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From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials
Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Memorium Nürnberger Prozesse Hirschelgasse 9-11 90403 Nürnberg Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-66 89 Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-54 20 Telefax: 0911 / 2 31-1 42 10 E-Mail: [email protected] www.museen.nuernberg.de – Press Release From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg’s name is linked with the NSDAP Party Rallies held here between 1933 and 1938 and – Presseinformation with the „Racial Laws“ adopted in 1935. It is also linked with the trials where leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer for their crimes in an international court of justice. Between 20 November, 1945, and 1 October, 1946, the International Military Tribunal’s trial of the main war criminals (IMT) was held in Court Room 600 at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. Between 1946 and 1949, twelve follow-up trials were also held here. Those tried included high- ranking representatives of the military, administration, medical profession, legal system, industry Press Release and politics. History Two years after Germany had unleashed World War II on 1 September, 1939, leading politicians and military staff of the anti-Hitler coalition started to consider bringing to account those Germans responsible for war crimes which had come to light at that point. The Moscow Declaration of 1943 and the Conference of Yalta of February 1945 confirmed this attitude. Nevertheless, the ideas – Presseinformation concerning the type of proceeding to use in the trial were extremely divergent. After difficult negotiations, on 8 August, 1945, the four Allied powers (USA, Britain, France and the Soviet Union) concluded the London Agreement, on a "Charter for The International Military Tribunal", providing for indictment for the following crimes in a trial based on the rule of law: 1. -
Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group
HISTORICAL MATERIALS IN THE DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY OF INTEREST TO THE NAZI WAR CRIMES AND JAPANESE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP The Dwight D. Eisenhower Library holds a large quantity of documentation relating to World War II and to the Cold War era. Information relating to war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and by the Japanese Government during World War II can be found widely scattered within the Library’s holdings. The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group is mandated to identify, locate and, as necessary, declassify records pertaining to war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and Japan. In order to assist the Interagency Working Group in carrying out this mission, the Library staff endeavored to identify historical documentation within its holdings relating to this topic. The staff conducted its search as broadly and as thoroughly as staff time, resources, and intellectual control allowed and prepared this guide to assist interested members of the public in conducting research on documents relating generally to Nazi and Japanese war crimes. The search covered post- war references to such crimes, the use of individuals who may have been involved in such crimes for intelligence or other purposes, and the handling of captured enemy assets. Therefore, while much of the documentation described herein was originated during the years when the United States was involved in World War II (1939 to 1945) one marginal document originated prior to this period can be found and numerous post-war items are also covered, especially materials concerning United States handling of captured German and Japanese assets and correspondence relating to clemency for Japanese soldiers convicted and imprisoned for war crimes. -
Indictment Presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945)
Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) Caption: On 18 October 1945, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg accuses 24 German political, military and economic leaders of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696). p. 2-50. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/indictment_presented_to_the_international_military_tribunal_nuremberg_18_october_1945-en- 6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 46 03/07/2015 Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS — AGAINST — HERMANN WILHELM GÖRING, RUDOLF HESS, JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP, ROBERT LEY, WILHELM KEITEL, ERNST KALTEN BRUNNER, ALFRED ROSENBERG, HANS FRANK, WILHELM FRICK, JULIUS STREICHER, WALTER FUNK, HJALMAR SCHACHT, GUSTAV KRUPP VON BOHLEN UND HALBACH, KARL DÖNITZ, ERICH RAEDER, BALDUR VON SCHIRACH, FRITZ SAUCKEL, ALFRED JODL, MARTIN BORMANN, FRANZ VON PAPEN, ARTUR SEYSS INQUART, ALBERT SPEER, CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH, AND HANS FRITZSCHE, -
2Nd INFANTRY REGIMENT
2nd INFANTRY REGIMENT 1110 pages (approximate) Boxes 1243-1244 The 2nd Infantry Regiment was a component part of the 5th Infantry Division. This Division was activated in 1939 but did not enter combat until it landed on Utah Beach, Normandy, three days after D-Day. For the remainder of the war in Europe the Division participated in numerous operations and engagements of the Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe campaigns. The records of the 2nd Infantry Regiment consist mostly of after action reports and journals which provide detailed accounts of the operations of the Regiment from July 1944 to May 1945. The records also contain correspondence on the early history of the Regiment prior to World War II and to its training activities in the United States prior to entering combat. Of particular importance is a file on the work of the Regiment while serving on occupation duty in Iceland in 1942. CONTAINER LIST Box No. Folder Title 1243 2nd Infantry Regiment Unit Histories January 1943-June 1944 2nd Infantry Regiment Unit Histories, July-October 1944 2nd Infantry Regiment Histories, July 1944- December 1945 2nd Infantry Regiment After Action Reports, July-September 1944 2nd Infantry Regiment After Action Reports, October-December 1944 2nd Infantry Regiment After Action Reports, January-May 1945 2nd Infantry Regiment Casualty List, 1944-1945 2nd Infantry Regiment Unit Journal, 1945 2nd Infantry Regiment Narrative History, October 1944-May 1945 2nd Infantry Regiment History Correspondence, 1934-1936 2nd Infantry -
Education About Asia Interview with John Dower
Handout (5 pages) Education About Asia Interview with John Dower Interviewed by Lynn Parisi MIT Professor John Dower has written numerous publications about modern Japanese history and US-Japan relations. Lynn Parisi is the director of the Program for Teaching East Asia at the University of Colorado Boulder. Lynn Parisi: John, thank you for doing a second interview for Education about Asia. Yours has been a major voice in the discourse on Hiroshima for many years, and we appreciate your contributions to this EAA special section marking the sixtieth anniversary of the atomic bombings. Since the early postwar period, much of American discourse regarding Hiroshima has been framed by the question of whether the bomb was necessary, a discussion revisited in this issue of EAA. Because lessons on the “decision to drop the bomb” are a staple of many American history classrooms, this enduring controversy seems a good place to begin our conversation. Briefly, can you discuss how the dialogue over this question has evolved over time? Why has this question persisted in academic and public debate? John Dower: Immediately after WWII, it was understandably argued that the bombs were necessary to end the war quickly—that is, without dropping the bombs in August 1945, the United States would have had to invade Japan, at an enormous cost in American lives. Thus the famous phrase: “Thank God for the atomic bomb.” Then, people added to this that the bombs didn’t just save American lives, they saved Japanese lives as well because invasion would have meant enormous losses in Japan. -
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS At the United Nations Conference on International Organization, held in San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945 (see procedural history of the Charter of the United Nations), the Rapporteur of Technical Committee 2 (Legal Problems) of Commission IV (Judicial Organization) had pointed out that “the possibility is not excluded of a general convention to be submitted to all Members” on the privileges and immunities of the future United Nations Organization (restricted doc. 933 (English) IV/2/42 (2), p. 2). The Executive Committee of the Preparatory Commission (established by the San Francisco Conference to make provisional arrangements for the initiation of the work of the Organization) recommended, in its final report, that the Preparatory Commission refer to the future General Assembly for its consideration a study on privileges and immunities attached to the report (PC/EX/113/Rev.1, Part III, Chapter V, Section 5, p.69 and Appendix in ibid.). The Preparatory Commission remitted this part of the report to its Committee 5 (Legal Committee), which was instructed to “consider and report to the Preparatory Commission on Chapter V of the Report of the Executive Committee and on any proposals or amendments submitted by Delegations on matters falling within the scope of Chapter V” (see Memorandum by the Executive Secretary on the organization of the work of the Second Session of the Preparatory Commission, PC/EX/138/Rev.1, p. 17). Committee 5 held its first meeting on 27 November 1945 (see summary record. -
Atomic Bomb: Decision -- Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945 up to Atomic Bomb: Decision up to Leo Szilard Online Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945
Atomic Bomb: Decision -- Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945 UP to Atomic Bomb: Decision UP to Leo Szilard Online Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945 Source: U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, TS Manhattan Project File '42 to '46, Folder 5B "(Directives, Memos, Etc. to and from C/S, S/W, etc.)." The written order for the use of the atomic bomb against Japanese cities was drafted by General Groves. President Truman and Secretary of War Stimson approved the order at Potsdam. The order made no mention of targetting military objectives or sparing civilians. The cities themselves were the targets. The order was also open-ended. "Additional bombs" could be dropped "as soon as made ready by the project staff." TOP SECRET DECLASSIFIED E.O. 11652, Secs 3(E) and 5(D) or (E) NND 730039 By ERC NARS, Date 6-4-74 25 July 1945 TO: General Carl Spaatz Commanding General United States Army Strategic Air Forces 1. The 509 Composite Group, 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb, additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb. The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the http://www.dannen.com/decision/handy.html (1 of 2) [9/3/2001 4:26:19 PM] Atomic Bomb: Decision -- Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945 bomb. -
NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946 Page numbers in braces refer to IMT, judgment of 1 October 1946, in The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany , Part 22 (22nd August ,1946 to 1st October, 1946) 1 {iii} THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN SESSOIN AT NUREMBERG, GERMANY Before: THE RT. HON. SIR GEOFFREY LAWRENCE (member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) President THE HON. SIR WILLIAM NORMAN BIRKETT (alternate member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) MR. FRANCIS BIDDLE (member for the United States of America) JUDGE JOHN J. PARKER (alternate member for the United States of America) M. LE PROFESSEUR DONNEDIEU DE VABRES (member for the French Republic) M. LE CONSEILER FLACO (alternate member for the French Republic) MAJOR-GENERAL I. T. NIKITCHENKO (member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) LT.-COLONEL A. F. VOLCHKOV (alternate member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) {iv} THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Against: Hermann Wilhelm Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Robert Ley, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walter Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Martin -
FIFTY YEARS AFTER HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI Y. Nishiwaki
XA05C0005 INVITED PRESENTATIONS PROCEEDINGS FIFTY YEARS AFTER HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI Y. Nishiwaki Prof. Emeritus, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokio, Japan Hon.Prof. der Universität Wien, Institut fir Medizinische Physik, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria Fifty years ago, in 1945, the first three atomic bombs in human history were produced by the United States; one of these bombs was exploded experimentally at the testing ground in the desert 80 km from Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 16 July. The remaining two were used against Japan; the one called "Little Boy", using Uranium 235 was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August, the other "Fat Man", using Plutonium 239 on Nagasaki on 9 August, 1945. In the early morning, at 1:30 a.m. of 6 August 1945, a United States Army weather observation plane took off from the Tinian air base in one of the Mariana Islands in the Pacific towards Japan. As the plane approached Hiroshima, at an altitude of about 10,000 metres, it sent a message to the B-29 "Enola Gay" loaded with an atomic bomb, which was following it, "fair weather, ready for air raid." The "Enola Gay" took off from Tinian Island at 2:45 a.m. together with two observation planes on both sides, and invaded Hiroshima from the northeast and dropped the atomic bomb at 8:15:17 a.m., (Tinian time 9:15:17 a.m.), at an altitude of 9,600 metres. Records on the time of explosion range from 8:15 to 8:18 a.m., depending on the source of information. However, according to the Hiroshima City, the official time of explosion was announced to have been 8:15 a.m. -
Final Act of the Paris Conference on Reparation (21 December 1945)
Final Act of the Paris Conference on Reparation (21 December 1945) Source: Final Act of the Paris Conference on Reparation with annex (Paris 21st December 1945). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1946. 18 p. (Miscellaneous N°1 (1946)). p. 1-18. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/final_act_of_the_paris_conference_on_reparation_21_december_1945-en-5c0dfcd9-2af2- 431b-8cbf-e8e288aef30e.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 19 03/07/2015 Final Act of the Paris Conference on Reparation (Paris, 21st December, 1945) Conference Recommandation .......................................................................................................... Draft agreement on reparation from Germany, on the establishment of an Inter Allied reparation agency and on the restitution of monetary gold ................................................................................ Part I. – German Reparation. ............................................................................................................ Part II. - Inter Allied Reparation Agency. .......................................................................................... Part III. - Restitution of Monetary Gold ............................................................................................. Part IV. - Entry into force and signature ........................................................................................... Unanimous -
World War II: America's Motivation and Impact How Did the United States’ Motivations for Entering World War II Impact Our Actions?
TEACHING WITH PRIMARY SOURCES World War II: America's Motivation and Impact How did the United States’ motivations for entering World War II impact our actions? Following World War I, the United States hoped to avoid further entanglement with European politics that had drawn us into war. A strong isolationist sentiment developed that questioned the wisdom of our entry into The Great War as it was then known. However, the rise of military government in Germany, Italy and Japan and their invasions of neighboring countries became a major concern for United States leaders including President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Germany Instigates World War I In Europe, Adolf Hitler led the rise of the Nazi Party, which claimed that Germany was treated unfairly in the peace treaty that ended WWI. He also sought to unite all German-speaking peoples, a policy that put him at odds with several neighbors like Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Great Britain and France tried to negotiate an end to German expansion, but the Soviet Union on Germany’s eastern front signed a non-aggression treaty with Hitler that opened the door to Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939. France and England came to the aid of the Poles and declared war on Germany. Hitler’s armies quickly overran Poland and then France, leaving Britain alone against German armies and air force. President Roosevelt wanted to come to the aid of our British allies, but public sentiment was not yet ready to send American soldiers to fight in another European war. Meanwhile, Germany and Italy became partners with Japan that had designs on domination of Eastern Asia. -
November 14, 1945 Meeting of J.V. Stalin with V. Gomulka and G. Mintz Regarding the Situation in Poland
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified November 14, 1945 Meeting of J.V. Stalin with V. Gomulka and G. Mintz Regarding the Situation in Poland Citation: “Meeting of J.V. Stalin with V. Gomulka and G. Mintz Regarding the Situation in Poland,” November 14, 1945, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, APRF, fond 45, opis 1, delo 355, listy 8- 11; published in [Eastern Europe in the Documents of the Russian Archives 1944-1953] vol. 1 (1944- 48), ed. T.V. Vololeitina et. al., (Moscow: Siberian Chronograph, 1997), pp. 301-303; translated by Daniel Rozas. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117116 Summary: Stalin advises Polish officials Gomulka and Mintz on the political and economic situation in Poland. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Distributed to V. Molotov, L. Beria, G. Malenkov, A. Mikoyan, and A. Vyshinskii. Moscow 14 November 1945 SECRET To com. MOLOTOV for chetverka [apparently, Stalin's inner circle of four, which probably consisted of the persons listed above: Beria, Malenkov, Mikoyan and Vyshinskii (in addition to Molotov himself)]. The discussion took place without being recorded (the Poles deemed it unnecessary to keep a record of conversation), thus I am sending you the contents of the discussion in the form of questions and answers. QUESTION FROM POLES. Has there been a change in the Soviet leaders' attitude toward Poland and, in particular, toward Polish communists? ANSWER FROM COM. STALIN. This did not and could not change. Our attitude toward Poles and Polish Communists are as friendly as before.