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Making Meaning of Transitioning to Motherhood Using Montage Portraiture. an Arts-Based Research Study a Dissertati Beyond_words: Making meaning of transitioning to motherhood using montage portraiture. An arts-based research study A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University By Victoria Scotti in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March, 2016 2 © Copyright 2016 Victoria Scotti. All Rights Reserved ii Dedication To my husband Anthony, and to my children Isabella and Tonio. iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my very great appreciation to the participants of this study for their sincerity, creativity, and openness to share their experiences with me. It would not have been possible for me to complete this dissertation without the valuable assistance from my professors and committee members. A heartfelt thank you To Dr. Nancy Gerber, my Supervising Professor and Dissertation Chair for your invaluable guidance and support throughout this journey. To my dedicated dissertation committee: Dr. Patricia Leavy, Dr. Michael Emme, Dr. Joan Bloch, and Dr. Elizabeth Templeton. Thank you for sharing your scholarship that opened new ways of thinking and seeing for me. I am truly fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from you. I had the privilege to get to know and learn from the amazing scholars at Drexel University whose support means so much to me. A big thank you To Drexel University faculty: Dr. Sherry Goodill, Dr. Joke Bradt, Dr. Girija Kaimal, Dr. Elizabeth Templeton, Dr. Seran Schug. To my cohort: Angela Aicher, Marisol Norris, and Noah Potvin. To Drexel University Doctoral students and alumni: Gioia Chilton, Liesbet Manders, Minjung Shim, Donna Radl, Marcia Cohen-Liebman, Trey Brindle. I would like to offer my special thanks To Aaron Cockle and Debi Farber at School of Visual Arts for your support throughout the years. To my referral sources. To my friend Nancie Sanderson and her family for their generosity. To Estonian Students Fund in USA for supporting my studies at Drexel University. To my parents, my husband, and my children. iv Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. xii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 Purpose Statement ............................................................................................................................. 1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................ 2 Rationale ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Contextual Description: Current Literature, Definitions and Gap Analysis .................................... 4 Summary and Gap Analysis: Beyond_words .................................................................................... 6 The Design and Method .................................................................................................................... 9 Worldview and Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................... 11 Limitations and Delimitations ......................................................................................................... 14 Research Question ........................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 16 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Definitions of Mother and Motherhood .......................................................................................... 17 Transitioning to Motherhood .......................................................................................................... 23 Section Overview ............................................................................................................................ 23 The Physiological Dimension of Transitioning to Motherhood ..................................................... 25 The Psychological Dimension of Transitioning to Motherhood ..................................................... 30 v The Social Dimension of Transitioning to Motherhood ................................................................. 36 The Spiritual Dimension of Transitioning to Motherhood ............................................................. 42 Beyond-words in Transitioning to Motherhood: Artistic Practice .................................................. 45 Aesthetics ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Section Overview ............................................................................................................................ 48 Aesthetics as Meaning Making of Human Experiences: Definitions and Origins .......................... 49 Art Therapy Aesthetics ................................................................................................................... 51 Feminist Perspectives on Aesthetics ............................................................................................... 55 Portraiture ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Section Overview ............................................................................................................................ 57 Portraiture in the Fine Arts .............................................................................................................. 59 Relationality and Reflexivity in Portraiture and Self-portraiture .................................................... 62 The origin of relationality in portraiture. .................................................................................... 62 Reflexivity and self-portraiture ................................................................................................... 64 Self-portraits by women .............................................................................................................. 67 Portraits of Mothers and Infants ...................................................................................................... 69 Religious paintings: Raphael’s Tempi Madonna ........................................................................ 70 Realistic representational mother-child portraits: Mary Cassatt ................................................. 71 Contemporary mother-child self-portraiture: Jenny Saville ....................................................... 72 Montage and Montage Portraiture in the Fine Arts ........................................................................ 74 Portraiture in Qualitative Research ................................................................................................. 78 vi History of Portraiture in Qualitative Research ................................................................................ 78 Recent Uses of Portraiture in Qualitative Research ........................................................................ 82 (Self) portraits as a Data Elicitation Method in Qualitative Research ............................................ 83 Portraiture in Arts-based Research: Collage Portraiture ................................................................. 84 Portraiture in Art Therapy ............................................................................................................... 86 Self-portraits as an Art Therapy intervention .............................................................................. 86 Portraits as self reflexivity for the art therapists ......................................................................... 88 Arts-Based Research (ABR) ........................................................................................................... 91 Section Overview ............................................................................................................................ 91 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Brief History and Current Developments ....................................................................................... 92 ABR and the Fine Arts .................................................................................................................... 95 ABR and Art Therapy ..................................................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER III: METHODS ............................................................................................................ 99 Design: Arts-Based Research .......................................................................................................... 99 Location ........................................................................................................................................
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