DOCSLIB.ORG

Modi’ Script Using Empirically Determined Heuristics in Hybrid Feature Space

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modi’ Script Using Empirically Determined Heuristics in Hybrid Feature Space International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Open Access Research Paper Volume-6, Issue-2 E-ISSN: 2347-2693 Recognition of a Medieval Indic-‘Modi’ Script using Empirically Determined Heuristics in Hybrid Feature Space R. K. Maurya1*, S. R. Maurya2 1* University Department of Computer Science (UDCS), University of Mumbai-98, Maharashtra, India 2 S. K. Somaiya College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Vidyavihar, Mumbai-77,Maharashtra, India * e-mail: [email protected] Available online at: www.ijcseonline.org Received: 21/Jan/2018, Revised: 29/Jan/2018, Accepted: 12/Feb/2018, Published: 28/Feb/2018 Abstract— The „Modi‟ script originated as a cursive variant of the script during the 17th century CE and used to write the Marathi language spoken in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Modi script evolved over time and found in many styles of writing. There is no standardization for writing characters and numerals of „Modi‟ script but largely written without lifting the pen. The cursive nature of the script and lack of standardization in writing style pose challenges in digital recognition of documents written using Modi script including historical ones. Being largely medieval era script, modern document recognition systems lack support for recognizing handwritten texts using „Modi‟ script. In this paper, we have described the framework of digital recognition of characters of handwritten „Modi‟ script using empirically determined heuristics for determining the contribution of features from hybrid feature space for recognition of the „Modi‟ character. The hybrid feature space uses normalized chain code together with feature vector encompassing a number of holes, endpoints, and zones associated with the character. The proposed framework for digital recognition of „Modi‟ character using empirically determined heuristics provides a naïve model for recognizing a class of Indic scripts especially based on the cursive style of writing. The average and best recognition performance for the proposed method was measured to be 91.20% and 99.10% respectively. Keywords— Chain Code, OCR, Medieval Script, „Modi‟ Script Recognition, Empirical Heuristic-based OCR I. INTRODUCTION the character of the script. It neither accounts for vowel length nor does include conjunct consonants like Devanagari The ancient and medieval era of the Indian history had well- and some other Indic scripts. It was also used to encrypt the evolved scripts and created good literary documents. These message since not all people were well versed in reading this literary documents mainly handwritten should be preserved script. for future. „Modi‟ is one such medieval script that was used to write the Marathi language, which is the primary language Presently Marathi uses Devanagari script while most of the spoken in the state of Maharashtra in western India. documents found in archives are written in „Modi‟. Since even as of today there are only a handful number of expert „Modi‟ Script was greatly used by political and people who can transcribe documents written in „Modi‟, administrative authorities as well as businessmen to keep restoring these documents have become difficult. This gives their accounts and other important documents. „Modi‟ the motivation to develop a system that would recognize originated as "cursive" style of writing Marathi near about documents written using „Modi‟ and preserve them for last 600 years and was mostly used since 17th century till the future. The documents written using „Modi‟ script shows a 1950s when Devanagari replaced it as the written medium of high degree of variations in writing style including discrete the Marathi language. The cursive style of the „Modi‟ script and legitimate to cursive, and fused character styles. There often makes it difficult to read and thus could also be used as are little-known efforts done for digital recognition of hand shorthand script for faster writing. documents written using „„Modi‟ script. The digital recognition of the script can help to preserve the knowledge There are two major classes of scripts in India-scripts with repositories found in the historical documents. and without Sirorekha (a head bar). „Modi‟ script belongs to the former class. Importantly „Modi‟ is generally written This paper claims results of digital recognition of „Modi‟ without lifting the pen which produces cursive property in script characters for non-fused handwritten discrete © 2018, IJCSE All Rights Reserved 136 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6(2), Feb 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693 characters of „Modi‟ script. The input documents are treated tests and highlight performance on individual „Modi‟ script as two-dimensional intensity map. After fundamental characters. preprocessing of these image documents, the character recognition follows matching features of the character in III. CHALLENGES OF OCR FOR ‘MODI’ SCRIPT feature space that contain spatial and shape characteristics of the character. In this paper, we have developed and „Modi‟ script has cursive characteristics due to its writing experimented technique to recognize characters of „Modi‟ mechanism. Generally „Modi‟ is written without lifting the script in hybrid feature space and present their recognition pen, thus forming complex pattern in many cases. The hand performance. The paper is based on empirically determined written documents showed large variations in character heuristics for matching in feature space that comprises of a construction and often lead to more complex problem of spatial feature of the character including number of holes, touching and fused characters. number of endpoints, zone description and normalized chain Few of the critical challenges in recognizing „Modi‟ code analysis on archived image documents of „Modi‟ script. scripts include: Availability of only handwritten documents and II. RELATED WORK absence of typeset template for target match. Many types of research in past decades have tried to address Presence of high degree of self-occluding structures the issues of recognizing Indian scripts. Indian scripts have in the „Modi‟ characters. complex structural compositions which makes designing OCR relatively difficult. Initial works by R. M. K. Sinha and Cursive writing style for all characters. others in [1], [2] and [3] have addressed the issues with Variation in character pattern due to change in recognizing modern Devanagari script successfully mainly speed of writing using knowledge sources and rule-based contextual post- processing. Their work is limited to the typeset image Occurrence of fused characters in the sentences of documents and more modern way of writing. Character the input documents. recognition for Devanagari script has been studied by V. Developing an OCR for „Modi‟ script invites solving Bansal in [4] that used a two-pass algorithm for the mentioned problems. The characters of „Modi‟ script have segmentation and decomposition specifically for composite evolved over a period of time and there are many variations characters/symbols into their constituent symbols. to write the same character. Since there are no standard typed There are good attempts for recognition of other Indic documents and standard character set/style available, scripts, but largely work on medieval Indic script such as recognition is a challenging task. Due to its continuous „Modi‟ Script recognition is limited. Remarkably, there is a writing style, „Modi‟ often creates occluding structures and large collection of valuable medieval documents written fused or overlapping words and sentences which makes using „Modi‟ script which itself has evolved over the time recognition more difficult. The speed of writing also brings and thus shows great variations. These documents have great large variation in the document created in „Modi‟. Overall all contribution in literature in central and western parts of India. these problems make the development of standard OCR for „Modi‟ has been less explored for the purpose of automation „Modi‟ more difficult. of OCR. D. N. Besekar et al. have done some preliminary In this paper, we have proposed the methodology to work in recognition of „Modi‟ script in their papers [5], [6]. recognize character set of „Modi‟ script independent of The work in the paper [5] describes the structural similarities writing style by focusing on most prominent features of the of standard characters and handwritten characters in „Modi‟ character including shape. With exception of few highly script while [6] outlines the theoretical analysis of „Modi‟ similar characters, the recognizer performs quite well. script and other issues in recognizing the script. More Relevant details should be given including experimental specific attempt form them include mathematical design and the technique (s) used along with appropriate morphological approach [7] and chain code based statistical methods used clearly along with the year of recognition [8] on standard characters of „Modi‟ script. The experimentation (field and laboratory). accuracy may vary when simply using chain code based recognition approach as „Modi‟ follows free-form writing style and has many similar looking characters. IV. METHODOLOGY This paper attempts to create a framework for generating The inputs to the „Modi‟ OCR described in this paper are OCR for simple medieval documents containing „Modi‟ handwritten documents that contain „Modi‟ script characters. scripts using feature space analysis together with chain code The input documents are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Chatterjee S. Designing a New Digital Font for Modi-Script. Ergonomics Int J 2018, Copyright© Chatterjee S
    Ergonomics International Journal ISSN: 2577-2953 Designing a New Digital Font for Modi-Script Chatterjee S* Review article Assistant Professor, Indian Information of Information Technology, Design and Volume 2 Issue 3 Manufacturing, India Received Date: May 07, 2018 Published Date: May 22, 2018 *Corresponding author: Dr. Chatterjee Shekhar, Indian Information of Information DOI: 10.23880/eoij-16000150 Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India, Tel: 9425150936; Email: [email protected] Abstract The mature form of language is known with its script. There are many languages all over the world took help of other scripts to express its literary values in terms of human phonetic and literary wealth of human civilization. In the history of Indian scriptology Marathi language had used Modi script during 12th century. It mainly came into the eyes of researchers because all documents were found in Modi script during the era of great Maratha emperor Shivaji Raje Bhosale also known as Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Modi-Script is one of the ancient scripts in India. Modi-Script was the official language to write Marathi documents and administrative papers till 19th century. Also, British Government decided to discard the use of Modi due to its complexity and non-uniformity and start the use of “Devanagari (Balbodh)”. Although, Modi was taught in the schools and it was used by the older generation till 1950. As time passed by the use of this very important script got reduced and it was on the verge of extinction. Fortunately, so many documents and manuscripts were found from the different parts of the world like London, Paris, Spain, Holland and South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Encode North Indian Accounting Signs in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646
    Proposal to Encode North Indian Accounting Signs in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] May 15, 2007 Contents Proposal Summary Form i 1 Introduction 1 2 Acknowledgments 2 3 Characters Proposed 2 3.1 Basis for Character Shapes . .......... 2 4 Overview of the Accounting Signs 3 4.1 FractionSigns................................... ....... 3 4.2 Independent Fraction Signs . ........... 4 4.3 QuarterMark ..................................... ..... 5 4.4 PlaceholderMark ................................. ....... 6 4.5 CurrencyMark .................................... ..... 6 4.6 QuantityMark.................................... ...... 8 5 Signs Not Proposed 10 5.1 SignsforUnitsofWeight. ......... 10 5.2 SignsforUnitsofMeasure . ......... 11 6 Relationship to Other Indian Notation Systems 11 6.1 GujaratiFractions............................... ......... 12 6.2 Bengali Currency Marks and Fractions . ............. 12 6.3 Malayalam Fractions and Letter-Numerals . ............... 13 6.4 Raqm Fractions and Rupee Mark . ......... 13 7 References 13 List of Figures 1 Currency, weights, and measures marks that appear in Kaithi documents . 16 2 System of notating currency in Kaithi using fractions and the currency mark . 17 3 Excerpt showing the forms of regular and independent fractions in Gujarati . 17 4 Excerpt from a Gujarati grammar showing the writing of fractions after a zero . 17 5 Use of fractions and the currency mark in the Mahajani script................. 18 6 Pricelist for books showing the use of the rupee mark . ............... 19 7 Pricelist for books showing the use of the rupee mark . ............... 19 8 Title page showing the use of fractions to denote price . ................. 20 9 Title page showing the use of the rupee mark and fractions to denote price . 20 10 The use of the rupee mark in Devanagari text .
    [Show full text]
  • Report for the Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative
    Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode as of version 6.0 A report for the Script Encoding Initiative Christopher Miller 2011-03-11 Christopher Miller Report on Indonesian and the Philippine scripts and extensions Page 2 of 60 Table of Contents Introduction 4 The Philippines 5 Encoded script blocks 5 Tagalog 6 The modern Súlat Kapampángan script 9 The characters of the Calatagan pot inscription 12 The (non-Indic) Eskayan syllabary 14 Summary 15 Sumatra 16 The South Sumatran script group 16 The Rejang Unicode block 17 Central Malay extensions (Lembak, Pasemah, Serawai) 18 Tanjung Tanah manuscript extensions 19 Lampung 22 Kerinci script 26 Alleged indigenous Minangkabau scripts 29 The Angka bejagung numeral system 31 Summary 33 Sumatran post-Pallava or “Malayu” varieties 34 Sulawesi, Sumbawa and Flores islands 35 Buginese extensions 35 Christopher Miller Report on Indonesian and the Philippine scripts and extensions Page 3 of 60 The Buginese Unicode block 35 Obsolete palm leaf script letter variants 36 Luwu’ variants of Buginese script 38 Ende script extensions 39 Bimanese variants 42 “An alphabet formerly adopted in Bima but not now used” 42 Makassarese jangang-jangang (bird) script 43 The Lontara’ bilang-bilang cipher script 46 Old Minahasa script 48 Summary 51 Cipher scripts 52 Related Indian scripts 52 An extended Arabic-Indic numeral shape used in the Malay archipelago 53 Final summary 54 References 55 1. Introduction1 A large number of lesser-known scripts of Indonesia and the Philippines are not as yet represented in Unicode. Many of these scripts are attested in older sources, but have not yet been properly documented in the available scholarly literature.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2006, the National Mission for 1
    final newsletter feb 2006.qxd 18/3/06 2:08 PM Page II “One of our major misfortunes is that we have lost so much of the world’s ancient literature – in Greece, in India and elsewhere... Probably an organized search for old manuscripts in the libraries of religious institutions, monasteries and private persons would yield rich results. That, and the critical examination of these manuscripts and, where considered desirable, their publication and translation, are among the many things we have to do in India when we succeed in breaking through our shackles and can function for ourselves. Such a study is bound to throw light on many phases of Indian history and especially on the social background behind historic events and changing ideas.” Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India Editor: Neha Paliwal Design: Alpana Khare Graphic Design fgUnh laiknd % izHkkr dqekj nkl Cover image: Folios from Narayaneeyam by Narayana Bhatta, preserved at Assistant Editor : Mrinmoy Chakraborty Oriental Research Institute and Manuscripts Library, Kariavattom, Publisher’s details: Mission Director Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala National Mission for Manuscripts No. 5, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road Print: Azure Press Services New Delhi 110 001 Tel: +91 11 23383894 National Mission for Manuscripts is an Email: [email protected] undertaking of the Ministry of Culture, Website: www.namami.nic.in Government of India. final newsletter feb 2006.qxd 18/3/06 2:08 PM Page 1 From the Editor Contents On 7th February 2006, the National Mission for 1. Manuscripts and Traditional 2 Manuscripts celebrated its third anniversary as Knowledge Systems well as the commencement of many programs V.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Script in India
    Evolution of script in India December 4, 2018 Manifest pedagogy UPSC in recent times has been asking tangential questions surrounding a personality. This is being done by linking dimensions in the syllabus with the personality. Iravatham Mahadevan which was in news last week. His contributions to scripts particularly Harappan Script and Brahmi script was immense. So the issue of growth of language and script become a relevant topic. In news Death of Iravatham Mahadevan an Indian epigraphist with expertise in Tamil-brahmi and Indus Valley script. Placing it in syllabus Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Dimensions 1. Difference between language and script 2. Indus valley script and the unending debate on its decipherment 3. The prominence of Brahmi script 4. The evolution of various scripts of India from Brahmi. 5. Modern Indian scripts. Content A language usually refers to the spoken language, a method of communication. A script refers to a collection of characters used to write one or more languages. A language is a method of communication. Scripts are writing systems that allow the transcription of a language, via alphabet sets. Indus script After the pictographic and petroglyph representations of early man the first evidence of a writing system can be seen in the Indus valley civilization. The earliest evidence of which is found on the pottery and pot shreds of Rahman Dheri and these potter’s marks, engraved or painted, are strikingly similar to those appearing in the Mature Indus symbol system. Later the writing system can be seen on the seals and sealings of Harappan period.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Ancient Indian Scripts - GK Notes for SSC & Banking
    List of Ancient Indian Scripts - GK Notes for SSC & Banking India is known for its culture, heritage, and history. One of the treasures of India is its ancient scripts. There are a huge number of scripts in India, many of these scripts have not been deciphered yet. Most Indian languages are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such as Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia etc. Read this article to know about a List of Ancient Indian Scripts. Main Families of Indian Scripts All Indian scripts are known to be derived from Brahmi. There are three main families of Indian scripts: 1. Devanagari - This script is the basis of the languages of northern India and western India: Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Panjabi, etc. 1 | P a g e 2. Dravidian - This script is the basis of Telugu, Kannada. 3. Grantha - This script is a subsection of the Dravidian languages such as Tamil and Malayalam, although it is not as important as the other two. Ancient Indian Scripts Given below are five ancient Indian scripts that have proven to be very important in the history of India - 1. Indus Script The Indus script is also known as the Harappan script. It uses a combination of symbols which were developed during the Indus Valley Civilization which started around 3500 and ended in 1900 BC. Although this script has not been deciphered yet, many have argued that this script is a predecessor to the Brahmi Script. 2. Brahmi Script Brahmi is a modern name for one of the oldest scripts in the Indian as well as Central Asian writing system.
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Feature Extraction and Classification
    Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 27 (4): 1649 - 1669 (2019) SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Review article Feature Extraction and Classification Techniques of MODI Script Character Recognition Solley Joseph1,2* and Jossy George1 1Department of Computer Science Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029 India 2Carmel College of Arts, Science and Commerce for Women, Goa, 403713 India ABSTRACT Machine simulation of human reading has caught the attention of computer science researchers since the introduction of digital computers. Character recognition is the process of recognizing either printed or handwritten text from document images and converting it into machine-readable form. Character recognition is successfully implemented for various foreign language scripts like English, Chinese and Latin. In the case of Indian language scripts, the character recognition process is comparatively difficult due to the complex nature of scripts. MODI script - an ancient Indian script, is the shorthand form for the Devanagari script in which Marathi was written. Though at present, the script is not used officially, it has historical importance. MODI character recognition is a very complex task due to its variations in the writing style of individuals, shape similarity of characters and the absence of word stopping symbol in documents. The advances in various machine learning techniques have greatly contributed to the success of various character recognition processes. The proposed work provides
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
    Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2018-08-08 Document version: 2.2 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1. General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Kannada LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document: Proposal-LGR-knda_20180808.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document: Kannada-test-Labels-20180808.txt 2. Script for which the LGR is Proposed ISO 15924 Code: Knda ISO 15924 N°: 345 ISO 15924 English Name: Kannada Latin transliteration of the native script name: Native name of the script: ಕನ#ಡ Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-3 Some languages using the script and their ISO 639-3 codes: Kannada (kan), Tulu (tcy), Beary, Konkani (kok), Havyaka, Kodava (kfa) 1 Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) 3. Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It 3.1 Kannada language Kannada is one of the scheduled languages of India. It is spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka State of India. It is one of the major languages among the Dravidian languages. Kannada is also spoken by significant linguistic minorities in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa and abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Rajendra Thakre Introduction
    Reviving Modi-Script - Rajendra thakre Introduction Modi-script was a Brahmi based script used primarily for writing Marathi in Maharashtra. Maharashtra Introduction Modi-script was developed by Hemadpant, during the reign of Yadava dynasty (1260- 1309). Modi script derives from Nagari family of script Due to diffuculty of printing, Modi-script gradually pushed out of its official use and was replaced by the Devanagari script, known as ‘Balbodh’. Majority of Modi documents are official records, land records and administrative documents. Modi Script Importance The growing interest in Modi makes it imperative that there are necessary digital tools and systems for using Modi-Script Modi has certain unique characteristics it requires a different approach and treatment. Lack of character-encoding standard for the script and hence use of Unicode blocks such as Devanagari limits the use of the script in the digital space. Characteristics of Modi Script Structure of Modi-Script Modi script has only single eekar ‘ I ’ and ookar ‘ u ’ which minimize grammatical mistakes. Characteristics of Modi Script Structure of Modi-Script Maximum characters of Modi-script are of Nagari. “Kana” is given upwards to join the next character. Characteristics of Modi Script Structure of Modi-Script Anuswar “.” are not written are some rules and aspects of Modi-script. Draw the complete “header line” before writing in practically to prevent lifting hand Characteristics of Modi Script Structure of Modi-Script Modi-script is highly cursive alternative to Nagari. Lift the pen only and only an essential points ga ग, za झ, dha ढ , nha ण, ta त, sha श, shya ष Characteristics of Modi Script Structure of Modi-Script Modi has no graphemes for “ru ऋ”, the phonemes “kru खृ, jru जृ” etc.
    [Show full text]
  • LANGUAGES of INDIA WHITE PAPER Languages of India I
    LANGUAGES OF INDIA WHITE PAPER Languages of India i About Andovar Andovar is a global provider of multilingual content solutions. Our services range from text translation and content creation, through audio and video recording, to turnkey localization of websites, software, eLearning and games. Our headquarters is in Singapore, and offices in Thailand, Colombia, USA and India. About This White Paper Andovar opened an office in Kolkata in 2014 to better serve our international clients and to add Indian language translation and audio recording to our suite of services. This white paper is an attempt to understand the localization situation when it comes to the major languages spoken in India. This has proven to be a challenging task. Not only are there dozens of languages and over ten scripts in everyday use in India, but it is also a rapidly developing country, with a huge and growing economy and new intiatives related to languages, encoding and translation technology support appear almost monthly. Not much has been written to date to give a holistic overview of the localization landscape and hopefully this white paper will be a useful reference to language professionals, even if it is far from perfect. As such, there may be mistakes or missing information which will be added in future updates. Please contact [email protected] with any questions or suggestions. The data on number or speakers and native speakers of Indian languages is unreliable, with different sources following different conventions when deciding what is a language and what is merely a dialect*. Our first source is the Indian Census from 2001 (www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/), which provided comprehensive information about the whole country, but is now outdated.
    [Show full text]
  • Offline Handwritten MODI Character Recognition Using HU, Zernike Moments and Zoning Sadanand A
    Offline Handwritten MODI Character Recognition Using HU, Zernike Moments and Zoning Sadanand A. Kulkarni1, Prashant L. Borde2, Ramesh R. Manza3, Pravin L. Yannawar4 1.2.4 Vision and Intelligent System Lab 3 Bio-Medical Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and IT, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (MS) India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: HOCR is abbreviated as Handwritten Optical Character Recognition. HOCR is a process of recognition of different handwritten characters from a digital image of documents. Handwritten automatic character recognition has attracted many researchers all over the world to contribute handwritten character recognition domain. Shape identification and feature extraction is very important part of any character recognition system and success of method is highly dependent on selection of features. However feature extraction is the most important step in defining the shape of the character as precisely and as uniquely as possible. This is indeed the most important step and complex task as well and achieved success by using invariance property, irrespective of position and orientation. Zernike moments describes shape, identify rotation invariant due to its Orthogonality property. ‘MODI’ is an ancient script of India had cursive and complex representation of characters. The work described in this paper presents efficiency of Zernike moments over Hu’s 7 moment with zoning for automatic recognition of handwritten ‘MODI’ characters. Offline approach is used in this paper because MODI Script was very popular and widely used for writing purpose till 19th century before Devanagari was officially adopted[1]. Keywords: MODI Script, OCR, Hu's moment, Zernike moment, Zoning 1.
    [Show full text]