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Survey on the Chemical Composition of Several Tropical Wood Species Jean Gerard, Sébastien Paradis, Bernard Thibaut

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Survey on the Chemical Composition of Several Tropical Wood Species Jean Gerard, Sébastien Paradis, Bernard Thibaut Survey on the chemical composition of several tropical wood species Jean Gerard, Sébastien Paradis, Bernard Thibaut To cite this version: Jean Gerard, Sébastien Paradis, Bernard Thibaut. Survey on the chemical composition of sev- eral tropical wood species. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, Montpellier : CIRAD, 2019, 342, 10.19182/bft2019.342.a31809. hal-02428572 HAL Id: hal-02428572 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02428572 Submitted on 6 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4e trimestre – novembre 2019 – p. 79-91 COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE DES BOIS TROPICAUX / LE POINT SUR... 79 Survey on the chemical composition of several tropical wood species Jean Gérard1, 2 Sébastien Paradis1, 2 Bernard Thibaut3 1 CIRAD UPR BioWooEB 34398 Montpellier France 2 BioWooEB Univ Montpellier, CIRAD Montpellier France 3 LMGC Univ Montpellier CNRS Montpellier France Auteur correspondant / Corresponding author: Bernard Thibaut – [email protected] Photo 1. Extraction ramp (Chemistry Laboratory of the BioWooEB Unit - CIRAD). Photo J. Gérard. Doi : 10.19182/bft2019.342. a31809 – Droit d’auteur © 2019, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques © Cirad – Date de soumission : 30 novembre 2018 ; date d’acceptation : 11 juin 2019 ; date de publication : 30 octobre 2019. Citer l’article / To cite the article Licence Creative Commons : Gérard J., Paradis S., Thibaut B., 2019. Survey on the chemical composition Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. of several tropical wood species. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 342: 79-91. Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) Doi : https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2019.342.a31809 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4th quarter - November 2019 - p. 79-91 80 FOCUS ON... / CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TROPICAL WOODS J. Gérard, S. Paradis, B. Thibaut RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN Suivi de la composition chimique de Survey on the chemical composition Estudio de la composición química plusieurs espèces de bois tropicaux of several tropical wood species de varias especies de maderas tropicales La variabilité de la composition chimique Variability in the chemical composition La variabilidad de la composición de 614 espèces est décrite dans une base of 614 species is described in a química de 614 especies se describe de données contenant des mesures de database containing measurements of en una base de datos que contiene polymères du bois (cellulose, lignine et wood polymers (cellulose, lignin and las medidas de polímeros de madera pentosane), ainsi que de l’ensemble des pentosan), as well as overall extraneous (celulosa, lignina y pentosano), así composants externes (extraits éthanol- components (ethanol-benzene, or hot como del conjunto de los componentes benzéne ou à l’eau chaude et cendres, water extracts and ash, with a focus on externos (etanol-benceno, o extractos de en particulier la teneur en silice). Ces silica content). These measurements agua caliente y cenizas, especialmente mesures ont été effectuées entre 1945 et were taken between 1945 and 1990 using el contenido de sílice). Estas medidas 1990 selon le même protocole standard. the same standard protocol. In all, 1,194 se efectuaron entre 1945 y 1990 según Au total, 1 194 arbres appartenant à trees belonging to 614 species, 358 el mismo protocolo estándar. En total, se 614 espèces, 358 genres et 89 familles genera and 89 families were measured. midieron 1 194 árboles pertenecientes a ont été mesurés. La variabilité entre les At species level, variability (quantified 614 especies, 358 géneros y 89 familias. espèces (quantifiée par le coefficient by the coefficient of variation) was rather En cuanto a las especies, la variabilidad de variation) était plutôt élevée pour la high for density (27%), much lower for (cuantificada por el coeficiente de densité (27 %), beaucoup plus faible lignin and cellulose (14% and 10%) variación) era más bien elevada para pour la lignine et la cellulose (14 % et and much higher for ethanol/benzene la densidad (27 %), mucho más débil 10 %) et beaucoup plus élevée pour extractives, hot water extractives and para la lignina y la celulosa (14 % y les extractibles éthanol/benzène, les ash content (81%, 60% and 76%). 10 %) y mucho más elevada para los extractibles à l’eau chaude et les cendres Considering trees with at least five componentes extraíbles etanol/benceno, (81 %, 60 % et 76 %). En considérant des different specimens, and species with at los componentes extraíbles con agua arbres avec au moins cinq spécimens least 10 different trees, it was possible caliente y las cenizas (81 %, 60 % y 76 %). différents et des espèces avec au moins to investigate within-tree and within- Considerando los árboles con al menos 10 arbres différents, il a été possible species variability. Large differences cinco muestras diferentes y especies d’étudier la variabilité intra-arbre et intra- were found between trees of a given con al menos 10 árboles diferentes, fue espèce. De grandes différences ont été species for extraneous components, and posible estudiar la variabilidad intra- constatées entre les arbres d’une espèce more than one tree should be needed per árboles e intraespecies. Se constataron donnée pour les composants externes, species. For density, lignin, pentosan and grandes diferencias entre los árboles et plus d’un arbre devrait être nécessaire cellulose, the distribution of values was de una determinada especie para los par espèce. Pour la densité, la lignine, le nearly symmetrical, with mean values of componentes externos, y debería ser pentosane et la cellulose, la distribution 720 kg/m3 for density, 29.1% for lignin, necesario más de un árbol por especie. des valeurs était presque symétrique, 15.8% for pentosan, and 42.4% for Para la densidad, la lignina, el pentosano avec des valeurs moyennes de 720 kg/m3 cellulose. There were clear differences y la celulosa, la distribución de los valores pour la densité, 29,1 % pour la lignine, between species for lignin content. For es casi simétrica, con valores medios de 15,8 % pour le pentosane et 42,4 % pour extraneous components, the distribution 720 kg/m3 para la densidad, 29,1 % para la cellulose. La teneur en lignine variait was very dissymmetrical, with a minority la lignina, 15,8 % para el pentosano y nettement d’une espèce à l’autre. Pour of woods rich in this component 42,4 % para la celulosa. El contenido en les composants externes, la distribution composing the high value tail. A high lignina varía claramente de una especie était très dissymétrique, avec une value for any extraneous component, a otra. Para los componentes externos, minorité de bois riches en ce composant even in only one tree, is sufficient to la distribución es muy disimétrica, con constituant la queue de valeurs élevées. classify the species in respect of that una minoría de maderas ricas en este Une valeur élevée pour tout composant component. Siliceous woods identified componente, que constituye un larga externe, même dans un seul arbre, est by silica bodies in anatomy have a very cola de gran valor. Un valor elevado suffisante pour classer l’espèce à l’égard high silica content and only those species para cualquier componente externo, de ce composant. Les bois siliceux deserve a silica study. incluso en un solo árbol, es suficiente identifiés par les cristaux de silice en para clasificar la especie en función de anatomie ont une teneur très élevée en Keywords: wood components, cellulose, este componente. Las maderas silícicas silice et seules ces espèces méritent une lignin, pentosan, ethanol-benzene, identificadas por los cuerpos de sílice étude sur la silice. water, ash, silica, wood chemistry, en anatomía tienen un contenido muy tropical species, database. elevado de sílice y solo estas especies Mots-clés : composants du bois, merecen un estudio sobre la sílice. cellulose, lignine, pentosane, éthanol- benzène, eau, cendres, silice, chimie Palabras clave: componentes de la du bois, espèces tropicales, base de madera, celulosa, lignina, pentosano, données. etanol-benceno, agua, cenizas, sílice, química de la madera, especies tropicales, base de datos. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4e trimestre – novembre 2019 – p. 79-91 COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE DES BOIS TROPICAUX / LE POINT SUR... 81 Introduction The use of wood for pulp and paper making was the were carried out between 1946 and 1961 (figure 1). Between result of German inventions in the second part of the 19th 1964 and 1990, the effort was much more limited, mainly century, and the wood-based pulp industry grew quickly at linked to the use of tropical wood for energy purposes (Doat, the beginning of the 20th century (Ek et al., 2009). The Tech- 1977; Pétroff and Doat, 1978) and to new interest in the nical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI1) was pulp and paper industry in French Guiana (Tissot, 1989). founded in 1915 and there was demand for more knowledge In order to check possible changes we look at varia- about wood chemistry. The Chemistry of Wood (Hawley and tions of results during succeeding years. There are no signi- Wise, 1926) was the first reference book on the subject, with ficant differences between periods except for the species a large discussion about methods for analysing carbohy- sampling, much larger in the first period. We have decided drate (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin), lignin, extractives to open these data files to the scientific community because and ash.
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