive detail these descriptionsdescr7ptdescript ionslons generallynenerallyerenerallyneneErene rallyraily are definite in theirtho ir detailsdetalls as to titiuetimetimotjietjio and place and bhethebhe out- standstandinglncanc charactcharachcharacteristicserist 1cqmcq of the scene deserdoserdescriptionslptapt ionslons in mornionmormon fictionactionfiction are for the most lartdartpart the autauthorautlortsr lorts own comments rather than bhetahet1he scene as it1 t woiwolwouldildlidiid be seen through a charactercharacterscharactertscharac lerber ts eyes descriptdescriptionsdescripbionslonsions too bavehavekavekavchavokavo bocobacomobocomonie soisoliaewhatsomewhat convenconventionalizedconvenbionalized1 ionalized and are concerned with superflsuperflysuperficialcialclai and obvious things such as sunsets andano views from mountainmountaintopstops allili111 too often these descriptions are iphasizedemphasizede ipha sleedsIzed at the expense of character and action deinodelnobeing in1uindulgedinsu redrfed ed in for theirlhoir own sake rather than

17 G flIE iltonlitonlilton babcocbabcock out of thetho world 11 p 709 194

fforor the salsalesakesaree of the story descriptionsdescript lonstons or settinsettingsrs in Tltlormonthormonuormoaornonormon fictionactionfiction characte- isticallyristically are somewhatsomewhabsoriiewhau lonion and in detail below is a representative description of a scene of nature in a grand and awe 1nsjorininspiring mood thetho hourhoup of micalimicanimidnightmidnighbht approaches the sun sinkss1n1rs down behind bhe sea yet it1 Is as Ilight1 ht as in the shade ol01of noondaynoon day theJ he breeze is c 1 jentlejentie and thebhebnobho sea isjs ststills11111silsll1 save for the shshining1 ninnann1n swells which sortlysoftly riserioer lse and faliailalltaiitailrailfallpallpali then the sun cojbojcomesies forthforth aagainin above the horizon first appears itsatsibslbs1ts upnerupperuppop curved odedgeodgee then more and rnoremorelorelope itib seems totjo rock uo and down on thetho waves nrilurilunbilunbid11111.1 i rises above thethebhe seasear a round blood redrerirecireca diskdish makinsmakinmaking a shininchininshining path from the horizon to thebhe boatboot a path1I pavedi with shimishimmeringnerin loloc3blockss of purple and goldold the whole sea is now tinged with red ll11lightahtpht the clouds around the sun are bathed in blood and thetho crlcricrimsonirison reflection isls cast on hills andan rocksroclkocl s waves and boats thorathoras face is rose colored and her whole form isLs bathedbattbatitedaedied in the same warm tinttynt the mountains and the distant islands are enwrapwrappedenwrappedunwrappedenwrappoden pod in a trembling a 1 s haze of rod it is CDgoldengoidenolden night Iibslbst beauty enters thebhe sealsoaiseuisoulsoui and banishes fear and worldly sorrow care depardegardepartsdeparto u1 S into the mellow atnoatmoatmospheresphore 1karahkarbhar htroubleshroubles slnalnsink inllinalin bo0 o this sea of peace and are lost laith1aithbaith1ait1h comes backbacic falahfalbhfailth in man and falth in CToodgodod the world is no lonerionerlonger a rraaracrar lifeless larva buthulbulhub a downrrown0wn oubberflyuttertlyflyaly floating on ibslbs shining full fjoatin 18its sbininr WwinsS in the balunbalmybelmyV air of sisummermiiier18 local golorgo lotlor local color in descriptions of settings can be found in connection with most mormon1 10311 on stories set in the mormon scene mormon writers seenseeseemin tobo ttakege delldeildelightrahtrjht in settinsettingZZ

18 nephi anderson the castle builder p 107 195 down witla accuracy and ffidelityidel i ty descriptions of places and things botnboth near at home and in exotic settings 19i A sliversilver irdlegirdleG by claire vaVv1 noall presents several ecellentcellenaexcellentceieelcellentlenh examnlesexamples of local color descrideschidescriptionspt1ons the ffoll-ol01 owinglowing contains elements of local color deseridescriptionothonot1on I1hatbhat enlarges upon loclocal11 scenes and local customs baldy3aldyls eastern face rrisesses almo-almostst perpendi- cularly lo10co 0a nnakedi t7ta ed oanisumisuminibsmininitolbnib bbuitbultbutblitlituit itIU dldiesdlosdiosos to a 1 dopeyoro L cl 1 wdladlwoll boroforcsbnd4oro sl and lessloss prectitousprecipitousprecipibous b I se into the appinlappin watwaberswatersers ofor 1mirrorl Tlakedakedakoaieaioale these barriersbortborr lersaersiers raise a barrier which slshutslutstuts out all acaccesses i from thethebhe upper end of ohethebheghe valley 1 r c 4 e of tlbho ceberuebcr7eber exceptcaptcoptcept bbrbyd horseback or shankusshank1sshank poniesponlesgonles 2100

mormon writers characteristically attoractorattemptintaptipt to present as much 1informationnformat lonbon about a local area and itsibslbs people as they can the toltoifolfollowinsollowinfollowinglowin e7eaexcerptceratcerpt from albert R 17lymantynan17mantswynanmants sborystory of the navajo indians the natyatnativenabive1veave blood is illustrative of this

the navajo wrestle is1 s a primitive contest of brute fforceorce to which its most enthusiastic followers had added no worthy improveimprovementilentrient from ancancient11 ent timetimess ttusteclettiisteclefs son had kepteidt that in mind when helie hod access to the mat in the

A phe T 19 i enjaminbenjamin lioydTloydtioydricktloydrickrick he josfe s of the short story new york scott foresmanoresman and 00oo jpsf1tsitsats p TS local color is A storvsatorvstory which alusaimsalms to ive the alatmosphereabmospherelmo sphere of a parparlicularparticularparLi1 cular1cularocular localillocaliolocalitylocalibyloc alibyy viewe ccailcallrilail a sborystory of 1I all local color ibDG iss nonolnob necessary that thetho scene be a torelforelforeijnforeign land there are local color stories cityC of cityity sluislumsis 0of councountrilcountrytril0 viilavillavillagesL es of0 school and colleylcolleyccollegc ilfelife the essential thlthinn is chatbhat stress iss laid upon a faithfulfaibhful1 aaa1 thilitii and detaileddeb ailed dorporpopnor fil 1 trayal of tiietilebhe people 0 soillesonesome parlparparblcular11 icolaricular locatilocaiilocalityty w1twatwilhh thelitheir ovinown ways of living thoirchoir standards of juclgijuci lenien t thebhear speech customsIs orient theirbheirlr their custorcustonn 20 claire ivLV noall A Stiverliversilversliverstiversliver girdle p 652 196

texas schoolschools llelielretre recorecognizednlzac that fitness and flure e training have fiurehusehugeC advaitaadvantaadvantage over fitness in the raw and he hadnad promised himhimselfseltseitself another ineetlnmeeting with the powerful tbeabeberbberybeayay atab a time and place chosenchoson to li1111his11 s ornouaovaowni aik1iklikingln it not forced upon hiuhim inin a sursupsu3prlseir Ls noinolmoimomentlentbentient aainstagainstagainst his wishes butbiltblit it had come he had to neetmeeti it and above all things he hadad to be adlieadlleoamegamearfie as game as when he ietmeti let it betbeforeore a boy only half recovered fronfroiafromfroin a deadly disease they sprang at eeach 211 ach other and clclinchedir1 chelchet

A consoonsconsiderable1 derabledemablede rablerabie sjshareskargsmargbareiare of mormon fictionflefiefic 1 ionlon can be salsaidsaldd to bebo local color writinrwritingwribingwri binobing horhopmormornionmormonnion wrwriterswriberslielsltels seem to like to include intinterestinginteresbingarestinerestin facts rabocaboaboutlituit the people and the local- ities of whom they are writing these 1 ocallocal color facts

1 are oftontoftentimesimes 1nteresinterestinginteresbingU but they tend to detract fronfrom uledieulo unity and strength of the stories in which they are jf aundound

ststylisticI sticstie qualitiesua ties

tilormormonlonronion periodicalperlodlical fiction reveals 11thehe styles of many

L differdiffordifferentont writewritersos1 tyictylccylc as it Is defined by villiarwilliami thrall and addison hidlardhidbardninnln111iobardHiDbarabard constitutes 1a0 vague something that Is thetha product of an authorauthorlsauthorlylsIs individuality and the ideas he seeks to convey style thelielleaieiie arranarrangementerlentbentient of words in a manner whwhichleh aatt oionceice bebestbosts eexpresses the individinvividindividualityialicyhalicy of the author and thetlletile idea and intent in his mind the bebestt style fforor any given purpose is tthathlat which most nearly approamproapproximates7iniatos a perfect 1 adaptation of ones lanuabanualanguagee to ones ideasdelasdecas 0

111117 it 21 albert L lyman the native noodmoodblood p 456436 197

style then Is a coubcombcombination1 batlonnatlon of two elements the idea to be ocpressedexpressed and the indiridualitindividuality of0 the author it is as lowell said the eestablishmentstab I1 is mient 0of a perfect mutual understanding between the worlcrworlror and hah1hiss mat- eerr laliallai 11 from this point of view it is impsimpos sitlebitleslolc to change the diction or to alteralber bhethebhe porasinphrasinphrasing of a statestatementolent and thus to say eexactlyactlv the same thlahingbhingnzanz for what the reader receives from a statcriientstatcmenb is not alone what is said but also certain connotations vhvhiclitch affect hhisLs con- sciousnesssciousnersnessneos frolfronfromi the mannermannor in which the statement is made 22 the styles n walchwhichwhlch mormon fictionficblon isLs told can be gen- eralieralizedzed under a number oc0 C different headinheadingsjs on the basis ol01of siiclsuchspicli quostquestionslonsions as these from what polntpoentdoidotpoi nt of view are the storstodstorlstoristoriesl es toletold what kinds of cocabvocabvocabularieselarolar llesliesiles do the writers

possess are ffiguresL iircswircs of speech troeminentnreminentnr and are they eeffeefi e c t-liveive froarearo thebhe styles in which the stories are told swiswipeswipbjt pictpicturesqueliresque fflowing1oiv1n transparent involved pollpoltpoitpolishedshed taniet aneame wordwordy flat on this basis I1 Troproposepose to discuss the stylistic qualities of motimotlmorimormonaonnonqon fiction underlinder thebhe toltoifolfollowinsollowinfollowinglowin headinheadingss point of view and approach vocabulary fictioflofiguresures of spoechspeech overall quality point off view and pproacj0a c h

most stories in mormonlorrtorrlonion periodicals are told from the point of view of an omniscient author and bvoy an inter minglminglinmingljnJn of dialogue narrative inlatherialtatLatabortsllaterialabertaberiaborterialsl and description

o b 222 2 thrall and hibbard 00ooopo citci 1p 425 198

1 caitocwitoculfco frefrequentlycrequequequo itly bhe6 bo first person approach to storyteljinstorytellingS

7 Is counteredencounteredon for a considerable number of lormonmormon1 i stories continue tobo partake of the nature of tructruobruoaruo eperiencesexperiencespertenperien ces once the most poppopularilar form of mormon fiction it is usiallusually said thalthai first person narration tends to maemakemare for greaterreatreater credibilitycrodarod ibilityability in ieatit1II that the nedolledoneromerei affirmation I1 saw such and such is moremorcmoro readily acceptable to the reader than a renderinrenderingrenderingrenderin without the simsupoortsupportoortnort of what extendspretendsp etends 10loto be firstfirsthand1landhand testietesti2testimonylonion 233 stylistically lionsonlionnonllormon writers arc ifioreflorenoremore proficient at epressinrpressingexpressingpressinr theyiisrthemselvesives by iianslansieansleans o-ofl nernornarrationration tlhanthanbhan they are in ivritingwriting dialodialogueue and similarly the descriptdescriptionsionslonstons iolfolfoifoundind

in ijormonormon stories althoualthoughh ionlonlengthyayiy adeadoarcarearo usually quite effectivelyeffoctively set down too often however dialodialogueue material becomes for mormon authors the excuse for preaching11preachingti rather than for the advanceadvancementnent olof01 the story I1 have found lenthlengthy and extremely didactdidacedidacticlc speechesspec cheschos in bractpracticallypract ic ailyally every mormon11 loritorilorl lonion storys gory I1 have studistudiedcd this is a typical one

your recenrocenrecendrecenbL1 poverty stricken condition must not daunt you your extreiextremelynely humble beginning must notnob imake you discourediscoursediscouragedtood chat credit has one who is born into so called wealth and hono of far greaterbeateldeatelreatelre atel worth is your condittoconditloconditioncond itlo i my boy down hereheroI1 lercleroalerc at thobho bottom of the ladder wiahwibhviiyri uh enodenorenergyy and beartheart to climb by your own and godtsgodoodG od help to theabetbebhe top kernereunereumeLlemicciiberober he who became the greatest of all first became the himihumblestblestolest and lowliest ofolloil011olm allaliail ththetho0 whwhole0 I1 e vast upward refrofreolonregiontonlon is before you

2523 ivilliamveillv1ill tiamtlam thrallthrail1 and addison hibbard U citc it p 589 199

but myrayrny boy in all you do trustbrust in god in all our trialsbrials and you will havenavenavo many seeseo beyond the soresorc present into the blessed ffu-U ture your falahfalbhh liiustmust never corsaleforsake youyon god faill 1 is behind everetheverytheverythinginoing1 ng rerememberie iber that outoutsides ide the air isals1ls dark and the blaclbirckblaceblack clouds hang low over thebhe earth jotpetyetyot 1uC yolyoiyouyon thialthinlthink a momonentmomentuenouengmeng you wwill11 il know Lthatbhat outL beyobeyondid above the clouds shiresshinesshinos unhindered the gloriousr loriousclorious sun 0 o jt is 1 it G with godod and Jlistisilshisyis paproviprovidencesdences 224 such ienilenilengthylengbhythy speeches inorelnoremore o-oftencten bhanaghan not sound like the aut or speaking rather than bho character whovino presumably has the floor too00oo frequently bhosclchesc lenienlengthyrthyarthy ssoeechespcechcsspeeches depreprepresentreprosentrosent jirrcssioc1ca igrcssiorsIs from Lbhoho story for the inartistic purpose of preachipreachypreachingn a moral seriiisericisermonon narration as it is presented by tiloritylorimormonlonion writers is on the wholewhoiewnolep quite effectively writ conoongon graiiugraniugrammaticalilat ical erierlerrorsotsoroorS in theinthem are at a minimum anand1 bhoho choice ol01of words is useiuselusuiusuallyallyaily commendable this is 1artaartparticularlyparbicularlyicularlyocularly titruetinaenaenue of recent mormon narrative

1 berialberyalniaterialmaberialgaberialma toitodra110raowra be sure therethero are emexamplesliplesriples of wowellweilweli11 put narration atab every time throughout ttiietilellelieiletllebhe period of thisuhls study just as theretheme are examples of poorly phrased narration but on the whole storistorlstoriescs of a 1nanlaterte date seem to be inorelnoreinouemore effectively set down thanthanzhanbhan storiossotorios of an earlier date an excerpt from a story written in 1925 is represent-

laoi7imormon ative of some of ttietleticthethoic wealweaknessesnesses found in irionnion narranapranarrativeolvegive material and in particularparbicular in narranarlulunarnarrativesnarrabiveslULUlivesbivesIV 0 s writlenwhitlenwrit benken before 1920

24 nephi Paidersonandersenanderson the castlecastiestjlj builder p 28 200

1 A lit iee 1laterta G e rp in phyllisphyllisaphyllis1 rooiroolroonroomn liaisie11laistlaisi E holdboldhoidold her story the story ol01or a zirlzirigirlirilriirl alone inln a large city unft4unfitted11 cj for worlwork which palcpaicpaid for hardly more than a mendermondermooderficqnicq ei existence a sirigirigirlcirilriirl loninglonionlonginging for pretty clothes toicartoncarto wadmadwar and placeplacess tobo wear thenthonthem a r l feeling that life had boenbeenboon cruelly hat n unfair facinefacincfacingrl temptationslcr11pua11 lonsionsfons anoandnj slowly surely beinsbeingbein drawndravin inloingo ohechebhe dovmwarddouclownwarddovclownwardmward labhpabhachalh oheuhehe dathpathyath which onceonco begunbc un is so difficultdiffdyff lcticilit to breal away crolrromaromii so easycosy to follow turtler er the story frol 1 further modemadomodo phyllis fayrfairlyl burn with indiindignationnation horlorhorror and pillpiljpi by25y29 in thethobhebho firsafirsb place thethotylo passage carries aboaboutlit it the moraimoralmoralisticist1c lonelonobonetono thatthatchat 1lovershovers about most ljorajoriiormonnonmon ststoriesorlesories and in addition theuhebhe writer does notnobnom resist thebhe tomptatitemptationon to enclose some didactic utlcrances of his ovinown the passapassagee too seensseems wordwordyT repetcrepetrepotiblonsit ionslons such as a lritrlirirl and the story fillf ill111 itib A passage rohirohlfromcromroniro ni a storysorysody written in IQM390 illustrates I1 think the morei lore effectiveof feefecceelcee 111 ve style ofoc barratnarrablonnarratnarrnarpellonelionablonlon that Is more

T cormonIM L frequently encountered in iormonornonormon periodicals of recenrecent1 years this narrative hllbilhibbib resresistsist the telteiiptationtenpbationoptationIp tation totjo moralize and to softlisontlisentimentalizeiientallze it ssimplyimply records the actions of a character achieving in thisbaisbhis recording an eleffectivetactiveectiveec tIvetime oicturevicturepictiire of tictlettethetho heart and soulsouismil of 8a girrl heroine the writer has chosenchoson hhisls words with enan artistic ofeffectoctoot in mind

thetho passage is romantromanaromanticizesromanticizedLlicized of cocoursersearse and it nichtmichtnyghtmight be said to be characlcrizedcharac 1 erlzederL zed by a certaincert aln amount of word- inessine S s the bus lurched1 mi ched to a storstop sheshooheoho smiled and said goodbyepoodgood dyebye very pleasantly then I1 saw

25 ilarydiary H woolsey yneinewine kaikalhairienthialnenthaurientHailualhial rientnentment lt pn 202642044 201

her going up the road in bhethebhe rain eerherilertierller chin wawaswao uupp and ses e wallwaliwaiiwalkeded withL thetin0 spspiritediritedirised courage of a soldier Vuefe rolled on and I1 loolboollookeded baciback at t1tatilothethoLO crest of0 bhebho tho first hlllhill she seemed such a child in heihelher pretty pink fascinatorfasci nabor andanonandnano herheunerneu frayorayuray raincoat seelseeihoniedeoniedlied almost to blend with her surroundinsurroundingsurroundingss but her stestostedstoestocstepstopp wrwabwasiss as spirispiritedspiribedledbed as ever and she did not papauselseise everevorevenevon a norinorlmorimomentlontbontiont for breath 26 vocavocabularvocabulauvocabularybulau

lloriallorinoriiionlionilonjion staricsstoricssborics typically are phdphrasedc7isedwised in simple effective words arelyrarely11 do thefcheache writers of stories resort to lengthye n thy or technicaltechicalteche ch trietrictnieicala I1 tterustermsE rrmm s antancandI1 vinsvinewhenn heytheyuey do thetheyV ttiretikeilce

ppainsla11l1 ns to nalenakenabemalemake t1tatheserieseclese terms underst3understandablend ioleioie ebenebonutonmienwhenryon thebnobho enoichoichoiceleeieeacelce liesilesllesileo between a colcoicomplex1jlex wordworo and a

1 simple word momormonronimonmonironi writers invariablyevarianvariaoly seclseenseemi to choose the simpiesimplesimpie word this contdcontrcontributes11jutes to the ease with which thebhe ordinordinaryetry reader can read 1ormoniiormoncormon11 ticficftcfictiontion 1mormonjorrilonion stories are addressed to ulemieaiethe ordlnarordinarordinaryv man and so tl-aheybheyey are phrased in his words

butdutkimt the ververy s1m1smolismolicibyeilyellyciby1city of the worwordsL andanclano triethe sentencessentencos

1 in llornonlor lonion stories narcenlrce a illliilimittiittilt upon bhebe ir rzmoerange Nnot0 t aailall11

1 sshadesha d e s 0op1 memeaningan 1 n and ffeelinge e I1 1 n ceancanan bbee expressedpre sse d in the simpiesimplesimpie terms used in dormonlormontormonjormon stostoriesrios realism siislisilslshadesiades of scientific thouthoughtlit aandnd fine distinctions in meaning are imissinglisstiss11ss from the 1 lormonormon writertwriterswriter1 r vocabularyvoctibul also I1 note thatbhat a cecertaintain aiountamountlountbount of inotonyionotonyuonomonobonymonomonogonyio lonybony seems

26 ezra J Foupouhoulsenpoulsenlsen loi10-girl1 rl in a pirlpirkpink faselpascinaboriiatorivator K thetho jrimiiiimiri ovcemenr lent erakpaepara vol 477 nuoiaugi st lod194 D 491 i-

202

to attend 11orihormonmormondon fiction deebeedecbecauseause 0of thedieeyeoye limited nature of its vocabulary ththisi s is1 s particularlyarticularlyart 1 cularlyocularly truetruo in1 n resardrehardregard to descriptdescriptionsionslons which are conventionalizeded and patterned ununtiloill6111 much of theothootheirlr affectoffecteffectiveness1 veness is lost an exalexampleipleaiple of tltiletilotheie sisitsifsimplet oieolgdle vocabulary tithatlat aracilcharacilcharacinchcharacterizeserizesbrizes normonmormon fiction is as follows 1 I died in tunisia iftt wasntwasnitwahnit as I1 thought it would be you see T did setgetjets et that promotion and a couple rioremoremoue after that once 1jvongiven the plan to push tletiethe enenenemenenyenemy nontoU the sea we pressedores sedped forward with boldnessalciolci nes c 1 learned once ft I that 1 I always wondwonderedwonderederederodored whawhatwhqt 111itL would be like to rereallytilly be shot yotyoliyou dontdont feel it at all for a second sosomethingie thin just slinsspunlinainiin me around and

swy I eeverythingferfed jt j ilariilmri vientwent warm and darldaridarrdark and swiswimmingU- ang for awhile 1now all rightpight arinahinagrinagain only better than I1 have everii been before in1 my litelifeilfeilfe11fe severalsevere ol01of thethotao boboysdoysarsvrs in alpatyniymy cocompanymany are hereberenere but weirewere so imsdusybusyr we fontdontdontdonaoontdon1 get much chance to talltailtaiktalktain aboutauoutout old tiltiitimeslesies it gets a little lone- sos ome1 e Is oiometimestimeoictimesic t ime s thnujithough 27

in the aabove1 ove aqpqpassagessa e very fewyew words appear that are over two sllsIlsyllablesablesabies in lcnlanlengthth and the biordviordwords used are those the reader would use evcrydeveryday himself tyrtypicallylcalllacall y also the sentences are not ionlonionglong and coirmllcateccomplicated all in all in soitesnitesspitenite of a soisolsomewhattiectiev hat ilnilimllimitedted range of worfwords8.8 mormon ststoriesorles are vellviell 0pressccloppressed simple easy to understand words and simple sentences characterize their styles

jauresjguresFL desdosres of lpeechspeechspe e c h

figures of speech do nonotL floureflourofigure proriilprominentlynentlybently in mormon

227 rita skousen nillermiller 1 I tat-taketawee thee the diioI m rirovementyejienyejien 0 iiio era roirolvolvoiTOI 47 january 19441941 no 20277 205203

ffictionlct ionlon andanaano those tilatiiathatbhat are used arc not- a iwaysalwayseways cectivolyeffectively put the authors who piputt furespures of speech to worlwork indi- cate 11hoiruhojr inexperience by talinfallnfalinlai un to be consistent in rezardregardre arrarc to their imaginativeinialnla inativeinactive creations

in theuhe pabapasapassa 0 e thatchrtuhrtchat foipolColfollowslows two trfarftrmpsarmps are tictmictolcturedllred as two blaclbirckblaceblack spots u but yet one of thobho blackblackl speclspealspeckss stops shadinishtadin bloodshot eyes with a treniblinrbre iclinaclin hand 11 and discovers the othelother man hisihischis incinolicateslecatesindicates fl woeful laclack of consistency and sclovisSLOWS artartisucistisk 1 c inaptinaptitudeI1 tude the railroad trlrckslackscj s stretchstretchedcd out tillbill lheytheyaheyuhey colcoioolconvergedivor ed andanond memeltedU E d intintolo ohecheuhe orizonhorizonCi above the yellow seeseomiiriiffriinfjlyilyliyalyly endiosendless 1lcldsfields of ripen inoin iralntrainfrainralnrain bendinLendinoxlendinextencoxextence n alon each slueside the iieatlieatlibat of midday quivered and shiiiiishimmeredrieredbriered in a wiwhitetiltel glare brohenunbrokenunorokenunbrohenunoun rokenopolen save by a blinchdenchdunchbunch of willows heihereherchepe0 and ttltilITiihereitierecherelitiereereepe or a riarriadmarshymarchyniad hy pool of st nant watlerwacer withw lthalth tallt illuli rushes rowlrjrowlrowingrj rankr ankunklnk boonuoonu- on its edesedres severalSevezalelalelai miles adartapartai art two biachblackblach spots ilkelike huehuohur ante hathac crawled slowly alonralalmonronrconr since day- break unconsclouunconsciouss oiof eaeachcl i other the fforemostorcibostqost blaekbladeblack speck hallhalihailcalleohalleoed anandano shadinshading bloodshot eyesees wilhwithw3wa bh a bro ibiniblniban ancnncnno zed ai annconnc searchbearchsearchln inln fipflyalyjlyly and discovered the ochor man kenikenjhenihen asa though satlsfled withwilh his hispccblon1nspoction he crouched be- 1 side the hohot trcttraclkracl hishyshl face hhiddendolondoton in hhis1 folded adnotarrisarnsadmscapriscaprio that restedrostedposted nearly iiuonon his becs1mecomecnecs 288 this sabesame weakness seems to betray other riribersbriberswritersbersbeps when they attempt to mal-nakemakenayee use of fleuresflfleurenf iuresluresaurespureseures of speech indicatinfindicating tho artistic ine1periencoinexperience of many mormon writers on thethobho ol01jilerolhorochor lanaianalanit exaiplesexamplesexa iplcsipacs of thethobho effective use of fafiguresf1 yuros of speech and other devices are observable in the ictionactionfictionil olof01 the period stories of a later datodabedauedauo seem on

ft tt 2028 13arlarabarbara 11illeriiilleridiller11iller ttldrftwoodorlort ftwoodatwood p 8858838830 a-

204201

the whole to use those devices in a lnoreinoremoremorg effective way than stories written enrendondendlyearlyly in the nerperperiodlodiodbod i3atbling withw ith sobs that must not come lapup bblinking11 nk in away tears titilthatl at mustmus b not flovfloviclovi 1dnaidnaionalona described thebhekhe shadowy formsof of children alronaironamonsamong the hollylaoclhollyhockss cablesDablesbyes eithetithelithwith flflaxenaxenixen curls maklnmakinmahlnmaking deldeidoidolldoil Taratarasolsparasolsparasolssoissols of hollyhoclhollyhockhollyhockss nd hats of burdburdoclburdockmurdoclociocloel leaves I1 A hnho ie that crilrrhtmight 1 have heenbeeneen hers and joints forever I 1aaaI1cableshablesbies ttihtthatlat iairrhtmightt have lessedlessed themthemitheml peapeopeacecc iinn quietquilotguilot ways I1 amelsangelsameisam eisels aramonoanongamongnion the cloudsI oudsbuds with eeteseyestes one Is eyeeyess innightmightlr ht lriiriirlileetteetneetmeetri 1 godG od in thebhe imountainsiiountei irislilo thobhothebhe strstreanstreamearleari the moon thebhe meadow 1 and ththlthisl s I1 they weiewelewere inside a etchedvretchedwretcbedwretchedvr rocrooroomrn cold and cieclecheerlesserless 29 the author of the Rbovedoveabove palpaopassagesaafscaf le makesmares use of the memories and dreams of the pasttopasatorastpast to draw a contrast with the darkstark real-realityl ty of thebheuhe presentresentrescntres entcnt the pp&ssagepossagess1ar e Is effective and understandable the contrast Is made clear arartistically161stilcally the second plpassageassar 0 lsIs siibliperiorsuperior to thebhe first because 1itt norenoromore effectecfecblvelylively achachievesleves its purpose

overall oqualquality

mornionmormon stories are marlllmarallnarredmarreded by smniomnisomewhatenhatewhat slow imovingriovingiovin

ststylesiesles theythoy proprogressrossress leisilpelleisurelyY fromfrornbrorn a beginning throuthroughh

a saricsscriesscrics of lotionsactions tobo aLL cilicillclimacticfi acticacetic point and close with a soinesomewhatwhat lengthy conclusion characteristically the plots of ilorllorliormonilornionlIormonnion stories arearo transparent and uncomplicated it is characteristic 0ofC I1lormonmormon stories to be a trifle wordy andanclancianel unpolishunpolishedod tilecausebecause of thetho drawn oub nature of

can L klekie lqnlan 29 luthruth moench bellbollboilboii lleheartsartsauts and1l hollyhoclhollyhockhollyhockss p 419 205

thcjhctheirlr endings ohetheche stories seenseem to drag it in beneralgeneraeneraleneral hormonmormon stories are tame I1byD y tamebame I1 melanmeanmecan that they are conslsbontlyconsl1stently even in their interest

appeal never acalaacalcachievingT am1m aran extremely hlhj h range of interestinter elsteust and silssilosuspensebonsedonse

1 L 1 Mmormon0 rri0 n ijtjri jnE 11programs2 L lills

in 1tlletile precedingppecedinc sections I1 have stated that mormonlJ ormon

fictlficalfictionon of a more recent daodabou LsJS 11periorpeelorsuperiorlu in bhehe manner in

1 which1 1 0 o ohoghoghe whwhichch it Iss expressed bo1 thalthab written caearlywiy in bho period of tthisthioh1sas studlystulp I1 atlrlbutcatbrlbube thisthiis factraelraeb to bhebhc1hc effortsef forts of the editors of mormonmorimorlmodi honyouion uerlodlcals tobo encourage ljormonmormon writers

1 to studstudyT anclanglangi to asternastermasteri betnetheterbeter hercr writingwribingwr 11an1n technictechniqueslues I1 also credit thebhe schools and universitieshinuinwin 1 vers 1jietlleajie of the utah area with worthwhileworbhwhileworthwh111e writing nrocramsoroorogramsprogramsgrambgrams editors anuano teachersceabceac hers h-lavehaveraverveave encouraencourageded andalidalyd contcontinueni ie boglo courarencourarenencouragee ijiaijilormontormon vrltersvolterswriters to devdevelopeloi more effective virvlawasy s of comjmznica b ing thou hthb to others

ilkilutoodgood writlnlwriting Is re wrvrltinvaltinitinult one announceiannouncedannouncei lent in a hormontormonmormon periodical st-stalostaboato anotherLn othor announcement readsroads

I1 do you have the udelideure tobo write i khon here is a stilstiisblmulusinilusanilus for you thehe jlljlojjlt jra is in search 0of novnow younyonnyoung writers of ooth taj yeie wan L uiovio w poebrypoetaypodebryPoe taytij ly and prose want ood worlrio ih ilchlichvelchvhlch villwill measuremea siiro favorably wlthwlbhwalth thatthatbhat of accentedacceptedacce oteddoted writers andanclanonno whichwhlclli will be worthywor L hy ofol01 standards held for all cerialoeryalmaterialniaterialmacerialma alpeajaoalpoajpoappearingrin in lhocho1ho riiarijaaijayliaurawra to aloaidaydayo sonesome of yolyoiyou1 in knowing11 nowin hovhow tobo writewritewri te wo sug 6estS t a sstudyt ticlic y 0off I1boolshoolskoolsC 01 s 0off thethoho tbcchnlqu6c c hn i qu of story and poetry wri11writingenr1nr in particulareartnart lcularlocular wewo referroferrererperetporet youoiioiloll tobo sonesome bool-bookss whichwhich viwiil111iiiili 1 pprover 0 v c 206

hohelpfulholpfulholpidttultuifulu1ua jscovejriflifsccverin joeioeloepoe trybry 3 ilabethlizabethli abeth drewdrow the lv ay of theuieulemie ijjkerjshakersbakers ijaridarldariiayfjulbemerite ellinsonililiillailllinsonjllinsonJl in on 1 I 13 VI1 1 .1 becbeecc 0 innrinarmi n 0 writerr it e r I 0orouhear 0 1 i e branderand e jritlnr il t 1 ajl2jlof lionllonaionfiotitnFiotii lonionTn editnedith hartonvlhartonVljjharajhar lonton yrlbin the1 sqrtiqrtshort iion I1 ariti E I1 fritiL storytor Y J er senvoinsenwcinsenvoin shorshortshorb stoj oj rbitintini n J 1 1 ritinriit ta yaiV T III111 ITI valvalberiala 1 tbere r bithpithlnpithanpltk3nPith ln the1-h E 0onlconl y liitvqtvaW 0 s jqt 0 riterritcit e a storzsborystory CGI1 linshawalalllnshawallinshaw Yyoun0un titersaitersaltersit e r s sharpen those pencbencspencslisilsIIs indand those wits andan et togo worlworicvori C emcriborliemembor11 that nothdolhnnolhn1mremr worthwhlvorthvhilole was achlachiaehlachievedevedoved wiwiLhoiwilhoiithoihol it offort and that vritlnwritinrwriting 1iss one of01 the hardest andancd yet thebhe most sat lotylory tasktashtashnialbasliialersblainial ers 5030 with encouragonlentencouragoruent ofor this kind throurthrouxthroughh the years it is to be expected that thebhe storlstoristoriescs profproproo rssivelyseivelyrsslvely would be better doronoreaiiorcnoro ofere r activelyrecpec kivelyectively told in recent periodicals hanthan in those of an earlier date andpind this result is evidenced in

J 11 nove ways 1 the fiction I hove read in the followinsollowinfollowingID the short storystor ey as a literary type becomes more numerous through thebhe ears 2 styllstlicastylisticallyilyllyliy Tilormon1iormon stories of a more recent date are better wrwrittenitten than those written earlier

conclusions

I1 have attempted in this chapter to brin out the followinrfollowing points in regard loto10 1dormonmormon fiction 1 thethohe bebeibet innings and endings ojof mormon stories are designed to arouseapouse the intein berestinterestrestpest of ththetho reader and to create a lastimcastimlasting impresaimpres&impressionionlon iiuponoonnon him

J 2 7eaeT e plots of 14orinonilormon stories arearcaro uneven inn movement and adeadoarearcapo consconsiderably1 c1kerably disdisunitedimlted and episodic

I1 5030 thepherhe jjonissJjtmP vementrorovementmovementoniSS b eraa vol 400 O 1tarchmarchfarch 1931q5v p 145 220707

53 Charactercharacterizatcharacterizationscharacterizatlonsizat ilonslionsalons in 1hormonmormoniorilorllori lonaon stories are shallow aendandnd wwo0 caalcaleake

4 local color reporlrepohlreportingjn charactercharacterizes1l zes descriptions in 71mormonorronormononmon stories 5 generally sspeakingbeatqeatinain7 I1hormonmormonI orrion stories are better written in periodicals of a recent date than in early peri- ododicalsodtodii calscais I1 attattributer iiiitoite this fact to thetherthez writing procprogprogramsdausdamsrams sponsored oy schools and periodicals of utah and mormondom

6 thetiietile vocabularies of idormonmormontormon writers are siranlesirannesimplesimpie butout limited

7 inartistic blunders appear in mormonI1 orrionorrionnion fictfactfictionlonionyon but theythoyuheybhoy arcarearoapeapo lelessig apapparenttrentarentlrent inim recent fiction 8 jlormonhormonmormon lctlotactfictionict ionlon is slow and uneven in movement ununpolishedpoliohcd so iewhaticwhat tltaaltatameilelleite b-h-

I1 CITAPWCHAPTEII1 I1 vVIJ11

SSJTIARYUT 11 ilarliarIIAR r Tf3tlllST I1 ilaihaTLA T1 Ccoiiolulors0 1 lotustotusTCTUS 1011 S

Ssummaryunuaaa

by way 0oft sjjjjrqarsummaryT of ilellebacbhcJICJ facts I1 have discovered in

regreard2 a to the mormon fictioncletion ofoc thebhekhebhokho yearsvearswears 1900 to 1945 I1 woald say that thetho reabertreabestrreatestreagreatestbest sharesharo of ththis1 s fictionactionfiction is didac-

311 tic iniritritrl purpose of ilornon11oriiion subject inattermatterfiatflat ll11 er and dacticdaciticdidactic and

1 rciaciromanticianthiant1 c in troatitroanitreatmentlentbentient the afiayfiainajoribyj oralorjl T of 11ormonilormoncormon sinsinglesingieie issue stories are not truly short stoistolstollesstorieslesies they are rather rairalramblingtibliertiblinr leisleisurelyurcleurcly movin irosenroseprose triestriostalestalos the major portion of contcontinuedinuosinuod stories in mormon periodicals are on tthelielleile

otherothor hand true novels in1 n most respects althoualthoughh many stories are episodic in strucburestructurestrucstruestruci lureburejure stylistically Ivlormonivlormon stories are not strong butnut1 I1 ut

therebaerebherethepe 1Iss evidence that the moremoperoope rccenbdocentrocent liiochionial1 oriorlorhionliontion stories are improvocimproved over cariscarlsearlycarly storiess in hee manner in which they are toldboldboid generally speaking mormonfi ormononmon storstopstorieslos are coriectcorrecbcorrect gram- matlmatimaticallycallycaily are simply told and arcarearo rotrodrodhyrodeya11yhy understandable

208 h-b-

209

they reveal strengths in thatthab entertainment as a piirpurposepose

is apoarentlyapdarentlyapparently ciacigiaglaca3ncaana imi non groundrounround sentimentality I1Iss cisapcasapdisappear-peadpear ing slowly hiuhumorfior is increasinineIncincreasingincreasingreasin and styllstylisticstic advances

are acinibcinitoeingboeing i ndefladefiade mordonmormonmoemon stories show wealweaknessesmesses in the fact that their themes purposes and treatments aeareaapee patterpatternednod and conve- tionalltignallntionalizedzed in bhethebheuhe exextremetreretremetrome Similarsimilarlylv structistruckistructuralirallybrallyy and

styllsticallystylisticallys bylbyi sbical3y Tlormonmormon stories conticontinuenue to be related in much ohobhogho same manner as they have always been told

an 7 stistimatestomatestjmatemate of the literarliterakj te rarjIT vorthdorthvlorth ooforr jilj110T lormontormon lctactfictionict ionlon

1 I1 havehavo come to the conclusion thatahabbhab 1ahehhehe rreatestgreatestpeareatest portion of thetho fiction writitenwriwrittItentutenlenben bby7 jklorincorrionuorrionon writers anclancandanciI appappcarinappearingearincarin

in mormon periodicals between 1900 and 19451915 is not oiol01 Cgreatreat sirslosiomificancesinificancc as a contribution to the literature of thebhe worldworl d

1 I1 believebellove Lhatat this s so for these reasons 1 lorlioramormonior3 lonion fiction restricted as it is in purposes thethemesailesalies and treattroattreatmentscienclenrien ul s to didacticism piortriordonriormonlonion subject matter and roirolromantinanticismromanticsmanticismromanticjcj sm does not touch IIlirelifefere atab enough points to mo kee it ineilintelligiblel r biebaeb1e tobo anyone but the tiny seseg-r- ment ofojo humanity tobo whowhenwhon ni it is addressed lorfor this reason T1iormoniorbior anoncnon fiction Is deaninmeaninmeaninglessless or at destbestdesh I1Iss of littielittle

sisiniricanceminiinilmiiI iicanceloanceacancecanceoance to the people beyond the bounds of mormondom

i 2 I1 heiho thenesthemesbremesbhemes and purposesur oses ofor mormon fictionactionfictioni are notnob 1 of univepsaluniversal sirrisarris1rrisirylsiniricanceI1 iicanceleanceleaneeacancecance fortodfodrorrop the reason thatahabbhab they dealdoal 210

with superficialssupert ic lais thobheuhethebho act of shokinsnokinsi iov in a irrarettecinaretiecinacidac lriIrr retieretlearette or a romantic affection for nature do not extend beyond dior mondon into the world of other uenrilenmen and inakemakemako little effort to probe into 1thehe heart and soul of man wherein universals are folindfoundround 53 muehmuch dormonmormon fiction is roirolremovediiovcd from the actuality

of lifeilfe11 fe by a goidengolden2 olden c low of01 unrealityunreal ii ty hostnostmost mormontor niionnaion fiction therefore fails to interpret 11lifeilfefe truly and to contribute nuchmuch 1hatthat is consconstructivetrtruietulet lveive tobo manmankindmankindsrindskinds knoknoviledknowledgeviled e of himhimselfselfseifsolf 4 most lormonmormonmoemonTi stories seem to pursuepurs lieuieule a painstaking plodding and cominoscorriiioncominon course toward a predestined didactic

I1 goal theyL he cordinaccordiaaccordinaccordlnclyac ly ailfailfallfaliallali to trantransporbransporbtranspourspor the reader on wlnalnwinwins of son to arhmphmrhhipji reams of thoethoubhouhtbhouhtht theychey do not scintillascintillatece with riqorihtorichtric ht nevnew thoucthoughhtsatsbs Jiatherhather they contain old ideas done over 5 albhouchalthouAlb houchh they are told in simple languagelanrpua e and are

correct grammaticallyll mostmoot mormon1.1 stories redealrevearepealI1 structural weaknesses a want ofoc ununleyunlby11yliy a need for closer bbindingind i ttiesi e s

1 6 fiction iiritinwriting amon 1 lorrlornmorrionmorr ionlonrionfionflon writers of the

I1 period too frequently has been a job racherrocherra-luher thanuhan an artisticartlistIc experience mormonLIlormon fictionf i ct I1 on thereforetahet1he r el oreope is wantinawantinc in artiartlartisticarbisticarbi stic oxcellexcellenceenceenoe and a conscious desire and ability on thebhe iartertlerttartaartart of its creatorscrea oodscorsoors to fashion a thin of beauty o-

211213

I1 11n 1 ibmsimbs 102 wherewherein clorimloriiiqrmoflonflou triettrletarletactionictionIc tionionlon has irenrtrenrtsjlrlcklc2th

not all 11mormonormon fictionficbionfictlion suffers from the werakweaknessesnesses conuleonumenuinulde rated but bhebhothebhebho rreatastgreatosbgreat osb portion of it partalpartai es of those characteristics which ma kee itib inferinferiorlor as a contrib-

ution tobo the III11lifcerabureI teraticerati irelre of the world mormon fiction possesses hopeful redeeming qualitiesqualiquailquall tiesbiesbles however 1 the apparent gradualradual disappearance of sentsenti- mentallmentalityty 2 the noticeable increase in the number of stories harlnhavlnhaving a piiiposopurpose ofolloil011olg entertainenterbalningilglimipg 53 the increase in numbers of stories possespossessingin thetho characteristics of

the short story IIL11L I1horary type 4 thebhe apparent improvelimprovedimprovementdent

that is evidenced in jmormon stories stlyiiststylisticallyicallaically over the years 5 the ovievidencedence that liteliteraryrazy endeendeavorsavoTS anonamonamons mormon wriwribepslers anparentlyapparentlygarentParentpatently ly aie becominrbecoming riiattersmatbersmatters calling for studied effort and sersepseriouslousious artistic iirtosepurpose and 6 the fact that individual writers nj0 power are erelereopreopresenbpresentsentoont amonsamongarmong the writers of the period albert R lymaneymanwyman joseJoseojosephinojoseohinorhlnerhenehinehino Sipencerspencer elsieeisieeisleelsye ohaiohaychamberlainiberlalniberliberialnayn carroll jorothyborothyrothy clapp obinsonrobinson and harrishaurisharpisharrlsonharrison on R 11errill all are evidences thatbhatkhat formonhormonmormon1 fiction possesses hopeful qualibicsquallqualiquail tiesbicsblesblos and stremstrengthsthsohs

1mormonoriiionorinion fiction tot coroorooncomeie ann 12sticstimaelisiateliziate

fiction rittenrittonwrittenvr by tioriciorimormonyonion authors and ajajpearlnappearingpearlnpearin in mormon periodicals will continue to be predominantly didactic in troattreatmentnantmantmont and purpose and peculiarly sectional 212

in subasubjectsubj ct matter so lonclonionionglong as the periodicals arc the

i s orcansorgansoreans of0 thoughtU hou ht of a religious organization suehsuchsuen alas the mormon church mor-mormonnion periodical fiction likely will always be limited in the rangernnge of its subject matter and appeal the didactic didigressionression the stereotyped themethemer the chronic romanticisriromanticismromantic isrii and idealism and the superficial approachnpproachnpproacla to life found in most of the storlestoriess of the years 1900 to 1945 riimiiwill probably always be present in mormon stories bitbut the fact that the lomontomonmormon7 ffictioncletionctionaction of the present reveals some evidenceev lence of a conscious literary art fivesgives hope for the periodical fiction of the zoarsyears to come stylistically iimechanically and structurally Mordorriomorriomormonrionio 1I pedperperiodical1 odicalcodical fictionactionfiction uedoiundoiundoubtedlyotealyotedly will show advanceadvancementbrient in the yearsyo ar s tto0 coneeonecomec oneome 215213

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thetiietile younyoung 1vjomansVJ oiomanslanian s journal vol 11 january 1900 to vol 40 december 1929

Bboolsbooks0 015 S anderandersenandersonjonoon nephi the cattlecastlecastie builder salt lake city deseret 1tewsnewslews preitepreit7ess ic190909 carroll kilsieisleisieelisle chamberlain pioneerP i 0 ne er bobby salt Jlakelaheal e city deseret news press 1919477 gateshgatespoatesgates susai-jusa young johnjolinjolln stevenj3t1 tevens courtship salt lake city Iesseretieseretiescretdeseretieles cretoret news press 190979og lyman albert R the oslajlvoicevolceojl ofafqf the intariingariintojlblibieiblee saltsaitJait LWlwelerelakelekee city ucseretijcseret news press 19561936 alt lielle T 1 b provo 11cmerrillmerriMerrlrri ll I1 larrisonharrlson I1R Iioloilohoiio chito thehe indian baboy TD Y U press 19581938 214

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Easteastmanlaniannanman laxtaxilax jnlnjoyinent2 12i2t o- laulaughterter newnow york simon and 1 schusschustschusler11 er 1936

1 tic d 0 angnd bhlc riclisenjrlcksenriclisen ephrajiiphrahii edward thethoZ pelclpplcl110 iolcji aj balc al G J 0 grouOL licila 1 o Univejnive 1 university aspects jfof liormonblormon rouu eife1ifef chicagohica 1 univesitysitysity of chicagocafcar 0 o jfosspfossross 1922 Ilil0 1 T evans john henryhonry oneonoancqnc TinrundrejdRunI1 linlindredtindredkindreddreddrejd years of iormonismmormonism salt lake cityollyoltyoilycibyolby deseret news press 191 9222 evans rienardrichardrhenard L and bheU he Sspakspqkeenr fordjord0 rd new yoriyork and london harper and brolbrobhers3rolchersBrobbroghershersners 1945 good carlercartedcarbercarter V barr A S and scalesscates douglasou aas1as E the memethodologyI iodolodo of educationalmucatlonaj A esearcescarcsjparcjh hevnevnew forkyorkyork D pplebonappleton Ccenturye nt u ry coco7007coacov 1936 hamilton ulclaytonayton lanuallanuajamanualLanuaj off jhtho artr of iioilolictionlicdictionilotrictbricttion0o n new yorkyorko oublcdaydoubleday doranjoran and co 191929751771 harris arlene A study of standards inim thebhe crcriticismticisni of Cconberiiporar0 n t e n ip 0redrea r illioniclionI ceuioneulonCLiont i on provo jbrihamri fiarnriarn tolmyouffyounf universuniversouniversityido y 1954 earrisharris Franfranklinllin S arularutanut Lbutt NeVnewburnlburn isaaclisaacisaaca thetwetwoTho jrujjruitsduitss of Tlormonismuormonismmormonismlormonism nevnew yoriyork Tttacrnlllanlacribacri 11 lianiian11an 1925 216

iieydrheydrick1cklckack ienjaibenjaninbenjaminalnlyniln A ed es99. of theaaa0 smtfiortsiort jboryaborytor new york scott lorosmanyorcsrianLo rosman andnd joco 19151913

ttl111 fr hocihoelhock cassoasscassiecassleoassiele iydeaydekydethlyde 1 oriiionsarmonsormons in fleficYiefictiontion boulder colorado university 1941 hogan lelllelileiladelladelia ilarleiarlelariel assay1lssayssa17 ubautar literature K iscelliiscelLItiscellaneousmiscellaneousane ous publicationspubyliJLJ cationscanionscat ionslons utah historicaltiastorical bleiLerecordscords survey 19571937

1 17 1K b .6 1 e hunter ilionvilton tftahtotah f the stor jof lieriier11er il0ilalloliodeotiepeotiePe otleoTIe6 altit lal-lakedaredake city deseret book50eif Cco tqaq194t1717 janejamejanesjamess cearoceoroceoriue vV hartonharbonharhonvvharton utah the1 land of 131ossoilalosljlos s otninoeninlinainiin vallavallpvailvallvalies th aq saltsoilsoitsolt lahelakelralre cityoltycibyolby desere t tqlevsnevsawsewoews press 1922 johnston 11allenalien ed 11ctionlicblibbliob ionryconryry of0 iowiercanblerniercanticrlcannier can bioblonioijiographyleppLLPPdepp ralfulfuin v nevnew york charles scribnerscribners sons 19239293.929 9 lieder paul liobertrobert and arithiaarithinyithingtonvithingtonwithingtonVit ton robert the artarb of 1 hinston literaritditeliteraryliberarydibeLibe rary gritoagritocrliarlioril 1 c ismI sm hew yoriyork and london 0 appleton enduroentiiryentury co inc 1941 11marks1aaa rk s Ppercyc r c Y the Ccraftraft 0 j7 turtudriritinbitinittin new yoryork harcourt brace and co 19521932

1LII cCallum james Edoudovlowjowpow the co11qle 0 malmmljl113jl113ils bus nevnew yorky0ya harcourtHar courb I le bracebraco13 vOLco and co 1941947 monroe iflf lizabeth the novelyovel and sociqllie chapel hill university of horthnorth CarolcarolinaLYIEL press 19111941 mott franlfranifrank luther A tlistoclistoijisbory 0 lioraliericanllieallebiorALie rican1 can magazinesazinesabines 14tewhew york appleton 19501730

Tmuir li dwinedwin ilehelie structure ofT bhethebhe novel neunevnounewnow yoriyork harcourtl racorace andancfanaf co 1929

1 Llmurrayurray john iddletonaddleton1110dletoni1ia the probllprobelprobtem of0 talekiletjietjlesyhlsyblSLLL oxford 0oxford0 rd Vlfniversltyn 1 ve r s 1t Ppresstt922re s s 0obrienbr i e n edward J the shortsharshpr t torstor oheodecsecasaseosese bookoj kevkewnewyew york larrarfarrarfarrar and nehartrinehartKi inc 193519 55

1 robbins harrhohrharp 1 i olcott and Colencolemanmn liliamuilliom1111amgilliom I1laroldlaroidearoldharold western ii 7orldhorldorjci literatureliteeiteelterauireramire novnow yoriboricyoric 110acmiiacmillanmacmillanilaniianlian ic19581 38 smithsmibh joseph 1 eidlaeldiaeidya essentialsessenbialsEssen biaisbials j1mam ohlirm10cli citoryeltoryettorytjLi1.1 S toryG 0 ry lilieldialeeldia essentals etc 5 litory salt taitaliallakerakee city Iedeseretseretserot bab6book611 Ccoj 19227 siusluszunmersmilersmylers 131crichardliard craft of llolioalcblctheuhebho shortyrt gtststoOorjjorj binhaiitonim tiaint on iq v ijvalla 11 btlbu3 a7tabtabyamy u tresspress artincinclinci 7940794079487.940I1 sittgitt 217

Tthrailthrallhra IT lilliiall111lll amarn flint and hibbardhibb ariar1ara ddlsonddisonaddisondd lsonison A handbook to lingLIJGlijalreeljaLijaeratureeragraturebreLreture gardengardon citoltoitsoltscityoltyv N Y Doubdoublidaydoubledayliday doran andn L tijaCco0 incn c loog trent ivilliandivillianililldilill larqbarq Petorpetorfloldpetert loldyoldfLold ersineerslneErsinelnee john shechernanchermanaanman stuart P and van qorcnoren carl edsods the cambrcanbridfieidpedp e 1111l sstt ojr 21of ipjipaimcrf10can literature new yorky0ya I1lacmillanmacmillanLaccuiculmillanilaniianlian 19351933 uzzell TP H tietletheTIQljtotohnlqcthniquuee of jthcjhc jisiiovel chicachicago0 J B lippincott co 19471917 van doren carl thetho jerijediayocricancan novel new yoriyork acmillanliacmillanitacrnillanLI 194194513d naltwalt homer A and irbiab7afctlat lq vllllamiilliayii UW A dictionsdictionaDicmtlonarytionatlona of en llevlievnewyew york aarnes and a 1 bure lislifisliI 11sh literature torkhork arnes noble inc 1 99t5 west Rrayay B vjritlnyn jnin oheohothcchojhc oekyockyrocky 7 AOojntansuntaintuntainsunt ainsnins lincoln university of nebraslnebrasknebraskaa press 194719 7

l e BH new 144illwilliamslalaslainsiainsbains p george1 eoreeor orercreativeitiveetive gritlyjrlturitlin yoriyork and london harper and brot-heushers 19351955 livillcivillwill5arjs1 anisabis georoegeorgeJeoreeor e 13 1 eadinbadineadlnsss jorjoptopf or creative 1writers new yoriyork and londondondonTonionlon don harperliarilardetderper and BroibrojbroighersrfrobliergGhers 19581938