Phone: (08) 9093 0024 Mobile: 0435 249 583 Email: [email protected] 52 to 56 Oroya St, Boulder PO Box 2027 Boulder WA 6432 ABN 47141175297

21st November 2018 MEMORANDUM: DEWATERING DISHCARGE FROM THE FIND PROJECT TO LAKE PENNY

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT ...... 4 2.1 Regional Setting ...... 4 2.2 Climate ...... 5 2.3 Topography and Land systems ...... 5 2.4 Geology ...... 8 2.5 Hydrology ...... 10 2.5.1 Water Quality ...... 12 2.5.2 Sediment Quality ...... 13 2.6 Vegetation ...... 14 2.7 Aquatic Biota ...... 15 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 17

TABLES

Table 1-1: Water Balance/ Dewatering Rates for underground mining 2 Table 2-1: Soil Landscape Systems within the Penny’s Find Project 6 Table 2-2: Groundwater Quality Analytical Results 12 Table 2-3: Storage Dam Sediment Analytical Results 13 Table 2-4: Species list for Heath of Melaleuca lateriflora and low heath of Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens on salt lake edge 14 Table 2-5: Cyanobacteria and algal taxa identified from Lake Yindarlgooda, Swan 15 Table 2-6: Aquatic invertebrate taxa recorded from Lake Yindarlgooda, Swan 16

FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Location of Penny’s Find Project 1 Figure 1-2: Penny’s Find Site Layout 2 Figure 1-3: Prescribed Premise Boundary and dewatering map 3 Figure 2-1: Map of IBRA subregions in the vicinity of Penny’s Find 4 Figure 2-2: Mean rainfall and maximum temperature Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport (#12038) (Bureau of Meteorology, 2018) 5 Figure 2-3: Map of Soil Landscape Systems within the Penny’s Find Project 7 Figure 2-4: Geomorpholgy of the Penny’s Find Project 9 Figure 2-6: Regional Hydrology (Geoscience , 2000) 10 Figure 2-5: Surface water flow and drainage (MWES, 2015) 11

PLATES

Plate 1: Heath of Melaleuca lateriflora and low heath of Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens on salt lake edge (September 2015) 14

1 INTRODUCTION The Penny’s Find gold deposit is held jointly by Empire Resources Ltd (Empire) which holds 60% and private company Brimstone Resources Ltd (Brimstone) which holds 40%. Collectively the parties are referred to as the Penny’s Find Joint Venture (PFJV). The Penny’s Find deposit is located within the Hampton Hill Pastoral Lease in the Shire of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, approximately 45km north-east of Kalgoorlie-Boulder (Figure 1-1).

Figure 1-1: Location of Penny’s Find Project

The Penny’s Find Project (Figure 1-2) includes the following mine features:

• Open pit mining of a single pit (5m below groundwater table) • One Waste Rock Landform (Class 1) • Abandonment Bund • ROM Pad • Office • Laydown/Hardstand areas • Road and pipelines (Transport and Infrastructure Corridors) • Magazine • Storage Dam-Saline Water • Diversion Channel • Topsoil Stockpiles

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Figure 1-2: Penny’s Find Site Layout

Open pit mining commenced in the first week of May 2017 and was completed in April 2018 with the site currently on care and maintenance. A total of 4,102,458 tonnes of rock was mined (146,670 tonnes of ore, 5000 tonnes of low grade and 3,950,783 tonnes of waste rock). High grade ore has been hauled offsite for processing however 5000 tonnes of low grade ore remains stockpiled on the ROM Pad. Waste Rock has been used to construct bunding on site and used in the construction of the Waste Rock Landform (WRL).

Empire now propose to conduct underground mining within the open pit (pending Mining Proposal approval). Underground mining is planned for depth of 100m below the open pit base, by constructing an underground portal in the eastern face of the open pit. No other changes to the mining project/ infrastructure are proposed. As dewatering rates will increase for the underground operation (increase to approximately 25L/sec) an estimated 821,250 kL per annum (Table 1-1) of dewatering is estimated which requires DWER licencing (applications pending approvals).

Table 1-1: Water Balance/ Dewatering Rates for underground mining

Quarter Dewatering (KL) Jan-Mar 2019 202,500 Apr-June 2019 204,750 Jul-Sept 2019 207,000 Oct-Dec 2019 207,000 Total Annual 2019 821,250 Jan-Mar 2020 204,750 Apr-June 2020 204,750 Total Annual 2020 409,500

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Dewatering previously conducted for the open pit operation was transmitted via above ground pipelines (contained within 2m wide v-drain with 0.5m high earth bunds) for storage of water in one storage dam (clay-lined) and any excess water discharged into Lake Penny. Location of pipelines and storage dam are shown in Figure 1-3.

No changes to the dewatering infrastructure previously approved and in place are proposed. The storage dam and dewatering pipelines will be operated in accordance with previous mining approvals and the pending DWER licences. The current turkey nest storage dam is constructed to give a free board volume of ~2,000 m3 or 1.0 days at the proposed underground mine pumping rates.

Figure 1-3: Prescribed Premise Boundary and dewatering map

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2 RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 2.1 Regional Setting The Penny’s Find Project lies within the Murchison Region of the Eremaean Province of WA in a region known as the Austin Botanical District. The area consists of predominantly mulga low woodland on plains and reduces to scrub on hills (Beard, 1990). The Murchison Region is further divided into subregions, based on the IBRA, with the project area located within the Eastern Murchison (MUR1) subregion (Figure 2-1).

The area is characterised by internal drainage and extensive areas of elevated red desert sand plains with minimal dune development. Salt lake systems are present in the area and are associated with ancient paleodrainage channels. Broad plains of red-brown soils and breakaways exist, adjacent to red sandplains. Vegetation is dominated by mulga woodlands, with hummock grasslands, salt bush shrublands and Tecticornia shrublands. Land uses include Unallocated Land, Crown reserves, pastoral grazing, freehold, conservation and mining (Cowan, 2001).

Figure 2-1: Map of IBRA subregions in the vicinity of Penny’s Find

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2.2 Climate The climate of the Eastern Murchison subregion is classified as arid to semi-arid, characterised by cool winters and hot summers. Rainfall is highly variable, with an annual average of 255 mm (Figure 2-2). High intensity, short duration rainfall events linked to tropical lows in the north of often occur in late summer (Clarke, 1994). However, majority of the rainfall occurs in winter as a result of cold fronts moving in from the Southern Ocean. Climate data for the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport weather station (#12038), located approximately 45km south-west of the Project is provided in Figure 2-2 (Bureau of Meteorology, 2018).

Figure 2-2: Mean rainfall and maximum temperature Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport (#12038) (Bureau of Meteorology, 2018)

2.3 Topography and Land systems The Eastern Murchison subregion is dominated by Archaean granite-greenstone terrain, with the landscape comprising low hills, mesas of duricrust separated by flat colluvium and alluvial plains. The western half of the bioregion comprises the Murchison Catchment (Australian Natural Resources Atlas, 2009) and drainage occurs westwards towards the Murchison River and south into Lake Austin. This subregion is characterized by its internal drainage and extensive area of elevated red desert sandplains (Cowan, 2001). Another important feature of the system is the salt lake systems associated with the occluded Paleo within drainage system. Beard (1990) describes the topography of the region as undulating with occasional ranges of low hills and extensive sandplains located in the East. The dominant soil type is a shallow earthy loam, overlying red-brown hardpan. Red earthy sands can be found on the sandplains. The Penny’s Find Project is located at 350m elevation.

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The Penny’s Find Project occurs within the Kambalda Zone (265) of the Kalgoorlie Province (26). The Kambalda Zone is characterised by flat to undulating plains (with hills, ranges and some salt lakes and stony plains) on greenstone and granitic rocks of the Yilgarn Craton. Soils are comprised of calcareous loamy earths and red loamy earths with Salt lakes soils and some red-brown hardpan shallow loams and red sandy duplexes. Vegetation is predominately red mallee blackbutt- salmon gum-gimlet woodlands with mulga and halophytic shrublands (and some spinifex grasslands). This zone is located in the south-eastern Goldfields between Menzies, Norseman and the Fraser Range (Tille, 2006). The Project is located within two Land System mapping units as shown in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-3 and described below.

Table 2-1: Soil Landscape Systems within the Penny’s Find Project

Land System Mapping Unit Description

Salt lakes with fringing saline alluvial plains, kopi dunes and Carnegie 265Ca sandy banks, supporting halophytic shrublands and acacia tall shrublands.

Low breakaways with saline gravelly lower plains supporting Yilgangi 265Yi predominately halophytic low shrublands.

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Figure 2-3: Map of Soil Landscape Systems within the Penny’s Find Project

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2.4 Geology The Penny’s Find Project is located on the Kurnalpi 1:250,000 Geological Sheet. The Project is situated within the Gindalbie Domain of the Kurnalpi Terrane, which is part of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton.

The Gindalbie Domain is comprised of a layered sequence of supracrustal rocks that have been deformed, metamorphosed and intruded by granitic rocks. The sequence comprises three main units. The basal unit consists of a tholeitic suite comprising basalt, komatiite and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks and is the same basal unit that occurs in the adjacent Kurnalpi Domain. This unit is unconformably overlain by a bimodal suite of mafic and felsic volcanic rocks (with sub-aqueous volcanogenic sandstone), referred to as the Gindalbie Volcanics. Both the basal suite and the Gindalbie Volcanics have been intruded by mafic to intermediate sills and dykes that are comagmatic with the Gindalbie Volcanics. The uppermost unit is separated from the underlying Gindalbie Volcanics by an unconformity and consists of (mostly) coarse clastic sedimentary rocks, which have been named the Penny Dam Conglomerate, after the outcrop at Penny Dam.

Deformation has occurred during several events and has resulted in complex re-folding of earlier folds and extensive shearing and faulting at local and regional scales. Gold mineralisation formed during a late deformational event but has been affected by deformation that post-dated gold mineralization.

A major regional structure, arguably the most important with regards to gold mineralisation in the Penny’s Find Project, is the Emu Fault. This is a major regional shear zone that extends about 200km northwards to the Leonora region, where it merges with the Keith-Kilkenny Fault. The Emu Fault has a generally north-south trend and underlies in the eastern part of the project area. The Penny Dam Conglomerate does not occur west of the Emu Fault.

A lateritic weathering profile is well-developed throughout the region but is extensively eroded. Residual lateritic duricrusts are generally only preserved on the highest ground but the existence of some duricrusts at lower elevations suggests that the lateritic duricrusts formed upon an undulating surface or that there has been more than one episode of laterisation.

A map showing the geomorphology of the Penny’s Find area is provided in Figure 2-4.

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Figure 2-4: Geomorpholgy of the Penny’s Find Project

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2.5 Hydrology Lake Penny covers an area of approximately 517 ha and receives regional drainage from the north via two main ephemeral drainage lines (Figure 2-5). Lake Penny is likely to be part of a chain of salt lakes on the south-eastern area of the Yilgarn Craton. These lakes are the surface expression of the Roe Palaeoriver, an ancient drainage channel (Timms, 1992). Lake Penny is located approximately 8km north of Lake Yindarlgooda which covers an area of approximately 35,712 ha.

Figure 2-5: Regional Hydrology (Geoscience Australia, 2000)

Surface water flow in the Penny’s Find area only occurs after heavy rains. There is evidence of minor drainage channels in the mining areas. Expected sheet flow and proposed drainage are shown in Figure 2-6.

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pale blue lines: catchments; dark blue lines: non-perennial drainage lines; red lines: roads; green polygon: Mining tenement Figure 2-6: Surface water flow and drainage (MWES, 2015)

The area comprises of three catchments (Figure 2-6). The northern catchment divides to Lake Penny and is located about 6 km north of the Lake at an elevation of around 380 m AHD with lake level at about 322 m AHD. The creeks rises at the catchment divide drain to the east of the project area and does not directly impact the project site. Natural drainage across the site relates to smaller more localised catchments. The west catchment rises on a very low strike ridge break-away and drains east across the site. The poorly defined drainage line will be interrupted by the WRL and pit and a short permanent western diversion will be required. The central catchment has similar characteristics to the west catchment with surface gradients to the east and south. Flows coalesce in a creek-line which runs along the eastern margin of the tenement. A permanent diversion drain around the north and east sides of the tenement will be required. The larger north catchment rises at the Lake Penny catchment divide. Natural flow from the catchment does not appear likely to impact the site, with the main stream located wholly east of the tenement. There is a shallow swale which may allow overflow from the north to the central catchment at very high water levels. A low bund can eliminate this potential overflow (MWES, 2015). Due to the arid climate experienced by the Murchison, the most reliable water is groundwater. The regional water table is located at depths of between 30 and 100 m, and flows southeast along a palaeodrainage channel, in the eastern part of the bioregion, into the Eucla Basin (Australian Natural Resources Atlas 2009). As evaporation rates are generally much higher than precipitation, recharge to the local groundwater system is limited and occurs at a low rate. Three primary groundwater systems occur in the region and include the palaeochannel system (localised but extensive network of alluvial sands), a ferricrete and alluvial sedimentary system (accumulation of sand, gravel and fractured ferricrete within clays) and a bedrock system (groundwater flow occurs in fractured and weathered zones within the basement rocks at depth).

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Groundwater levels at Penny’s Find occurs approximately 6m below surface at the south and central part of the deposit and approximately 12m below surface towards the north of the deposit (Mariajosé Romero- Segura, 2015).

The majority of inland salt lakes in Western Australia have an irregular flooding regime, only filling after intense winter rains or summer cyclonic events (Timms et al., 2006). Goldfields salt lakes tend to have a shallow, hypersaline water table below the surface of the lake bed and it is assumed that Lake Penny would have the same characteristics. Due to the presence of this shallow, hypersaline water, the lake would usually be covered in a thin, naturally-occurring salt crust. This is readily dissolved by rainfall; however, following substantial rainfall or flooding, salts on the surface will be dissolved and will dissipate. Hydrological modelling of predicted flow in relation to dewatering discharge rates, and the movement of discharge water on the lake surface, has been completed at other lakes in the goldfields. This data indicates that additional salts received from dewatering discharge have the capacity to move to the underlying aquifer, although they are not thought to impact on natural ecological function (Coleman 2003).

2.5.1 Water Quality Surface waters of Lake Penny were sampled in 2001 during a PHD study of Lake Yindarlgooda in which Lake Penny was assessed as a reference site with no mine dewatering occurring at Lake Penny at the time of the assessment (Campagna, 2007). The surface water was identified as hypersaline (84,000 mg/L) and neutral (pH7.6) (Campagna, 2007).

Chemical analysis of a groundwater sample collected from the Penny’s Find Project (including pre-mining sample obtained from bore, sample obtained from turkeys nest and from lake discharge point) was conducted by SGS (205) and Chem Centre (2018). Water quality results for the project are provided in Table 2-2 below.

Results are summarized as follows: • Groundwater is hyper-saline (TDS 130,000-180,000 mg/L). • pH is neutral (pH 6.7-6.9). • Slightly elevated levels of Boron (pre-mining/ baseline levels of Boron unknown). All other metals below Australian Standards for Irrigation and Livestock. • Reduction in the level of Total Suspended Solids between the Turkeys Nest where water is stored and the discharge point where excess water is discharged to Lake Penny.

Table 2-2: Groundwater Quality Analytical Results

Groundwater ANZECC & ANZECC & Turkeys Discharge- Analyte Unit Sample ARMCANZ (2000) ARMCANZ (2000) Nest-2018 2018 (C10293)-2015 Livestock Irrigation

pH pH units 6.7 6.9 6.9 6-9 6-9 EC mS/m 150000 17700 17600 NA NA TDS mg/L 130000 180000 180000 <4000 <4000 TSS mg/L 5700 150 73 N/A N/A Phosphorus mg/L 1.6 0.8-12 Alkalinity mg/L 13 >60 Chloride mg/L 69000 <700 Sulphate mg/L 9400 <1000 Organic 5.1 <100 Carbon mg/L Calcium mg/L 980 <1000 Potassium mg/L 130 N/A Magnesium mg/L 4800 N/A Sodium mg/L 38000 N/A <460 Botanica Consulting 12

Groundwater ANZECC & ANZECC & Turkeys Discharge- Analyte Unit Sample ARMCANZ (2000) ARMCANZ (2000) Nest-2018 2018 (C10293)-2015 Livestock Irrigation

As mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.5 2 B mg/L 4.9 5.1 <5 <0.5 Be mg/L <0.005 <0.005 N/A <0.5 Cd mg/L <0.005 0.006 0.0066 <0.01 <0.05 CrVI mg/L <0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <1 <1 Cu mg/L <0.05 0.019 0.023 <0.5 <5 Fe mg/L <0.05 <0.05 N/A <10 Hg mg/L <0.00005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.002 <0.002 Mo mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.15 0.05 Ni mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <1 <2 Pb mg/L <0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <0.1 <5 Se mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.02 <0.05 Zn 0.25 <20 <5

indicates level above Australian Standards

2.5.2 Sediment Quality Wetland and creek sediments in the arid region of Western Australia can display a high spatial heterogeneity (Simpson et al., 2005), associated with alternate wetting and drying cycles (Boulton and Brock, 1999, McComb and Qui, 1998). Sediment properties also vary over horizontal and vertical planes (McKenzie et al., 2004).

Sediments of Lake Penny were sampled in 2001 during a PHD study of Lake Yindarlgooda in which Lake Penny was assessed as a reference site with no mine dewatering occurring at Lake Penny at the time of the assessment (Campagna, 2007). Sediment samples were collected 40–50 m from the margins of the lake. The surface sediment was clay, with a halite crust observed toward the centre of the lake. The results of the assessment found that the sediments of Lake Penny had higher salinity, total organic carbon and arsenic than the discharge sites at Lake Yindarlgooda (Campagna, 2007).

Sampling of storage dam soils was conducted to determine concentrations of metals within the storage dam from mine dewatering. The samples were analysed by Chem Centre (2018). Results of the analysis showed that there are no elevated levels of heavy metals/leaching from discharged groundwater within the storage dam.

Table 2-3: Storage Dam Sediment Analytical Results

ANZECC & Turkeys Turkeys ANZECC & ARMCANZ Analyte Unit ARMCANZ (2000) Nest 1 Nest 2 (2000) Irrigation Livestock pH pH 8.6 8.4 6-9 6-9 units EC mS/m 1600 3000 NA NA As mg/L 0.032 0.006 <0.5 2 B mg/L 0.16 0.36 <5 <0.5 Be mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 N/A <0.5 Cd mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.01 <0.05 CrVI mg/L <0.005 <0.005 <1 <1 Cu mg/L <0.0001 0.0002 <0.5 <5 Fe mg/L <0.005 <0.005 N/A <10

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ANZECC & Turkeys Turkeys ANZECC & ARMCANZ Analyte Unit ARMCANZ (2000) Nest 1 Nest 2 (2000) Irrigation Livestock Hg mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.002 <0.002 Mo mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.15 0.05 Ni mg/L 0.001 0.001 <1 <2 Pb mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.1 <5 Se mg/L 0.004 0.002 <0.02 <0.05

2.6 Vegetation Flora and vegetation surveys conducted by Botanica Consulting (2015) identified vegetation surrounding Lake Penny as Heath of Melaleuca lateriflora and low heath of Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens on salt lake edge (Plate 1). The total flora recorded within this vegetation community was represented by a total of 7 Families, 11 Genera and 12 Taxa (Table 2-4). The dominant taxa within this community were Melaleuca lateriflora and Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens. No Threatened or Priority Flora taxa were identified within this vegetation community. No introduced species were identified within this vegetation community.

Table 2-4: Species list for Heath of Melaleuca lateriflora and low heath of Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens on salt lake edge

Family Genus Taxon Aizoaceae Disphyma crassifolium Chenopodiaceae Maireana georgei Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena drummondii Chenopodiaceae Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens Fabaceae Acacia burkittii Fabaceae Acacia incurvaneura Fabaceae Senna artemisioides subsp. filifolia Fabaceae Swainsona paradoxa (Annual) Frankeniaceae Frankenia setosa Goodeniaceae Scaevola spinescens Melaleuca lateriflora Scrophulariaceae Eremophila scoparia

Plate 1: Heath of Melaleuca lateriflora and low heath of Tecticornia indica subsp. bidens on salt lake edge (September 2015)

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2.7 Aquatic Biota Aquatic biota of Lake Penny were assessed in 2001 during a PHD study of Lake Yindarlgooda in which Lake Penny was assessed as a reference site, with no mine dewatering occurring at Lake Penny at the time of the assessment (Campagna, 2007).

A list of the macrophytes and algae recorded during the assessment are provided in Table 2-5 below. Hatching and germination trials on sediment from Lake Penny yielded only large numbers of Lamprothamnium sp. (Charophyceae). (Campagna, 2007). Extensive benthic microbial mats, characteristic of some hypersaline salt lakes, were not observed in Lake Yindarlgooda or Lake Penny. Instead, the microbial communities consisted of a thin film of halotolerant diatoms on the surface sediment (Campagna, 2007).

Table 2-5: Cyanobacteria and algal taxa identified from Lake Yindarlgooda, Swan Refuge and Lake Penny (Campagna, 2007).

Twelve aquatic invertebrate taxa were collected in March 2001, eleven taxa belonging to the Crustacea and one to the Insecta (Table 2.6). No invertebrates were identified from Lake Penny during this study conducted by Veronica Campagna1.

1 Samples could not be collected during the March 2001 sampling trip as the lake was inaccessible. During subsequent surveys Lake Penny was dry. Sediment rewetting was unsuccessful, the cultures quickly becoming anoxic. Examination of the sediment proved difficult and did not reveal any invertebrate resting stages.

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Table 2-6: Aquatic invertebrate taxa recorded from Lake Yindarlgooda, Swan Refuge and the peripheral floodplains in March 2001 (Campagna, 2007).

Results of the assessment found that the biodiversity in Lake Yindarlgooda and Lake Penny was low compared to that of other inland salt lakes, particularly for invertebrate species (Campagna, 2007). Lower diversity is often attributed to the episodic nature of the lake (Timms, 2007).

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3 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANZECC. (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Volume 1, Sediment Quality Guidelines . Environment Australia, Paper 4, Australia.

ANZECC. (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Volume 2, Aquatic Ecosystems - Rationale and Background Information (Chapter 8). Environment Australia, Paper.4, Australia.

Aquaterra. (2007) Annual dewatering discharge report - Licence No. 7323/8 Internal report for Kundana Gold Mine, Western Australia.

Australian Natural Resources Atlas. (2009) Rangelands Overview: Murchison. http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/rangelands/overview/wa/ibra-mur.html.

Barrett-Lennard, E. G. (2002) Restoration of saline land through revegetation. Agricultural Water Management 53: 213-226.

Barrett, G. (2006) Vegetation communities on the shores of a salt lake in semi-arid Western Australia. Journal of Arid Environments (67): 77–89.

Boulton, A. J. (1999) An overview of river health assessment: philosphies, practise and problems and prognosis. Freshwater Biology 41: 469-479.

Boulton, A. J. and Brock, M. A. (1999) Australian Freshwater Ecology: processes and management. Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Adelaide, South Australia.

Botanica Consulting (2015), Level 1 Flora and Vegetation Survey of the Penny’s Find Project. September 2015, Botanica Consulting

Brock, M. A., Nielsen, D. L., Shiel, R. J., Green, J. D. and Langley, J. D. (2003) Drought and aquatic community resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands. Freshwater Biology 48: 1207-1218.

Bureau of Meteorology. (2018) Climate Data Online. Monthly Statistics. Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Government. Available online at http://www.bom.gov.au/. Accessed November 2018.

Campagna, V. S. (2007) Limnology and biota of Lake Yindarlgooda - an inland salt lake in Western Australia under stress. Doctoral Thesis. Curtin University of Technology.

Chaplin, S. and John, J. (1999) Algae and aquatic invertebrate assemblages in Lake Cowan and Lake Dundas, Western Australia Internal report prepared for Central Norseman Gold Corporation, Perth, Western Australia.

Coleman, M. (2003) Salt lakes in the Western Australian landscape - with specific reference to the Yilgarn and Goldfields Region Internal report for the Department of Environmental Protection, Perth, Western Australia.

Coleman, M., Datson, B. V. and Timms, B. V. (2004) Field survey of the invertebrate fauna of sixteen wetland sites near Lake Carey Report prepared for AngloGold Pty Ltd, Perth, WA.

Cowan, M. (2001) Murchison 1 (MUR1 - Eastern Murchison Subregion). Department of Conservation and Land Management.

Datson, B. (2002) Samphires in Western Australia: A field guide to Chenopodiaceae tribe Salicornieae. Department of Conservation and Land Management Perth.

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Gonzalez. (2004) Biological indicators of wetland health: Comparing qualitative and quantitative vegetation measures with anuran measures. Masters. University of South Florida.

Gregory, S. J. (2007) The classification of inland salt lakes in Western Australia. Masters. Curtin University of Technology.

Hazelton, P. and Murphy, B. (2008) Interpreting Soil Test Results. What do all the numbers mean. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria.

Humphries, P. and Baldwin, D. S. (2003) Drought and aquatic ecosystems: an introduction. Freshwater Biology 48(7): 1141-1146.

John, J. (2002) Introduction to the freshwater algae. Wetland Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia.

MWES (2015), Penny’s Find Project Hydrological Assessment. Prepared for Empire Resources Limited by MWES Consulting.

Romero-Segura, M (2016), Penny’s Find Sub-Surface Hydrology Report. Prepared for Empire Resources Limited by Mariajosé Romero-Segura.

Tille, P. (2006). Soil‐Landscape Zones of Western Australia’s Rangelands and Interior. (Resource Management Technical Report 313). Western Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food.

Timms, B. V. (1992) Lake geomorphology. Gleneagles Publishing, Adelaide.

Timms, B. V., Datson, B. and Coleman, M. (2006) The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89: 175-183.

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