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Cool Plants and Their Fungal Friends

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Cool plants and their fungal friends Andy MacKinnon Metchosin Cool plants and their fungal friends What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? What are plants? What is ‘mixotrophy’? What are fungi? SomeCool local plants examples. and their fungal friends • lichens Lessons• frommycorrhizae myco-heterotrophy. • mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Cool plants and their fungal friends What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? What are plants? What is ‘mixotrophy’? What are fungi? SomeCool local plants examples. and their fungal friends • lichens Lessons• frommycorrhizae myco-heterotrophy. • mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Cool plants and their fungal friends What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? What are plants? What is ‘mixotrophy’? What are fungi? SomeCool local plants examples. and their fungal friends • lichens Lessons• frommycorrhizae myco-heterotrophy. • mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Cool plants and their fungal friends What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? What are plants? What is ‘mixotrophy’? What are fungi? SomeCool local plants examples. and their fungal friends • lichens Lessons• frommycorrhizae myco-heterotrophy. • mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Cool plants and their fungal friends lichens mycorrhizae mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Cool plants and their fungal friends lichens mycorrhizae mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Viktoria Wagner and Toby Spribille Edible Horsehair Lichen Inedible Horsehair Lichen (Bryoria fremontii) (Bryoria tortuosa) A fluorescent microscope image shows the location of different cell types in a bryoria lichen, cut at the ends and lengthwise through the middle. Green are the yeasts, blue are the fungi, red are the algae. (Toby Spribille) Cool plants and their fungal friends lichens mycorrhizae mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs Mycorrhiza Greek μύκης mykēs, “fungus” Greek ρίζα, riza, "root" A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of a vascular plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant's roots, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF or AM), or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The association is generally mutualistic. ectomycorrhizae VA (endo-) mycorrhizae ericoid mycorrhizae salal Cool plants and their fungal friends lichens mycorrhizae mycoheterotrophs and mixotrophs What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? • WhatWhat is mycois ‘mixotrophy’?-heterotrophy? • What plants are myco-heterotrophic? • WhatSome fungi local are involved? examples. • Some local examples. • LessonsLessons from from myco -mycoheterotrophy.-heterotrophy. Mycoheterotrophy Greek μύκης mykēs, “fungus” Greek ἕτερος heteros, “another”, “different” Greek τροφή trophe = "nutrition", "growth” Myco-heterotrophy is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis. A myco-heterotroph is the parasitic plant partner in this relationship. Movement of carbon (black arrows) and nutrients (white arrows) in myco-heterotrophy. (from Leake and Cameron 2010) Mycoheterotrophic plants generally … Lack chlorophyll Have small ‘dust’ seeds with undifferentiated embryos Have leaves that are scale-like or absent Have reduced vascularization of the stem Lack stomata Have reduced roots that lack root hairs Have elevated δ13C and δ15N values (compared to green plants) Mixotrophic plants generally … Are green have δ13C and δ15N values between those of mycoheterotrophs and full autotrophs (regular green plants), indicating that they get some of their C and N from other plants through their fungal partner Are related to mycoheterotrophs What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? • WhatWhat is myco is ‘mixotrophy’?-heterotrophy? • What plants are myco-heterotrophic? • WhatSome fungi local are involved? examples. • Some local examples. • LessonsLessons from from myco -mycoheterotrophy.-heterotrophy. Plant families that have evolved myco- heterotrophy. (from Merckx and Freudenstein 2010) Plant families that have evolved myco-heterotrophy. Plant families that have evolved myco-heterotrophy. Plant families that have evolved myco-heterotrophy. Epirixanthes verticillata 5 species of Epirixanthes Voyria parasitica 25 species of Voyria, Voyriella, Cotylanthera and Sebaea Plant families that have evolved myco-heterotrophy. Geosiris aphylla Burmannia bicolor Plant families that have evolved myco-heterotrophy. Striped Coralroot (Corallorhiza striata) Plant families that have evolved myco-heterotrophy. Indian-pipe (Monotropa uniflora) What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? • WhatWhat is myco is ‘mixotrophy’?-heterotrophy? • What plants are myco-heterotrophic? • WhatSome fungi local are examples. involved? • Some local examples. • LessonsLessons from from myco -mycoheterotrophy.-heterotrophy. Main fungal groups that host myco-heterotrophic plants (after Hynson and Bruns 2010). What fungi are involved? Generally, myco-heterotrophic Aneuraceae (liverworts), Orchidaceae and Ericaceae exploit ectomycorrhizal networks while myco- heterotrophic Burmanniaceae, Corsiaceae, Gentianaceae, Thismiaceae and Triuridaceae exploit arbuscular mycorrhizal networks some myco-heterotrophic orchids are specialized on litter- and wood-decay fungi What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? • WhatWhat is myco is ‘mixotrophy’?-heterotrophy? • What plants are myco-heterotrophic? • WhatSome fungi local are involved? examples. • Some local examples. • LessonsLessons from from myco -mycoheterotrophy.-heterotrophy. Probably most clubmosses and some ferns •Gametophytes of most species of clubmosses and some ferns are non- photosynthetic, mycorrhizal and likely myco-heterotrophic Running clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum) •Most (perhaps all) of the 30,000 Orchids in general species of orchids require some sort of myco-heterotrophic arrangement with saprophytic or parasitic species of “Rhizoctonia” (Basidiomycetes) for germination of their ‘dust’ seeds •>100 fully myco-heterotrophic species; perhaps some mixotrophs also? • Goodyera repens has been shown to transfer significant amounts of carbon back to its mycorrhizal fungus Fairyslipper (Calypso bulbosa) Coralroots (Corallorhiza species) •Four species in southwestern BC: spotted coralroot (C. maculata), western coralroot (C. mertensiana), striped coralroot (C. striata), yellow coralroot (C. trifida), all in our area (but yellow coralroot more of an interior BC species) •All myco-heterotrophic •Fungal associates: –spotted coralroot, 20 species in Russulaceae –western coralroot, 3 closely related Russula species –striped coralroot, Thelephora- Tomentella species Spotted Coralroot (C. maculata) Phantom Orchid (Cephalanthera austiniae) •Fully mycoheterotrophic •Fungal associates: 14 species in Thelephora- Tomentella Thelephora terrestris Prince’s-Pines (Chimaphila species) •Menzies’ pipsissewa (C. menziesii) and Prince’s Pine (C. umbellata) both in our area •Prince’s Pine is mixotrophic •Fungal associates: a variety of ectomycorrhizal species, including several Tricholomas Prince’s Pine (C. umbellata) Wintergreens (Pyrola, Moneses and Orthilia species) •Six species of Pyrola potentially in our area •One-sided wintergreen (Orthilia secunda) •Single delight (Moneses uniflora) •White-veined wintergreen (Pyrola picta), green wintergreen (Pyrola chlorantha) and one-sided wintergreen (Orthilia secunda) are demonstrated mixotrophs •Fungal associates: a variety of ectomycorrhizal species, including White-veined wintergreen several Tricholomas (Pyrola picta) Candystick (Allotropa virgata) •Mycoheterotrophic •Fungal associate: pine mushroom (Tricholoma magnivelare) Gnome Plant (Hemitomes congestum) •Mycoheterotrophic •Fungal associate: Hydnellum peckii and H. aurantiacum Strawberries and cream (Hydnellum peckii) Indian-pipe (Monotropa uniflora) •Mycoheterotrophic •Fungal associate: Russulaceae, often short- stemmed Russula (Russula brevipes) broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) •Usually mixotrophic, but … •Fungal associates: Pyronemataceae, Sebacina, Tomentella, Tuber Tuber oregonense Pinesap (Monotropa hypopitys) •AKA Hypopitys monotropa •Mycoheterotrophic •Fungal associates: Tricholoma species (including T. sejunctum and T. flavovirens); European pinesap associated with European Tricholomas Man-on-horseback (Tricholoma flavovirens) Pinedrops (Pterospora andromedea) •Mycoheterotrophic •Fungal associate: Rhizopogon salebrosus, R. arctostaphyli Daniel Mosquin photo Rhizopogon salebrosus What is myco-heterotrophy? What plants are mycoheterotrophic? What fungi are involved? What is the nature of the relationship? • WhatWhat is myco is ‘mixotrophy’?-heterotrophy? • What plants are myco-heterotrophic? • WhatSome fungi local are involved? examples. • Some local examples. • LessonsLessons from from myco myco-heterotrophy.-heterotrophy. Lessons from myco-heterotrophy These pink and white plants are not “saprophytes” It’s much too simplified to refer to some plants and fungi as having only one feeding preference The world is much more complex (and interesting) than most texts would have you believe The world is also much more complex than I’ve described tonight Rhizopogon vinicolor KJ Beiler, K.J., D.M. Durall, S.W. Simard, S.A. Maxwell and A.M. Kretzer. 2010. New Architecture of the Wood-Wide Web: Rhizopogon spp. Genets Link Multiple Douglas-Fir Cohorts. The New Phytologist 185(2): 543-553. Thank You!.
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  • First Record of Voyria Caerulea Aubl. (Gentianaceae), a Mycoheterotrophic Plant, in Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil

    First Record of Voyria Caerulea Aubl. (Gentianaceae), a Mycoheterotrophic Plant, in Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil

    14 5 NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 14 (5): 833–837 https://doi.org/10.15560/14.5.833 First record of Voyria caerulea Aubl. (Gentianaceae), a mycoheterotrophic plant, in Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil Alessandro Wagner Coelho Ferreira1, Maria Fernanda Calió2, Wagner Ribeiro da Silva Junior1, Maycon Jordan Costa da Silva1, Miguel Sena de Oliveira3, Eduardo Oliveira Silva4, Elidio Armando Exposto Guarçoni5, Andressa Ketilly Cabral de Carvalho1, Nivaldo de Figueiredo1 1 Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Biology, University City Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, CEP 65080-805, São Luís, MA, Brazil. 2 State University of Campinas, Department of Plant Biology, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, CEP 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil. 3 State University of Maranhão, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, CEP 65604- 090, Caxias, MA, Brazil. 4 Federal University of Maranhão, Coordination of Natural Sciences, Codó Campus, Av. Dr. José Anselmo, 2008, São Benedito, CEP 65400-000, Codó, MA, Brazil. 5 Federal University of Maranhão, Coordination of Natural Sciences Biology, Bacabal Campus, Av. Governador João Alberto, s/n, Bambu, CEP 65700-000, Bacabal, MA, Brazil. Corresponding author. Maycon Jordan Costa da Silva: [email protected] Abstract We report the first record of Voyria caerulea from the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. A fertile specimen was collected in a gallery forest during the rainy season, within the boundaries of the municipality of São Raimundo das Mangabeiras. This find contributes to the knowledge on the micoheterotrophic flora of Maranhão and expands the geographic distribution of this species in Brazil.