DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 4: Examining Gender Inequality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 4: Examining Gender Inequality distribute or post, copy, not CHAPTER 4 Do Copyright ©2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 54 iStockphoto.com/nito100 EXAMINING GENDER INEQUALITIES Kris Macomber LEARNING QUESTIONS 4.1 How does the social constructionist approach examine gender inequality? 4.2 What are the underlying roots of contemporary gender inequality? 4.3 What are some forms of gender inequality in the workplace? distribute 4.4 How does violence against women relate to patriarchal societies?or 4.5 How does gender inequality impact boys and men? 4.6 What are some current social problems that have gendered features? 4.7 What are some current efforts to address genderpost, inequality? n the summer of 2017, the #MeToo movement swept the famous R&B singer’s long history of abuse against across the United States. Women’s allegations of women and girls. Yet, despite all this media attention Isexual harassment sparked national conversation, and rapidly growing numbers of women sharing their and we saw the unprecedentedcopy, firing of powerful men #MeToo stories, men are often shocked that so many like Harvey Weinstein, Bill O’Reilly, and Matt Lauer. women in their lives—their mothers, their sisters, their Then, in early 2018, the nation watched in horror as daughters, and their friends and coworkers—have close to 200 women from U.S. Olympic gymnastics their own #MeToo stories to tell (Pazzanese and Walsh teams delivered passionatenot testimonies at the crim- 2017). inal sentencing of team doctor Larry Nassar, who was What does this divergent reality about the scope and sentenced to 175 years in prison for decades of sexu- prevalence of sexual assault committed against women ally abusing some of the nation’s best athletes. During reflect? First, it reveals that gender matters. Gender shapes this sameDo time, the celebrity-packed Time’s Up™ legal our daily experiences in complex ways that often go defense fund formed to ensure “safe, fair, and digni- unnoticed. Second, it reveals how women are redefining fied work for women of all kinds.” At the 2018 Academy their experiences of sexual harassment as a widespread Awards, the Time’s Up™ initiative became the main social problem that requires collective action and institu- theme of the award ceremony. In the winter of 2019, tional response. The #MeToo movement is connected to the documentary series Surviving R. Kelly exposed the broader problem of gender inequality in society. Chapter 4 • EXAMINING GENDER INEQUALITIES 55 Copyright ©2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. HOW I GOT ACTIVE IN SOCIOLOGY KRIS MACOMBER, PHD always tell my students that I didn’t become a true sociology.” I was captivated by my professor, Dr. Helen student until I discovered sociology during my junior Mederer, who was guiding us through a complex I year of college. Although I had completed 2 years of discussion of the gendered division of labor. We college, I was just going through the motions. But discussed the broader cultural norms that sustain the something changed when my best friend, Danielle, told gender division of labor in families, and we identified me to take a sociology class because it was similar to the causes and consequences of this pattern. I thought, psychology (which I almost declared as a major). In her I want to do what she does. I wanted to be a words, “Sociology provides the bigger picture. It’s the sociologist so that I, too, could help college students how and why.” I registered for a sex and gender class and others gain a deeper understanding of the social my junior year, and that’s when the student inside me world. And that’s exactly what I do today. came alive. I remember the moment I wanted to “do distribute or post, #MeToo founder, Tarana Burke Activists at MeToo March in 2017 Monica Schipper/Getty Images for The New York Women’s Foundation Andrei Stanescu / Alamy Stock Photo How Does a Social Constructionistcopy, as a social problem. Today, lack of suffrage for women Approach Examine Gender is no longer a social problem. Instead, we might say that women’s underrepresentation in government and poli- Inequality? not tics is a social problem. A social constructionist approach helps us see how certain gendered problems relate to 4.1 How does the social constructionist approach examine gender inequality? social and historical contexts. As noted in earlierDo chapters, the social constructionist The Social Construction of Gender approach focuses on how social problems develop out Although most people tend to use the terms sex and gen- of the ideologies, norms, and social systems we create der interchangeably, sociologists are very careful about in our society and thus change over time. For example, differentiating between the two. Sex refers to our phys- before 1920 women in most U.S. states did not have the ical, sexual characteristics—things like reproductive right to vote. In that historical context, women in the suf- organs and chromosomes. To describe your sex, you frage movement constructed their lack of a right to vote might say that you have a female body, or you might say 56 UNIT I • INEQUALITIES AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS Copyright ©2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. that you have a male body, or you might say that you have gender is a social construct, however, there can be many an intersex body. People with intersex bodies (roughly 1% different expressions of gender. You may identify as a of the population) are born with reproductive organs and man, or you may identify as a woman, or you may iden- chromosomes that are neither entirely female nor entirely tify as nonbinary. male, as conventionally defined. Sex, then, is a biological For people who are gender conforming, their gender concept. When we define the concept of sex in the class- identity corresponds with their biological sex; they are room, students often write this in their notes: “Sex = bio- also called cisgendered. Gender nonconforming people do logical. Sex = bodies.” not perform the gender associated in their culture with Gender, on the other hand, is a social rather than bio- their biological sex and identify as nonbinary, gender logical concept. This means that gender is a socially queer, non-cisgender, or agender. Transgender or trans constructed concept that we learn through socializa- is an encompassing term used to describe the many dif- tion within a specific culture. Gender is not something ferent gender identities for people who don’t identify or we innately are (like our sex) but something that we do exclusively identify with their biological sex. So again, (West and Zimmerman 1987). As we examine differ- while sex is biological, gender is a socially constructed ent forms of gender inequality, we will note how they are and fluid concept that can change over time in society tied to the social construction of gender, which is the and in the lives of individuals. process of creating social understandings about what it means to be a woman or man (and girl or boy) in society. Through different agents of gender socialization, CONSIDER THIS 4.1 including families, peers, education, media, religion, and sports, we teach and learn gender norms and expecta- distribute Think about your own gender socialization experiences as tions. Since our ideas about masculinity and femininity a child and consider how you learned to “do gender.” change over time, so does the way we “do gender.” For What are some ways your family taught you about gender? example, although pink is associated with girls and fem- What messagesor did you learn from the media? Sports? ininity today, up until the 1950s pink was considered a Religion? Peers? “strong” color and associated with boys (Paoletti 2012). And did you know that when cheerleading first began in the 1800s it was a sport only for men (Wade 2012)? Our Different Ways of Doing Gender: You might be sur- ideas about gender and the social meanings we assignpost, it are not fixed. When we look back throughout history, we prised to learn that not all cultures “do gender” the same see that ideals of masculinity differed from today, with way. Not all cultures have a gender binary, for instance. scholars noting that millennials are redefining mascu- Some Native American tribes, such as the Zuni, have linity in new ways (Anderson 2018; Bridges and Pascoe always had three to five genders: female, male, two-spirit 2014; Griffin 2018). For example, the close association female, two-spirit male, and transgender. Rather than of masculinity with heterosexuality meant that one way expecting people to be one or the other (masculine males men could enact their “manliness”copy, was to say or do or feminine females), the concept of “two spirits” allows homophobic or anti-gay things. Today, however, cultural for people to be simultaneously masculine and feminine norms have shifted and there is a social stigma attached (Herdt 1997). The Dayak people of Gerai, West Borneo, to being homophobic.not How we express ourselves within disassociate gender from genitals altogether. Whether our specific gender culture is shaped and changed by dif- someone is deemed a man or woman is determined by ferent social and historical contexts. their level of knowledge about certain community prac- Each culture has its own way of “doing gender” tices, such as identifying and storing different kinds of based onDo its gender ideology, which is the dominant rice (Helliwell 2000).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized UNDERSTANDING GENDER IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS: THE CASES OF GRAPES/RAISINS, ALMONDS AND SAFFRON IN AFGHANISTAN Agriculture and Rural Development Unit Sustainable Development Department South Asia Region The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized May 2011 Report No. 62323-AF CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange rate effective as of July 2010) Currency unit = Afghani (Af) US$ 1.00 = 46.2 Af FISCAL YEAR March 21 – March 20 UNITS OF MEASURE 1 jerib 0.4942 acres or 2,000 square meters 1 ser 7 kilograms ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAIDO Afghanistan Almond Industry Development Organization ACCI Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries Af Afghani (currency) AFSA Afghanistan Farm Service Alliance AMIP Agriculture Market Infrastructure Project ANDS Afghanistan National Development Strategy ANSA Afghanistan National Standardization Authority APPRO Afghan Public Policy Research Organization APTTA Afghanistan - Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement AREDP Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program ASAP Accelerating Sustainable Agriculture Program ASMED Afghanistan Small and Medium Enterprise Development AWBC Afghan Women's Business Council AWBF Afghan Women's Business Federation b Billion CDC Community Development Council CSO Central Statistics Organization (Afghanistan) DACAAR Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EPA Afghanistan Raisins, Fruits and Vegetables Export Promotion Agency EPAA Export Promotion Agency of
    [Show full text]
  • Erkenntnismittelliste Afghanistan Stand: 30.09.2019
    VGH Baden-Württemberg Erkenntnismittelliste Afghanistan Stand: 30.09.2019 Allgemeine Lageberichte Bericht über die asyl- und Lage in Afghanistan weiterhin volatil; Sicherheitslage regional stark unterschiedlich; abschiebungsrelevante Lage in AA 02.09.2019 Repression durch Staat findet im Regelfall nicht statt; Menschenrechte und humanitäre der Islamischen Republik Situation; Lage von Schiiten, Hindus, Sikhs, Christen, Baha'i; Lage für Rückkehrer Afghanistan (Stand: Juli 2019) Thematic Dossier XXII: Afghan Afghanistan Analysts Statistischer Überblick zu Migration von Afghanistan nach Europa und zurück, Rückgang der migration to Europe and beyond 25.06.2019 Network (AAN) Unterstützung für Migranten aus Afghanistan (2) Analyse der Staatendokumentation - Afghanistan - Informationen zu Provinz Herat; Arbeitsmarkt; Berufsausbildung; Urbanisierung; Dürre; Kinder; Schulbildung; BFA, Österreich sozio-ökonomischen Faktoren in 13.06.2019 Frauen und Rückkehr; Sicherheitslage; Nichtausübung von Islam; Ethnische Verteilung; der Provinz Herat auf Basis von Meldewesen Interviews im Zeitraum November 2018 bis Jänner 2019 Länderinformationsblatt der Friedensgespräche mit Taliban; Sicherheitslage nach Städten/Regionen; Religionsfreiheit, BFA, Österreich Staatendokumentation (Stand: 04.06.2019 Schiiten, Christen, Sikhs; Hindus, Baha'i, Juden; Ethnische Minderheiten, Paschtunen, Hazara, 04.06.2019) Tadschiken, Usbeken, Kutschi; Frauen, LGBT, Rückkehr, Taliban, Anschläge Key socio-economic indicators Wirtschaftliche Lage in Afghanistan und wichtigen Städten,
    [Show full text]
  • Who's Helping Who?NGO Coordination of Humanitarian
    Who’s helping Who? NGO Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance With Special Reference to Afghanistan (1985 -2001) Arne Strand Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Post-War Recovery August 2003 University of York Department of Politics Post-War Reconstruction and Development Unit Abstract Abstract The subject of this thesis is the coordination of humanitarian assistance in complex political emergencies undertaken by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), primarily assistance directed towards forced migrants. The study aims to address the paucity of literature and theories on NGO coordination, and focuses primarily on the situation in Afghanistan during the period 1985 to 2001. The research is drawing on the author’s field experience and an extensive literature review outlining and discussing complex political emergencies, forced migration, NGOs and NGO coordination. An empirical investigations was carried out at village level in Herat, Afghanistan, in a highly conflict-ridden environment. Questions emerging from the primary field research were then followed-up through interviews and surveys among NGOs at a regional and national level in Afghanistan, and later broadened and compared with case studies from other conflict contexts. This in order to respond to the following hypothesis: The existing NGO coordination arrangement seems to serve primarily the interests of their NGO members, by promoting their organisational interests and facilitating interagency communication, rather than serving the interests of their intended beneficiaries. NGOs are willing to join a coordinating body, but they will remain reluctant to be directed by such a coordination structure if it limits their organisational independence. The major contribution of this thesis is the empirical findings on forced migrants knowledge and views on NGOs and the assistance they provide, and to what extent such assistance meet the needs of forced migrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Krankheitsbezogenes Abschiebungsverbot Hinsichtlich Afghanistans
    VG Augsburg, Urteil v. 01.10.2018 – Au 5 K 17.32950 Titel: Krankheitsbezogenes Abschiebungsverbot hinsichtlich Afghanistans Normenketten: AsylG § 3, § 4 AufenthG § 60 Abs. 5, Abs. 7, § 60a Abs. 2c Leitsatz: Auf im Herkunftsstaat vorhandene und grundsätzlich zugängliche Behandlungsmöglichkeiten kommt es nicht an, wenn diese wegen der insbesondere bei Vorliegen einer PTBS bzw. schwergradigen depressiven Episode im Herkunftsland zu erwartenden Retraumatisierung auf Grund der Konfrontation mit den Ursachen des Traumas für den Betroffenen nicht erfolgversprechend sind. (Rn. 63) (redaktioneller Leitsatz) Schlagworte: Afghanistan, Hazara aus ..., Einreise auf dem Landweg, Zuerkennung der Flüchtlingseigenschaft (verneint), keine Anknüpfung an asylrechtlich-relevantes Merkmal geltend gemacht, subsidiärer Schutz (vernein), Abschiebungsverbot (bejaht), fachärztliche nachgewiesene multiple psychische Erkrankung, Anforderungen an ärztliche Atteste, Asyl, Taliban, Aufenthaltsverbot, Gruppenverfolgung, Retraumatisierung, Depression Fundstelle: BeckRS 2018, 24572 Tenor I. Der Bescheid des Bundesamtes für ... vom 10. Mai 2017 wird in Nrn. 4 bis 6 aufgehoben. Die Beklagte wird verpflichtet, festzustellen, dass für den Kläger ein Abschiebungsverbot gemäß § 60 Abs. 7 Satz 1 Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) hinsichtlich Afghanistans vorliegt. Im Übrigen wird die Klage abgewiesen. II. Die Kosten des Verfahrens tragen der Kläger zu 3/4 und die Beklagte zu ¼. Gerichtskosten werden nicht erhoben. III. Das Urteil ist hinsichtlich der Kosten vorläufig vollstreckbar. Der jeweilige Vollstreckungsschuldner darf die Vollstreckung gegen Leistung einer Sicherheit in Höhe des zu vollstreckenden Betrags abwenden, wenn nicht zuvor der jeweilige Vollstreckungsgläubiger Sicherheit in gleicher Höhe leistet. Tatbestand 1 Der Kläger begehrt mit seiner Klage die Anerkennung als Asylberechtigter, die Zuerkennung der Flüchtlingseigenschaft sowie hilfsweise die Gewährung subsidiären Schutzstatus bzw. die Feststellung von nationalen Abschiebungsverboten nach § 60 Abs. 5 und 7 Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG).
    [Show full text]
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly June 21, 2002 / Vol. 51 / No. 24 Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan and Afghanistan, January 2000–April 2002 Since 1988, when the World Health Assembly resolved to During 2002, one SNID round was conducted in January, eradicate poliomyelitis worldwide, the estimated global inci- and two rounds of NIDs were conducted in March and April. dence of polio has decreased 99% (1). Pakistan began polio Two additional SNID rounds will be conducted in June and eradication activities in 1994 and Afghanistan in 1997 (2). July, and full NIDs are planned for September and October. Although polio remains endemic in the two countries, both Surveillance and genetic sequencing data are being used to the incidence and the geographic distribution of poliovirus target polio-virus reservoir districts (i.e., districts in which have been reduced substantially. This report summarizes persistent year-round indigenous transmission occurs, par- progress toward eradicating polio in Pakistan and Afghani- ticularly during the low transmission season [January– stan during January 2000–April 2002. Both countries aim to March]). stop transmission of poliovirus by the end of 2002; however, Following subnational campaigns during 1994–1996 that the unstable security situation in the region might threaten included OPV and other antigens, NIDs for polio began in this success. Afghanistan in April and May 1997; since then, at least two rounds of NIDs have been conducted annually (4). During Routine Vaccination 2000, efforts were intensified by adding a house-to-house During 2000–2001 in Pakistan, reported routine coverage vaccination strategy and increasing the number of rounds of of infants with 3 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) NIDs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 / 1 5 Eimnamen
    Postadresse: Erdbergstraße 192 – 196 1030 Wien Tel: +43 1 601 49 – 0 Fax: +43 1 71123.8891541 E-Mail: [email protected] www.bvwg.gv.at DVR: 0939579 ENTSCHEIDUNGSDATUM 7 . 1 2 . 2 0 2 0 GESCHÄFTSZAHL W 173 2 1 6 6 2 5 9 - 1 / 1 5 E IM NAMEN DER REPUBLI K! Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr. Margit Möslinger-Gehmayr als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerde des XXXX , geb. XXXX , StA. Afghanistan, vertreten durch die ARGE Rechtsberatung Diakonie und Volkshilfe, gegen den Bescheid des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 27.6.2017, Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung zu Recht erkannt: A) I. Der Beschwerde wird hinsichtlich Spruchpunkt II. des angefochtenen Bescheides stattgegeben und XXXX gemäß § 8 Abs. 1 AsylG 2005 der Status des subsidiär Schutzberechtigten in Bezug auf den Herkunftsstaat Afghanistan zuerkannt. II. Gemäß § 8 Abs. 4 AsylG 2005 wird XXXX eine befristete Aufenthaltsberechtigung bis zum 7.12.2021 erteilt. B) Die Revision zu Spruchpunkt A.I., A.II. ist gemäß Art 133 Abs. 4 B-VG nicht zulässig. - 2 - Entscheidungsgründe : I. Verfahrensgang: 1. Der Beschwerdeführer (in der Folge BF) reiste illegal in Österreich ein und stellte am 28.10.2015 einen Antrag auf Gewährung von internationalem Schutz. 2. Bei der am 29.10.2015 durchgeführten Erstbefragung durch ein Organ der Landespolizeidirektion Wien gab der BF an, er sei am 1.1.2000 in Afghanistan geboren, gehöre der Volksgruppe der Tadschiken an und sei Muslim sunnitischen Glaubens. Er spreche Dari und habe vier Jahre lang die Grundschule in Kunduz besucht, wo er in XXXX gewohnt habe.
    [Show full text]
  • SIPRI Yearbook 2001: Armaments, Disarmament and International
    1. Major armed conflicts TAYLOR B. SEYBOLT I. Introduction The major armed conflicts in 2000 displayed characteristics that were similar to those observed for other years since the end of the cold war. The vast majority of the conflicts were intra-state rather than interstate. There were approximately equal numbers of contests for control of government and for territory.1 They often involved communal identity as a source of motivation. Virtually all the conflicts elicited the direct political, economic or military involvement of other states and multinational organizations. Africa and Asia continued to be the regions with the greatest number of conflicts, while the rest of the world was peaceful by comparison although not entirely at peace. This chapter reports on the actors and events of the most deadly conflicts in 2000. Appendix˚1A gives a quantitative overview of the major armed conflicts since the end of the cold war. For the purposes of this chapter, a major armed conflict is defined as the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, resulting in the battle-related deaths of at least 1000 people in any single year and in which the incompatibility concerns control of government, territory or communal identity. This definition is more inclusive than the one which applies to the data on major armed conflicts presented in appendix˚1A in that it does not require a government to be one of the parties to the conflict and takes into account conflicts that are motivated by communal identity and not clearly about control of government or territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication for Conflict Resolution: the Pashtun Tribal Rhetoric for Peace Building in Afghanistan
    Communication for Conflict Resolution: The Pashtun Tribal Rhetoric for Peace Building in Afghanistan Ghulam Farouq Samim Supervisor: Dr. Rukhsana Ahmed Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master‘s degree in Communication Department of Communication Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Ghulam Farouq Samim, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 THE PASHTUN RHETORIC FOR PEACE BUILDING IN AFGHANISTAN 2 Abstract Focusing on communication as an important means besides other efforts for conflict resolution in an asymmetric armed conflict in Afghanistan, this study looked for a rhetorical communication approach appropriate to Pashtun tribal setting in South-eastern (Loya Paktya region) Afghanistan. The study explored and found some perceived essentials of such persuasive communication by conducting face-to-face semi-structured in depth interviews with 17 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize data. Aristotle‘s rhetorical theory provided a framework for this qualitative study by narrowing down the focus to exploring credibility of the communicator (ethos), the rationality of the message (logos), and the emotional appeals (pathos), particular for the south-eastern Pashtun tribal setting, during communication. In addition, considering the relation between rhetorical and soft power theories in influencing the choice of an audience, this project also asked participants if and how communication in their tribal setting could be framed as an influencing power by attraction rather than by coercion. Therefore, soft power of which persuasive communication is a crucial part was also used as a theoretical framework for this study. The findings show the significance of persuasive communication in future conflict resolution efforts in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Jemaah Islamiyah in South East Asia
    JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH IN SOUTH EAST ASIA: DAMAGED BUT STILL DANGEROUS 26 August 2003 ICG Asia Report N°63 Jakarta/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE NETWORK IN AFGHANISTAN........................................................................ 2 A. THE KEY FIGURES ................................................................................................................2 B. IMPORTANCE OF THE BATTLE OF JAJI, APRIL 1987................................................................4 C. THE “MILITARY ACADEMY” AND ITS OFFSHOOTS ................................................................4 D. THE AFGHAN ALUMNI ..........................................................................................................7 III. CONSOLIDATION OF THE STRUCTURE ............................................................ 11 IV. THE MAKASSAR BOMBS......................................................................................... 13 A. WAHDAH ISLAMIYAH..........................................................................................................14 B. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING THE BOMBING ...................................................................15 V. TRAINING IN MINDANAO....................................................................................... 16 A. CAMP HUDAIBIYAH
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Islamic Societies: a Selected Review of Social Scientific Literature
    WOMEN IN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES: A SELECTED REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence/National Intelligence Council (ODNI/ADDNIA/NIC) and Central Intelligence Agency/Directorate of Science & Technology November 2005 Author: Priscilla Offenhauer Project Manager: Alice Buchalter Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540−4840 Tel: 202−707−3900 Fax:202 −707 − 3920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd p 57 Years of Service to the Federal Government p 1948 – 2005 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Women in Islamic Societies PREFACE Half a billion Muslim women inhabit some 45 Muslim-majority countries, and another 30 or more countries have significant Muslim minorities, including, increasingly, countries in the developed West. This study provides a literature review of recent empirical social science scholarship that addresses the actualities of women’s lives in Muslim societies across multiple geographic regions. The study seeks simultaneously to orient the reader in the available social scientific literature on the major dimensions of women’s lives and to present analyses of empirical findings that emerge from these bodies of literature. Because the scholarly literature on Muslim women has grown voluminous in the past two decades, this study is necessarily selective in its coverage. It highlights major works and representative studies in each of several subject areas and alerts the reader to additional significant research in lengthy footnotes. In order to handle a literature that has grown voluminous in the past two decades, the study includes an “Introduction” and a section on “The Scholarship on Women in Islamic Societies” that offer general observations⎯bird’s eye views⎯of the literature as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized UNDERSTANDING GENDER IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS: THE CASES OF GRAPES/RAISINS, ALMONDS AND SAFFRON IN AFGHANISTAN Agriculture and Rural Development Unit Sustainable Development Department South Asia Region The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized May 2011 Report No. 62323-AF CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange rate effective as of July 2010) Currency unit = Afghani (Af) US$ 1.00 = 46.2 Af FISCAL YEAR March 21 – March 20 UNITS OF MEASURE 1 jerib 0.4942 acres or 2,000 square meters 1 ser 7 kilograms ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAIDO Afghanistan Almond Industry Development Organization ACCI Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries Af Afghani (currency) AFSA Afghanistan Farm Service Alliance AMIP Agriculture Market Infrastructure Project ANDS Afghanistan National Development Strategy ANSA Afghanistan National Standardization Authority APPRO Afghan Public Policy Research Organization APTTA Afghanistan - Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement AREDP Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program ASAP Accelerating Sustainable Agriculture Program ASMED Afghanistan Small and Medium Enterprise Development AWBC Afghan Women's Business Council AWBF Afghan Women's Business Federation b Billion CDC Community Development Council CSO Central Statistics Organization (Afghanistan) DACAAR Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EPA Afghanistan Raisins, Fruits and Vegetables Export Promotion Agency EPAA Export Promotion Agency of
    [Show full text]
  • The UK's Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan
    1 House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee The UK’s Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan Written Evidence This is a volume of submissions, relevant to the inquiry ‘The UK’s Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan’, which have been reported to the House. Only those submissions written specifically for the Committee have been included. 2 List of written evidence 1 Foreign and Commonwealth Office 3 2 The Henry Jackson Society 73 3 Christian Aid 84 4 Oxfam GB 88 5 British and Irish Agencies Afghanistan Group (BAAG) 100 6 James Fergusson, author and journalist 109 7 Matt Waldman, independent Afghanistan analyst 114 8 Gerard Russell MBE, Research Fellow, Harvard Kennedy School’s Carr Center for Human Rights Policy 124 9 Dr Sajjan M. Gohel, International Security Director, Asia-Pacific Foundation 130 10 Professor Sultan Barakat & Mr Steven A. Zyck, Post-war Reconstruction & Development Unit, University of York 175 11 Professor Philip M. Taylor, University of Leeds 183 12 Andrew Watt 187 13 Chris Coverdale, Campaign to Make Wars History 194 14 BBC World Service 205 15 Professor Shaun Gregory 213 16 Roman Solodchenko 217 17 Correspondence between the Chair and the Prime Minister 221 18 Supplementary written evidence from Sir Sherard Cowper-Coles KCMG LVO 222 3 Written Evidence from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office SUMMARY Why Afghanistan and Pakistan Matter to UK Interests 1. Afghanistan and Pakistan are this Government’s top priorities in Foreign Affairs. Violent extremism in both countries poses a threat to UK interests and to regional stability and claims the lives of thousands of civilians and security personnel.
    [Show full text]