Unaccompanied Minors in Germany
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Unaccompanied Minors in Germany Reception, return and integration arrangements G erman Natio nal WCont orkingP act Poin t aper WorkingP aper W o r k i n g P a p e r W o r k i n g P a p e r W o r k i n g P a p e r W o r k i n g P a p e r WWorking o r k i n Paperg P a p 26 e r der Forschungsgruppe Wdes BundesamtesorkingP aper W o r k i n g Ppublished a p 2009 e r WorkingP aper WorkingP aper WorkingP Project aper financed by the Bernd Parusel European Commission Unaccompanied Minors in Germany Reception, return and integration arrangements Research Study II/2008 in the framework of the European Migration Network (EMN) Working Paper 26 - Unaccompanied minors in Germany 5 Table of contents List of abbreviations 7 List of tables 8 Executive Summary 9 1. Introduction 12 1.1 Purpose of this study 12 1.2 Definitions 13 1.3 International conventions for the protection of minors 14 1.3.1 Geneva Convention 14 1.3.2 Hague Convention on the Protection of Children 14 1.3.3 Convention on the Rights of the Child 15 1.3.4 Resolution of the Council of the European Union of 26 June 1997 16 1.4 Sources, materials and methodology followed 16 2. Motivations of unaccompanied minors for seeking entry into Germany, magnitude and regional distribution 19 3. Entry procedures and initial reception 22 3.1 Entry into the territory of the Federal Republic 22 3.2 Taking into care, determination of age and clearing procedure 29 3.3 Case study: the clearing procedure in Nuremberg 33 3.4 The costs of taking into care and of the clearing procedure 34 3.5 The distribution of unaccompanied minors across the German Länder 35 3.6 The involvement of non-governmental actors 37 4. Reception arrangements, the asylum procedure and integration measures 38 4.1 The asylum procedure and procedures relating to the right of residence 38 4.1.1 EU guidelines for dealing with unaccompanied minors 38 4.1.2 The appointment of a representative and the legal capacity to act 39 4.1.3 “Dublin Procedures” and asylum procedures at the the BAMF 40 4.1.4 Decisions taken by the BAMF 47 4.1.5 Procedures relating to the right of residence 52 4.2 The legal position of unaccompanied minors 52 4.2.1 The legal position of minors during and following the asylum procedure 52 4.2.2 The legal position of minors in procedures related to the right of residence 54 6 Working Paper 26 - Unaccompanied minors in Germany Table of contents 4.3 Family reunification 57 4.4 Access to social benefits 59 4.5 Possible forms of youth welfare services 60 4.6 Access to the education system 62 4.7 The promotion of integration 63 4.7.1 An example of the promotion of integration: “Young refugees in Berlin” 63 4.7.2 Further examples of projects for the promotion of integration 64 5. Return, “Dublin” transfers and reintegration 65 5.1 Voluntary return 65 5.2 Enforced return 67 5.2.1 Detention for the purpose of removal 67 5.2.2 Removals 70 5.3 Transfers within the framework of the “Dublin Procedure” 71 5.4 Implications of the EU Return Directive 72 5.5 Reintegration 74 6. Concluding remarks: Best practice and lessons learned 75 6.1 Improvement of the ability of the protagonists involved to act with confidence 76 6.2 Improvement of the situation as regards data and awareness 76 6.3 Improvement of the available care and sharing of burdens 77 6.4 Nationwide introduction of a clearing procedure 77 6.5 Demands placed on asylum procedures and the law relating to residence 78 6.6 Standards for the termination of residence 79 Bibliography 80 Working Paper 26 - Unaccompanied minors in Germany 7 List of abbreviations Art Article AsylbLG Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz (Asylum Seekers’ Benefits Act) AsylVfG Asylverfahrensgesetz (Asylum Procedure Act) AufenthG Aufenthaltsgesetz (Residence Act) AuslG Ausländergesetz (Aliens Act) AWO Arbeiterwohlfahrt (Workers’ Welfare Association) AZR Ausländerzentralregister (Central Register of Foreign Nationals) BAMF Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (Federal Office for Migration and Refugees) BKA Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Criminal Police Office) BMFSFJ Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (Federal Ministry for Families, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth) BMI Bundesministerium des Innern (Federal Ministry of the Interior) B-UMF Bundesfachverband Unbegleitete Minderjährige Flüchtlinge (Federal Association for Unaccompanied Minor Refugees) cf. confer EAC Erstaufnahme- / Clearingstelle Berlin (Initial reception / clearing house in Berlin) EC European Community / European Communities EASY Erstverteilung von Asylbegehrenden (Initial Distribution of Asylum- Seekers) ERF European Refugee Fund EMN European Migration Network EU European Union GARP Government Assisted Repatriation Programme GG Grundgesetz (German Basic Constitutional Law) IOM International Organization for Migration KICK Gesetz zur Weiterentwicklung der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe (Law for the Further Development of Child and Youth Welfare) KSD Kirchlicher Sozialdienst (Social Services of the Church) Para. Paragraph PKS Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik (Police Crime Statistics) REAG Reintegration and Emigration Programme for Asylum-Seekers in Germany SGB Sozialgesetzbuch (German Code of Social Law) UNAM Unaccompanied minor UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees VilA Verteilung illegaler Ausländer (Distribution of Illegal Foreign Nationals) 8 Working Paper 26 - Unaccompanied minors in Germany List of tables Table 1: Detection of unaccompanied minors under the age of 16 on entering Germany during 2003-2008 (by border used). 26 Table 2: Unaccompanied minors under the age of 16 apprehended while entering at the German borders during 2003-2008 (divided according to the ten most important respective countries of origin). 27 Table 3: Unaccompanied underage applicants making first-time appli- cations for asylum in 2007, divided according to age (leaving out 16 and 17-year-olds) and their distribution amongst the Länder. 37 Table 4: Unaccompanied underage applicants making first-time appli- cations for asylum in 2008 (the ten most important countries of origin). 43 Table 5: Unaccompanied underage applicants making first-time appli- cations for asylum in 2001-2008 (all countries of origin). 44 Table 6: Unaccompanied underage applicants making first-time appli- cations for asylum up to and including those aged 15 (by most important countries of origin, age groups and gender) in 2002-2008 (in reverse chronological orer). 45 Table 7: Decisions concerning first-time applications for asylum byunac- companied underage applicants (including 16 and 17-year-olds) shown by principal countries of origin, weighted in accordance with the number of decisions per principal country of origin (2008). 48 Table 8: Decisions concerning first-time applications for asylum by unac- companied underage applicants (leaving out 16 and 17-year-olds) shown by principal countries of origin, weighted in accordance with the number of decisions per principal country of origin (2002-2007). 50 Table 9: Voluntary return of unaccompanied minors within the frame work of the REAG / GARP programmes (2005-2008). 66 Table 10: Unaccompanied minors in detention for the purpose of removal (2005-2008), shown by Federal States. 69 Working Paper 26 - Unaccompanied minors in Germany 9 Executive Summary The present study, which was compiled in early 2009 within the framework of the work programme for 2008 of the European Migration Network (EMN), concerns itself with the policies of reception, integration and return of unaccompanied minors (UNAMs) in Ger many. The study is intended to contribute to an improved awareness of the situation of UN- AMs, to identify any possible problems and to develop policy options. Taken in conjunction with the studies carried out by the other EU Member States, the aim is to establish a com parative perspective, one from which it will be possible to derive ideas for improvements in the treatment of UNAMs across Europe. Unaccompanied minors migrate to Germany because they flee from war, human rights violations or economic hardship and look for better living conditions. Some are sepa rated from their relatives due to warfare, some lose their parents while fleeing, some are be ing sent to Europe by their families. The number of UNAMs applying for asylum in Germany has, however, decreased significantly in recent years. In 2002, some 873 UNAMs under the age of 16 applied for asylum at the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF). In 2007, only 180 applications by UNAMs were counted. In 2008, there has been an increase again, to a total of 324 UNAMs under 16. The overall number of UNAMs applying for asylum in Germany in 2008, that is to say, including 16 and 17-year-olds, was 763. The protection rate, that is the share of those minors who are granted refugee status or subsidiary protec tion, has risen considerably, from 3,5 percent in 2007 to 51 percent (age group 0-15 years) respectively 43.3 percent (all UNAMs below the age of 18) in 2008. The most important coun tries of origin in 2008 were Iraq, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Guinea and Ethiopia. The different measures taken under the laws relating to foreign nationals and asy lum and under social legislation in relation to underage migrants who come to Germany without parents and/or legal guardians are subject to particular demands because of the national and international provisions concerning the protection of children and youths. As regards the entry of UNAMs into Germany for instance, it is very important that the bor der authorities are able to identify unaccompanied minors as such, as this is an essential precondition for ensuring that underage migrants are - if they shall not be refused entry or returned - dealt with in a manner suitable for children and youths.