Springer Handbook of Glass Springer Handbooks provide a concise compilation of approved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physical and applied sciences. The world’s leading experts in the fields of physics and engineering will be as- signed by one or several renowned editors to write the chapters com- prising each volume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources (books, journals, online content) and other systematic and approved recent publications of scientific and technical information. The volumes are designed to be useful as readable desk book to give a fast and comprehensive overview and easy retrieval of essential re- liable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibliographies. References to extensive sources are provided. HandbookSpringer of Glass J. David Musgraves, Juejun Hu, Laurent Calvez (Eds.)

With 1450 Figures and 224 Tables

HK Editors J. David Musgraves Rochester Precision Optics, LLC West Henrietta, NY, USA

Juejun Hu Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA

Laurent Calvez UMR 6226 – Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes University of Rennes I Rennes, France

ISBN 978-3-319-93726-7 e-ISBN 978-3-319-93728-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93728-1

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Dedicated to the memory of Neville Greaves VII

Preface

As you’ll get a chance to see in Chap. 1 of this book, ing experts in the field. The handbook is aimed at senior glass is a fascinating topic, in part because while we undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and human beings have been manufacturing glass for thou- professionals working in the field of glass science. The sands of years now, the discipline of glass science chapters provide the necessary background and up-to- is only 100 years old. This means that humanity has date knowledge in a wide range of topics, with in-depth developed the technology of glassmaking—the tem- references to the journal literature for those seeking peratures, times, ingredients, processes, etc., needed to greater depth in a particular subfield. In general, the make good window and plate glass—over the course book is structured to provide basic information on the of dozens or even hundreds of generations, and we particular glass families at the beginning, followed by have a great wealth of acquired knowledge of how to specific applications later. Because each glass family make glass. Compare this enormous amount of know- has applications, and each application is associated with how to the idea of glass science as a distinct scientific some glass family, there is necessarily a good deal of discipline, focused in part on why certain things make crossover between various chapters. For example, spec- glass, and what exactly is a glass, which has only a troscopic information regarding chalcogenide glasses few generations of students and masters contributing to can be found in the chapters on chalcogenide glasses, its advance. What we see when we combine these two optical spectroscopy, and infrared sensing; the hope is ideas of glass is fascinating: humanity knows quite a lot that seeing these materials in a variety of contexts will about how to make glass, but we are only just begin- help the reader grasp the interdisciplinary nature of ning to understand what makes a glass a glass, from the glass science. perspective of basic physics. The editors are very grateful to all of the authors Because of the sheer breadth of the discipline, there who, out of the generosity of their scientific spirit, con- has been no single textbook in the glass science field that tributed their time and expertise to this handbook. We has attempted to cover all its aspects. There exist a hand- know this was a long process, and we’d like to thank ful of excellent basic glass science textbooks that will each and every one of the authors for their participa- be referenced widely in this book, but these are all con- tion in this journey together. Our deepest thanks go to fined to their individual subdisciplines. The goal of this Judith Hinterberg and Sara Kate Heukerott at Springer book is to serve as the starting point for any exploration for their tireless efforts in keeping this project on track. into the field of glass science; indeed, we have chap- During the process of making this book, we’ve had a ters on the technical aspects of all of the major glass- few births, a near-death, and almost every other project- forming families, but we also have chapters devoted to derailing experience you could imagine, and they have the architectural, archeological, and geological aspects kept the program moving the entire way. Without them, of glass science. No one textbook can hope to encom- the center could not have held, and we appreciate every pass the entirety of a modern scientific field, especially bit of their effort. one as rapidly developing as glass science at the begin- Finally, the editors would like to thank their fami- ning of the 21st century, but the hope is that each of lies (Jessica, Di, Helius, Selena and Eos, Anne-Laure, the chapters in the book serves as a place for the reader Youna and Norah) for all of their support during this to get grounded, understand the basics (and the com- project. We do this for them, and we couldn’t do it with- plications!), and find resources in the primary scientific out them. literature where they can go and learn in more depth. The Springer Handbook of Glass is intended to be J. David Musgraves a comprehensive overview of the diverse field of glass Juejun Hu science, with each chapter written by one or more work- Laurent Calvez IX

About the Editors

J. David Musgraves received his bachelor’s degree in Physics from Pomona, followed by his PhD in Materials Science from the University of Arizona. His first time melting and quenching glass was in the laboratory of Kathleen Richardson at Clemson Uni- versity, where he began a postdoc in 2010 and ultimately became a Research Assistant Professor. His research was focused on the integration of quantum computational mod- eling, optical spectroscopy, and thermal analysis as a means to evaluate the evolution of amorphous structure across multiple-length scales and to correlate this emergent structure with material properties. After founding IRradiance Glass, Inc. in 2012, he left Clemson University to become President and CEO of the company. IRradiance Glass was purchased in 2018 by Rochester Precision Optics (RPO), where Dr. Mus- graves is now Chief Scientist. Dr. Musgraves moves to the frozen northlands with his wife and two dogs, who are his near-constant companions.

Juejun (JJ) Hu received his degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from Tsinghua University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is currently Associate Professor at MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. His primary research interest is the field of integrated optics and photonics. Prior to joining MIT, he was Assistant Professor at the University of Delaware. He has been recog- nized with the National Science Foundation (NSF) Faculty Early Career Development Award, the Robert L. Coble Award from the American Ceramic Society, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Young Faculty Award, the Gerard J. Mangone Young Scholars Award, and the University of Delaware Excellence in Teach- ing Award, among others. His research focuses on optical glass materials and their applications in integrated optics and photonics.

Laurent Calvez graduated from the University of Rennes and was awarded a DGA grant to pursue a PhD, which he obtained with honors. He completed a postdoc at the Arizona Materials Laboratory at the University of Arizona, before joining the faculty of the University of Rennes in 2007, where he currently heads the Energy Conversion and Storage group at the Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes. His current re- search focuses on the generation of active nanoparticles in chalcogenide glasses and glass-ceramics to tailor material properties to accommodate specific optical and elec- trical designs and manufacturing. He was awarded the Young Brittany Research Award for his work on photosensitivity of glasses and innovative glass-ceramics. He received the French Academy of Sciences Lamb prize in 2016 and was recently accepted into the prestigious University Institute of France. Despite a lack of time, he is still improv- ing his topspin in table tennis. XI

About the Authors

Abdesselam Abdelouas Courtney Calahoo SUBATECH Dept. of Chemistry IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes Dalhousie University Nantes, France Halifax, Canada

Jean-Luc Adam Thierry Cardinal Institute of Chemical Sciences Rennes, UMR CNRS Institute for Condensed Matter Chemistry of 6226 Bordeaux University of Rennes 1 University of Bordeaux Rennes, France Pessac, France

Anuradha M. Agarwal Michel Cathelinaud Materials Research Laboratory Institute of Chemical Sciences Rennes, UMR CNRS Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6226 Cambridge, MA, USA University of Rennes 1 Rennes, France

Ify Ahmed Thierry Chartier Faculty of Engineering CNRS, Institute Foton University of Nottingham University of Rennes 1 Nottingham, UK Lannion, France

Mathieu Allix Yimin Chen University of Orléans Dept. of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Orléans, France Faculty of Science Ningbo University Christophe Bardin Ningbo City, China University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, France Wai-Yim Ching Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Jan Belis University of Missouri – Kansas City Dept. of Structural Engineering Kansas City, MO, USA Ghent University Ghent, Belgium Marie-Hélène Chopinet Saint Gobain Research Elsa Branco Lopes Aubervilliers, France Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies Maria Rita Cicconi Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Bobadela, Portugal Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Antoine Brient Erlangen, Germany Institute of Physics – Rennes (IPR), UMR CNRS 6251 University of Rennes 1 Alexis G. Clare Rennes, France Center for Advanced Ceramic Technology Alfred University Bruno Bureau Alfred, NY, USA Institute of Chemical Sciences Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226 Reinhard Conradt University of Rennes 1 uniglassAC GmbH Rennes, France Aachen, Germany XII About the Authors

Laurent Cormier G. Neville Greaves (deceased) IMPMC Sorbonne University – CNRS Timothy M. Gross Paris, France Corning Inc. Corning, NY, USA Matt Dejneka Glass Research Yann Gueguen Corning Inc. Institute of Physics – Rennes (IPR), UMR CNRS 6251 Corning, NY, USA University of Rennes 1 Rennes, France Gaëlle Delaizir Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER) Jean-Pierre Guin Limoges, France Institute of Physics – Rennes (IPR), UMR CNRS 6251 University of Rennes 1 Jincheng Du Rennes, France Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering University of North Texas Akitoshi Hayashi Denton, TX, USA Dept. of Applied Chemistry Osaka Prefecture University Marc Dussauze Osaka, Japan Institute of Molecular Sciences University of Bordeaux Joseph S. Hayden Talence, France SCHOTT North America, Inc. Duryea, PA, USA Siamak Eqtesadi Abalonyx AS Kazuyuki Hirao Oslo, Norway Dept. of Materials Chemistry Kyoto University Steve Feller Kyoto, Japan Dept. of Physics Coe College Juejun Hu Cedar Rapids, IA, USA Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ulrich Fotheringham Cambridge, MA, USA Dept. of Materials Development SCHOTT AG Lili Hu Mainz, Germany Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Science Ashtosh Ganjoo Shanghai, China Vitro Architectural Glass Cheswick, PA, USA Mathieu Hubert Dept. of Corning Glass Technologies Simi A. George Corning Research & Development Corporation SCHOTT North America, Inc. Painted Post, NY, USA Duryea, PA, USA Leena Hupa António Pereira Gonçalves Faculty of Science and Engineering Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies Åbo Akademi University Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon Turku, Finland Bobadela, Portugal Jacqueline A. Johnson Bernd Grambow Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical SUBATECH Engineering (MABE) University of Nantes The University of Tennessee Space Institute Nantes, France Tullahoma, TN, USA About the Authors XIII

Peter G. Kazansky Yegang Lv Optoelectronics Research Centre Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Devices University of Southampton Ningbo University Southampton, UK Ningbo, China

T. J. Kiczenski Zhixun Ma Glass Research Vitro Architectural Glass Corning Inc. Cheswick, PA, USA Corning, NY, USA Jacques Mangin Lisa C. Klein Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering Bourgogne Rutgers University Dijon, France Piscataway, NJ, USA

Erick Koontz John C. Mauro Fisba LLC. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Tucson, AZ, USA The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA Romain Laniel Institute of Physics – Rennes (IPR), UMR CNRS 6251 James McCamy University of Rennes 1 Vitro Architectural Glass Rennes, France Cheswick, PA, USA Charles Le Losq John S. McCloy Research School of Earth Sciences School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering The Australian National University Washington State University Canberra, Australia Pullman, WA, USA Ronan Lebullenger Institute of Physics – Rennes (IPR), UMR CNRS 6251 Jennifer McKinley Institute of Chemical Sciences Rennes (ISCR) UMR Ofce of Research CNRS 6226 University of Central Florida University of Rennes 1 Orlando, FL, USA Rennes, France François O. Mear Russell Lee Leonard Lille University Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Lille, France Engineering (MABE) The University of Tennessee Space Institute Paul A. Medwick Tullahoma, TN, USA Vitro Architectural Glass Cheswick, PA, USA Martin Letz Dept. of Materials Development Jean-Louis Meyzonnette SCHOTT AG Institut d’Optique Graduate School Mainz, Germany Palaiseau, France Dominique de Ligny Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Jurgen Michel Friedrich-Alexander University Materials Research Laboratory Erlangen-Nürnberg Massachusetts Institute of Technology Erlangen, Germany Cambridge, MA, USA

Christian Louter Mathieu Miroir Institute of Building Construction Institute of Physics – Rennes (IPR), UMR CNRS 6251 Technische Universität Dresden University of Rennes 1 Dresden, Germany Rennes, France XIV About the Authors

Kiyotaka Miura Adam Polcyn Dept. of Materials Chemistry Vitro Architectural Glass Kyoto University Cheswick, PA, USA Kyoto, Japan Barrett G. Potter Jr. Doris Möncke Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering Inamori School of Engineering, Glass Science University of Arizona Alfred University Tucson, AZ, USA Alfred, NY, USA Annie Pradel Francisco Muñoz Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier Institute of Ceramics and Glass (CSIC) University of Montpellier Madrid, Spain Montpellier, France J. David Musgraves Rochester Precision Optics, LLC Jichao Qiao West Henrietta, NY, USA School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering & Architecture Virginie Nazabal Northwestern Polytechnical Unviersity Institute of Chemical Sciences ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226 Xi’an, China University of Rennes 1 Rennes, France Jianrong Qiu Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering James Neeway Zhenjiang University Pacifc Northwest National Laboratory Hangzhou, China Richland, WA, USA

Daniel R. Neuville Jean Rocherullé Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Institute of Chemical Sciences Rennes, UMR CNRS CNRS-IPGP-USPC 6226 Paris, France University of Rennes 1 Rennes, France Jens H. Nielsen Dept. of Civil Engineering Masaaki Sakakura Technical University of Denmark Optoelectronics Research Centre Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark University of Southampton Southampton, UK Petr Němec Faculty of Chemical Technology Jens Schneider University of Pardubice Institute of Structural Mechanics and Design – Pardubice, Czech Republic Glass Competence Center Technische Universität Darmstadt Mehmet C. Onbasli Darmstadt, Germany Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Koç University Angela B. Seddon Istanbul, Turkey Mid-Infrared Photonics Group, George Green Alexander L. Paterson Institute for Electromagnetics Research Dept. of Chemistry University of Nottingham Dalhousie University Nottingham, UK Halifax, Canada Vincent Seznec Jean-Marc Pelletier Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides INSA-Lyon, MATEIS UMR 55140 (LRCS) University of Lyon Université de Picardie Jules Verne Villeurbanne, France Amiens, France About the Authors XV

Xiang Shen Virginie Viallet Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Devices Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides Ningbo University (LRCS) Ningbo, China Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens, France Koichi Shimakawa Center of Innovative Photovoltaic Systems Peter F. Wachtel Gifu University Rochester Precision Optics, LLC Gifu, Japan West Henrietta, NY, USA Guoxiang Wang Masahiro Shimizu Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Devices Dept. of Materials Chemistry Ningbo University Kyoto University Ningbo, China Kyoto, Japan Xiaoju Wang Yasuhiko Shimotsuma Faculty of Science and Engineering Dept. of Materials Chemistry Åbo Akademi University Kyoto University Turku, Finland Kyoto, Japan Ulrike Werner-Zwanziger S. K. Sundaram Dept. of Chemistry Inamori School of Engineering Dalhousie University Alfred University Halifax, Canada Alfred, NY, USA Keiji Tanaka Lan Yang Graduate School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical and Systems Engineering Hokkaido University Washington University in St. Louis Sapporo, Japan St. Louis, MO, USA

Adama Tandia Xiang-Hua Zhang Science and Technology Division Institute of Chemical Sciences Rennes, UMR CNRS Corning Inc. 6226 Corning, NY, USA University of Rennes 1 Rennes, France Masahiro Tatsumisago Dept. of Applied Chemistry Josef W. Zwanziger Osaka Prefecture University Dept. of Chemistry Osaka, Japan Dalhousie University Halifax, Canada Oscar S. Verheijen CelSian Glass & Solar B.V. Eindhoven, The Netherlands XVII

Contents

List of Abbreviations ...... XXIX

1 The History of Glass Marie-Hélène Chopinet ...... 1 1.1 Early Ages: The Invention of Glass ...... 3 1.2 Early Middle Ages...... 7 1.3 A New Era, Late Middle Age and Renaissance: 13th to 16th Centuries...... 11 1.4 Modern Times: 17th and 18th Century to Beginning of the 19th Century...... 12 1.5 19th Century, the Century of Technical Revolutions ...... 16 1.6 The Revolutions of the Twentieth Century ...... 32 1.7 Conclusion ...... 46 References ...... 46

Part A Fundamentals of Glass and the Glassy State

2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Glass Reinhard Conradt...... 51 2.1 Defnition of the Glassy State ...... 52 2.2 General Observations ...... 55 2.3 Fundamental Aspects of the Thermodynamics of Glasses ...... 61 2.4 Multicomponent Glasses...... 69 2.5 Summary and Outlook ...... 74 References ...... 74

3 Viscosity of Glass and Glass-Forming Melts Ulrich Fotheringham ...... 79 3.1 Shear Viscosity: General Remarks and Particularities of Glass ...... 81 3.2 Shear Viscosity – Measurement ...... 85 3.3 Shear Viscosity – Theory ...... 90 3.4 Bulk Viscosity ...... 108 References ...... 110

4 Crystallization and Glass-Ceramics Mathieu Allix, Laurent Cormier ...... 113 4.1 Tailoring Glass Crystallization for Glass-Ceramic Processing ...... 113 4.2 Theoretical Description of Glass Crystallization ...... 114 4.3 Design of Glass-Ceramics ...... 126 4.4 Structural Characterizations and Microstructures ...... 136 4.5 Glass-Ceramic Applications...... 146 4.6 Conclusion and Future Directions ...... 157 References ...... 157 XVIII Contents

5 Linear Optical Properties Martin Letz ...... 169 5.1 Interaction of Light with Optical Materials ...... 169 References ...... 190

6 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Glass Marc Dussauze, Thierry Cardinal ...... 193 6.1 Polarization at the Microscopic Scale ...... 194 6.2 Polarization at the Macroscopic Scale ...... 195 6.3 Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility ...... 196 6.4 Third-Order Nonlinearity in Glass ...... 197 6.5 Second-Order Optical Properties in Glasses ...... 206 6.6 Conclusion ...... 219 References ...... 219

7 Mechanical Properties of Glass Jean-Pierre Guin, Yann Gueguen ...... 227 7.1 Elasticity of Glass ...... 228 7.2 Plasticity of Glasses ...... 241 7.3 Fracture: Toughness, Strength and Fracture Mechanics ...... 252 7.4 Conclusion ...... 263 References ...... 264

8 Chemical Strengthening of Glass Timothy M. Gross ...... 273 8.1 Practical Use of Chemically Strengthened Glass...... 273 8.2 Ion-Exchangeable Glass ...... 274 8.3 Ionic Interdifusion...... 277 8.4 Generation of an Ion-Exchange Stress Profle ...... 279 8.5 Application of Fracture Mechanics ...... 281 8.6 Frangibility...... 285 8.7 Replication of Sharp Point Contact by Diamond Indentation...... 286 8.8 Replication of Scratch Damage with a Diamond Indenter ...... 291 8.9 Conclusion ...... 294 References ...... 294

9 Colors in Glasses Dominique de Ligny, Doris Möncke ...... 297 9.1 Overview and Defnitions...... 298 9.2 Optically Active Centers ...... 311 9.3 Polyvalent Ions in Glasses ...... 314 9.4 Play Between Refection, Scattering, and Absorption ...... 327 9.5 Glass Functionalization and Its Link with Colors ...... 334 9.6 Perspective and Outlook ...... 338 References ...... 339

10 Electrical Transport Properties of Glass Koichi Shimakawa...... 343 10.1 Electronic Transport Theory ...... 344 10.2 Ionic Transport Theory ...... 349 10.3 Experimental Results: Chalcogenide Glasses ...... 351 10.4 Experimental Results: Oxide Glasses...... 358 Contents XIX

10.5 Electrical Transport Property in Device-Related Materials ...... 363 10.6 Summary ...... 364 10.A Appendix...... 365 References ...... 365

11 Photosensitivity in Glasses Yasuhiko Shimotsuma, Masaaki Sakakura, Masahiro Shimizu, Kiyotaka Miura, Kazuyuki Hirao, Jianrong Qiu, Peter G. Kazansky ...... 369 11.1 Photothermal Interaction in Glass ...... 371 11.2 Photochemical Interaction in Glass ...... 378 11.3 Photophysical Interaction in Glass...... 381 11.4 Anisotropic Photosensitivity of Glass ...... 395 11.5 Nonreciprocal Photosensitivity of Glass ...... 398 References ...... 400

12 Chemical Durability of Glasses Abdesselam Abdelouas, James Neeway, Bernd Grambow ...... 407 12.1 Dissolution of Glass in Water ...... 407 12.2 Glass Corrosion in Aqueous Conditions ...... 410 12.3 Glass Vapor Hydration...... 419 12.4 Conclusion ...... 430 References ...... 430

Part B Glass Families

13 Silicate Glasses Charles Le Losq, Maria Rita Cicconi, G. Neville Greaves, Daniel R. Neuville . 441 13.1 Silicate Glasses: Historical and Industrial Importance ...... 441 13.2 Silica Glass ...... 449 13.3 Aluminum-Free Silicate Glasses...... 453 13.4 Aluminum in Silicate Glasses...... 465 13.5 Multivalent Elements in Silicate Glasses...... 478 13.6 Volatile Elements in Silicate Glasses ...... 481 13.7 Conclusion ...... 488 References ...... 488

14 Borate Glasses Steve Feller ...... 505 14.1 The Base Glass B2O3: ItsPropertiesandItsAtomic-LevelStructure...... 506 14.2 The Binary Glasses RM2O  B2O3 and RMO  B2O3 ...... 508 14.3 Ternary Borosilicate Glasses ...... 516 References ...... 522

15 Chalcogenide Glasses Xiang-Hua Zhang, Jean-Luc Adam, Bruno Bureau...... 525 15.1 Glass Compositions and Structures ...... 526 15.2 Glass Synthesis and Fabrication...... 528 15.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties ...... 531 15.4 Optical Properties ...... 533 15.5 Optical Components and Waveguides ...... 540 XX Contents

15.6 Selected Applications of Chalcogenide Glasses ...... 544 15.7 Conclusion ...... 546 References ...... 546

16 Phosphate Glasses Francisco Muñoz, Jean Rocherullé, Ify Ahmed, Lili Hu...... 553 16.1 Phosphorus and Glass Formation ...... 554 16.2 Research and Uses of Phosphate Glasses...... 554 16.3 The Structure of Phosphate Glasses...... 556 16.4 Properties and Applications ...... 566 References ...... 587

17 Halide Glasses Alexis G. Clare, Peter F. Wachtel, J. David Musgraves ...... 595 17.1 Bonding in Halide Glasses...... 596 17.2 Fluoride Glasses ...... 598 17.3 Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide Glasses ...... 609 17.4 Summary ...... 611 References ...... 611

18 Metallic Glasses Jean-Marc Pelletier, Jichao Qiao ...... 617 18.1 Fundamentals and a Brief History of Metallic Glasses ...... 618 18.2 Thermal Stability of Bulk Metallic Glasses ...... 622 18.3 Properties of Metallic Glasses ...... 627 18.4 Applications...... 637 18.5 Conclusions and Prospects...... 638 References ...... 639

19 Amorphous Selenium and Nanostructures Keiji Tanaka...... 645 19.1 Samples ...... 647 19.2 Noncrystalline Structure ...... 649 19.3 Structural Properties ...... 652 19.4 Electronic Spectra...... 654 19.5 Electrical Properties ...... 660 19.6 Light-induced Phenomena...... 662 19.7 Applications...... 667 19.8 Nanostructures and Single Molecules ...... 669 19.9 Summary ...... 670 References ...... 671

20 Spin and Ferroic Glasses John S. McCloy ...... 687 20.1 What is a Spin Glass?...... 688 20.2 Brief Theoretical Introduction ...... 690 20.3 Phenomenological Taxonomy of Spin Glasses ...... 696 20.4 Other Ferroic Glasses: Materials with Glassy Relaxation ...... 705 20.5 Measuring Spin Glass Properties ...... 709 20.6 Outlook...... 713 References ...... 713 Contents XXI

21 Hybrid Glasses: From Metal Organic Frameworks and Co-ordination Polymers to Hybrid Organic Inorganic Perovskites G. Neville Greaves...... 719 21.1 Structure and Formation of Hybrid Glasses ...... 720 21.2 Phenomenology of Amorphization and Melting...... 730 21.3 Pressure-Induced Amorphization and Mechanical Stability ...... 739 21.4 Extending the Range and Application of Hybrid Glasses ...... 754 21.5 Glass-Forming Ability ...... 759 21.6 Synopsis and Outlook ...... 764 References ...... 765 22 Natural Glasses Maria Rita Cicconi, Daniel R. Neuville ...... 771 22.1 Quenched Glasses ...... 781 22.2 Impact Glasses...... 785 22.3 Obsidian...... 791 22.4 Other Natural Glasses ...... 795 22.5 Insights into the Structure and Properties of Natural Glasses ...... 797 22.6 Conclusions and Future Directions ...... 804 References ...... 804 23 Bioactive Glasses Leena Hupa, Xiaoju Wang, Siamak Eqtesadi...... 813 23.1 Bone Composition and Structure...... 815 23.2 Bioactivity...... 817 23.3 Composition versus Properties of Silicate Glasses ...... 821 23.4 Sol–Gel Silicate Bioactive Glasses ...... 826 23.5 Phosphate-Based Bioactive Glasses ...... 830 23.6 Borate-Based Bioactive Glasses ...... 831 23.7 Scafolds for Tissue-Engineering Applications ...... 833 23.8 Bioactive Glasses in Clinics and Health Care ...... 839 23.9 Summary and Outlook ...... 841 References ...... 842

Part C Characterization of Glasses

24 Thermal Analysis of Glass Erick Koontz...... 853 24.1 Diferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)...... 854 24.2 Diferential Thermal Analyzer (DTA) ...... 865 24.3 Thermomechanical Analysis ...... 866 24.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ...... 870 24.5 Viscometry ...... 871 References ...... 876 25 Optical Spectroscopy of Glass Barrett G. Potter Jr...... 879 25.1 Light–Matter Interactions...... 880 25.2 Instrumentation ...... 891 25.3 Spectral Analysis and Interpretation...... 902 25.4 Conclusions ...... 906 References ...... 906 XXII Contents

26 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Glasses S. K. Sundaram ...... 909 26.1 THz Spectrometers ...... 910 26.2 Modeling and Experimental Validation ...... 915 26.3 Glass Systems ...... 917 26.4 Summary ...... 924 References ...... 925

27 Electron and Ion Beam Characterization of Glass Jennifer McKinley ...... 929 27.1 Electron Beam Techniques...... 931 27.2 Ion Beam Techniques ...... 941 27.3 Conclusions ...... 950 References ...... 950

28 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Glass Josef W. Zwanziger, Ulrike Werner-Zwanziger, Courtney Calahoo, Alexander L. Paterson ...... 953 28.1 Magnetic Resonance Probes of Glass ...... 953 28.2 Theoretical Background ...... 954 28.3 Experimental Details ...... 958 28.4 Magnetic Resonance Studies of Glass...... 967 28.5 Summary ...... 984 References ...... 984

29 Refractive Index of Optical Materials Jean-Louis Meyzonnette, Jacques Mangin, Michel Cathelinaud ...... 995 29.1 Basic Parameters and Specifcations...... 996 29.2 Main Properties of the Refractive Index ...... 998 29.3 Measurement of the Refractive Index of Bulk Materials ...... 1008 29.4 Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index...... 1017 29.5 Spectrophotometric Determination of Refractive Indices ...... 1026 References ...... 1040

30 Neutron and X-Ray Difraction of Glass Laurent Cormier...... 1045 30.1 Difraction by Noncrystalline Materials ...... 1046 30.2 Complementarity of Neutron and X-Ray Difraction ...... 1051 30.3 Determination of the Structural Parameters ...... 1053 30.4 Diference Methods ...... 1054 30.5 Reverse Monte Carlo and Related Methods ...... 1057 30.6 Case Studies of Glass Investigation by Neutron and X-Ray Difraction...... 1061 30.7 In Situ High Temperature/High Pressure Difraction ...... 1068 30.8 Conclusion and Perspectives ...... 1083 References ...... 1083 Contents XXIII

Part D Glass Modelling

31 First-Principles Calculation Wai-Yim Ching...... 1095 31.1 Methods and Approach ...... 1097 31.2 First-Principles Calculation for Diferent Types of Glasses...... 1100 31.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook ...... 1119 References ...... 1122

32 Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Oxide Glasses Jincheng Du...... 1129 32.1 A Brief History of MD ...... 1129 32.2 Fundamentals of MD Simulations ...... 1130 32.3 MD Simulations of Glasses ...... 1135 32.4 Applications of MD Simulations in Oxide Glass Research...... 1141 32.5 Outlook and Challenges...... 1150 32.6 Conclusions ...... 1151 References ...... 1151

33 Machine Learning for Glass Modeling Adama Tandia, Mehmet C. Onbasli, John C. Mauro ...... 1155 33.1 Data-Driven Glass Research ...... 1155 33.2 Development of Data-Driven Materials...... 1161 33.3 Methods...... 1166 33.4 Data-Driven Development for Glass Composition Design ...... 1171 33.5 Conclusions and New Glass Research Opportunities...... 1185 References ...... 1188

Part E Glass Processing

34 Industrial Glass Processing and Fabrication Mathieu Hubert...... 1193 34.1 Brief Overview of Global Glass Production ...... 1194 34.2 Industrial Glass Compositions and Process Overview...... 1198 34.3 Raw Materials and Batch Preparation ...... 1200 34.4 Importance of Redox in Glass Making ...... 1206 34.5 Glass Melting, Fining and Conditioning ...... 1208 34.6 Industrial Glass Furnaces ...... 1213 34.7 Modeling of Industrial Processes...... 1219 34.8 Conclusions ...... 1227 References ...... 1227

35 Batch Chemistry and Reactions Oscar S. Verheijen, Mathieu Hubert ...... 1231 35.1 Overview of the Batch Melting Process ...... 1231 35.2 Heat Transfer Processes ...... 1236 35.3 Diferent Types of Batch Reactions ...... 1239 35.4 Reaction Kinetics ...... 1243 35.5 Silica Conversion...... 1244 35.6 Fining Reactions ...... 1245 35.7 Conclusions ...... 1254 References ...... 1254 XXIV Contents

36 Glass Shaping Romain Laniel, Mathieu Hubert, Mathieu Miroir, Antoine Brient ...... 1257 36.1 Overview of the Glass-Shaping Process ...... 1257 36.2 Shaping of Glass at High Temperatures...... 1258 36.3 Glass Shaping at Low Temperatures ...... 1275 36.4 Conclusions ...... 1287 References ...... 1288

37 Amorphous Thin Film Deposition Virginie Nazabal, Petr Němec...... 1291 37.1 Amorphous Film Processing and Coatings on Glass ...... 1291 37.2 Physical Vapor Deposition ...... 1297 37.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition ...... 1317 37.4 Comparison of PVD and CVD Techniques ...... 1318 37.5 Liquid-Based Film Fabrication ...... 1320 37.6 Contribution of Amorphous Thin Films and Coatings on Glass to 21st Century Development ...... 1322 References ...... 1324

38 Sol-Gel Glasses Lisa C. Klein ...... 1331 38.1 The Role of Sol–Gel Processing in Glass Technology...... 1331 38.2 Sol–Gel Processing ...... 1333 38.3 Gelation, Percolation and Syneresis ...... 1337 38.4 Drying and Removal of Solvent and Water ...... 1338 38.5 Consolidation and Sintering...... 1340 38.6 Sol–Gel Fibers, Thin Films and Other Applications ...... 1342 38.7 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Sol–Gel Glasses ...... 1345 38.8 Summary and Future Prospects ...... 1347 References ...... 1348

39 Glass Recycling Ronan Lebullenger, François O. Mear...... 1353 39.1 Why Recycle Glass? ...... 1353 39.2 Recycling Methods for Glass Products ...... 1360 39.3 Waste Cathode Ray-Tube Glass Recycling: A Case Study ...... 1366 39.4 Summary ...... 1372 References ...... 1373

Part F Optical and Photonic Glass Applications

40 Laser Glasses Simi A. George, Joseph S. Hayden...... 1379 40.1 Short Introduction to Lasers ...... 1380 40.2 Commonly Used Lanthanide Elements in Glasses for Lasers ...... 1384 40.3 Specifcation of Laser Glass Doping Level...... 1385 40.4 Rules of Thumb in Glass Selection for Performance ...... 1386 40.5 Commercially Available Er3C-Doped Glasses...... 1387 40.6 Estimating Refractive Index ...... 1388 Contents XXV

40.7 Glass Melting and Measurements for Bulk Material Properties Characterization ...... 1389 40.8 Derivation of Laser Performance Related Properties...... 1391 40.9 Laser Damage Testing ...... 1396 40.10 Storage and Handling of Laser Glass...... 1399 40.11 Summary ...... 1399 References ...... 1400

41 Optical Fibers Thierry Chartier ...... 1403 41.1 Theory of Light Guiding ...... 1403 41.2 Fiber Properties...... 1413 41.3 Specialty Optical Fibers ...... 1424 41.4 Applications of Optical Fibers ...... 1431 References ...... 1436

42 Glass in Integrated Photonics Juejun Hu, Lan Yang ...... 1439 42.1 Processing of Planar Glass Photonic Components ...... 1441 42.2 Integrated Photonics Platforms Based on Glass Materials ...... 1448 42.3 Summary and Outlook ...... 1464 References ...... 1465

43 Amorphous Silicon in Microphotonics Anuradha M. Agarwal, Jurgen Michel ...... 1481 43.1 Amorphous Silicon as a Photonic Material ...... 1482 43.2 Amorphous Silicon for Photonic Devices ...... 1485 43.3 Summary ...... 1489 References ...... 1490

44 Phase-Change Memory and Optical Data Storage Xiang Shen, Yimin Chen, Guoxiang Wang, Yegang Lv ...... 1493 44.1 Conventional Ge-Sb-Te Phase-Change Films ...... 1495 44.2 Phase-Change Behaviors of Doped Ge2Sb2Te5 Films ...... 1498 44.3 Doped Sb-Te Films for Phase-Change Memory Applications...... 1500 44.4 Nanocomposite Films for Phase-Change Memory Applications ...... 1506 44.5 Crystallization Kinetics Studied by Ultrafast Calorimetry for Phase-Change Materials ...... 1510 44.6 Phase-Change Materials for Applications in Integrated Photonic Memory ...... 1513 44.7 Summary ...... 1514 References ...... 1515

45 Display Glass Matt Dejneka, T. J. Kiczenski...... 1519 45.1 Overview of Display Technologies ...... 1520 45.2 Display Glass Properties...... 1524 45.3 Melting and Fining ...... 1529 45.4 Forming Precision Sheets for Displays ...... 1532 45.5 Glass Composition ...... 1536 XXVI Contents

45.6 Three-Dimensional (3-D) Upconversion Displays...... 1545 45.7 Electronics on Glass ...... 1546 45.8 Flexible Glass and Displays ...... 1547 45.9 Conclusions ...... 1548 References ...... 1549

46 Scintillator Glasses Russell Lee Leonard, Jacqueline A. Johnson...... 1553 46.1 The Scintillation Process ...... 1554 46.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Glass Scintillators...... 1556 46.3 Synthesis ...... 1557 46.4 Basic Characterization of Scintillator Glasses...... 1563 46.5 Ionizing Radiation and the Applicability of Scintillator Glasses ...... 1569 46.6 Outlook...... 1578 References ...... 1578

47 Mid-Infrared Molecular Sensing Angela B. Seddon ...... 1583 47.1 Overview ...... 1584 47.2 Chalcogenide Glass Science and Technology Pertinent to MIR Molecular Sensing ...... 1586 47.3 MIR Molecular Sensing ...... 1592 47.4 Progress in Using Chalcogenide Glass Fibers for MIR Molecular Sensing ...... 1598 47.5 On-Chip MIR Molecular Sensing Using Chalcogenide Glasses...... 1612 47.6 Highlights and Future Prospects ...... 1625 References ...... 1626

Part G Glass for Energy Applications

48 Glass and Coatings on Glass for Solar Applications Ashtosh Ganjoo, James McCamy, Adam Polcyn, Zhixun Ma, Paul A. Medwick...... 1633 48.1 Photovoltaics ...... 1633 48.2 Flat Glass for Solar Applications...... 1637 48.3 Anti-Refective Surface Treatments on Glass for Solar Applications ...... 1641 48.4 Transparent Conductive Oxide Stacks for Solar Applications ...... 1650 48.5 Glass for Concentrated Solar Power Applications ...... 1659 References ...... 1670

49 Glass for Thermoelectric Applications António Pereira Gonçalves, Elsa Branco Lopes, Gaëlle Delaizir ...... 1675 49.1 Basics of Thermoelectricity ...... 1676 49.2 Key Materials for Thermoelectric Applications ...... 1678 49.3 Chalcogenide Glasses ...... 1680 49.4 Conclusion ...... 1691 References ...... 1691 Contents XXVII

50 Glasses and Glass-Ceramics for Solid-State Battery Applications Virginie Viallet, Vincent Seznec, Akitoshi Hayashi, Masahiro Tatsumisago, Annie Pradel ...... 1695 50.1 Principle of an All-Solid-State Battery and Requirements ...... 1697 50.2 Solid Electrolytes ...... 1702 50.3 All-Solid-State Rechargeable Batteries ...... 1720 50.4 Conclusion ...... 1742 References ...... 1744

Part H Glasses in Art and Architecture 51 Art Glasses Christophe Bardin ...... 1755 51.1 Some Historical Milestones ...... 1756 51.2 Art of Glass, Trial of an Artistic Typology...... 1764 51.3 Thinking Through the Glass ...... 1770 51.4 Conclusion ...... 1776 References ...... 1777

52 Architectural Glass Jan Belis, Christian Louter, Jens H. Nielsen, Jens Schneider ...... 1779 52.1 Flat Glass Products ...... 1780 52.2 Cast Glass Products ...... 1796 52.3 Glass in Architectural Applications...... 1798 52.4 Connections...... 1806 52.5 Numerical Modeling of Glass Components ...... 1811 52.6 Conclusions and Prospects...... 1813 References ...... 1813

Subject Index ...... 1819 XXIX

List of Abbreviations

0-D zero-dimensional AXRD anomalous x-ray diffraction 1-D one-dimensional AZS alumina–zirconia silicate 2-D two-dimensional 2.5-D two-and-a-half-dimensional B 3-D three-dimensional 3-DP three-dimensional printing BAD bond-angle distribution 3Q-MAS triple quantum MAS BBO BaB2O4 3R reduce, reuse, recycle BBV beam-bending viscometer 5-D five-dimensional bcc body-centered cubic BCE before common era A BEI backscattering electron image BER bit error rate A–A amorphous–amorphous BGG barium gallogermanate a-Si amorphous silicon BGO crystalline scintillator Bi4Ge3O12 a-Si:H hydrogen passivation of dangling bonds bIm benzimidazolate within amorphous silicon BL bond length AB acetylene black BM ball-milled AC alternating current BMG bulk metallic glass ACP amorphous calcium phosphate bMSC bone marrow stromal cell ADF-STEM annular dark-field scanning transmission BO Bayesian optimization electron microscopy BO bond order AES Auger electron spectroscopy BO bridging oxygen AFM atomic-force microscopy BP boson peak AFM antiferromagnetism BPF band-pass filter AFMI antiferromagnetic insulating BSA bovine serum albumin AG Adam–Gibbs BSE backscattered electron AGLAE Accélérateur Grand Louvre d’Analyse BWO backward oscillator Elémentaire BZ Brillouin zone AIMD ab-initio molecular dynamics AIST Ag-In-Sb-Te C ALD atomic-layer deposition ALP alkaline phosphatase C2RMF Centre de Recherche et de Restauration AM air mass des Musées de France AM additive manufacturing CAD computer-aided design AM Avramov–Milchev CAD-CAM Computer-Assisted Design Machining AM active material CALPHAD calculation of phase diagrams AMLCD active matrix liquid crystal display CaP calcium phosphate AMOLED active matrix OLED CAS Chemical Abstracts Service AOG alkali-containing OG CASS copper (chloride) acetic acid salt spray AOPDF acousto-optic phase dispersion filter CASTEP Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package AOS amorphous oxide semiconductor CB conduction band AP annealing point CBH correlated barrier hopping APCVD atmospheric pressure chemical vapor CBRAM conductive bridging random access deposition memory APD avalanche photo diode CC charge compensator APT atom probe tomography CCD charge-coupled device AR anti-reflective CCRN charge-compensated random network ASB aluminum–sec-butoxide CCRN compensated continuous random ASE amplified spontaneous emission network ASM asperomagnet CD Cole–Davidson ASR alkali-silica reaction CE charge exchange ASSB all-solid-state battery CEC configuration entropy change model ATR attenuated total reflection CEM correlated electron material AWG arrayed waveguide grating CF color filter XXX List of Abbreviations

CFCG continuous filament glass fiber DGU double-glass unit CFD computational fluid dynamics DLC diamond-like carbon CFL compact fluorescent lamp DLP digital light processing CG crushed glass DM Dzyaloshinky–Moriya ChG chalcogenide glass DM dredged material CIGS copper indium (gallium) selenide DMA dynamic mechanical analysis CIP cast in place DNP dynamic nuclear polarization CMOS complementary metal-oxide DOE Department of Energy semiconductor DOL depth of layer CMR colossal magnetoresistance DOR double rotation CN chevron-notched DOS density-of-state CN coordination number DPhDES diphenyl-diethoxysilane CNC computer numerical control DPT diffuse phase transition CNL conical nozzle levitation DQ double quantum CNT carbon nanotube DQ-DRENAR double-quantum dipolar recoupling CNT classical nucleation theory effects nuclear alignment reduction CO carbon monoxide DRG dorsal root ganglia CO-OO charge-ordered and orbital-ordered DSC differential scanning calorimetry COD chemical oxygen demand DT double-torsion COF covalent organic framework DTA differential thermal analysis CoLOSSIS Confined Large Optical Scintillator DTGS deuterated triglycine sulfate Screen and Imaging System DVD digital versatile disc COx Callovo-Oxfordian CP coordination polymer CP cross-polarization E CPMD Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics CPV concentrated photovoltaics E-MORB enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt CRG coarse recycled glass EA Edwards–Andersen CRN continuous random network EAM embedded-atom method CRT cathode-ray tube EBIC electron-beam-induced current CS compressive stress EBSD electron backscatter diffraction CSA chemical shielding anisotropy ECAE equal channel angular extrusion CSH calcium silicate hydrate ECAP equal channel angular pressing CSP concentrated solar power ECR electron cyclotron resonance CSP ceramic, stone, porcelain ECR-PECVD electron cyclotron resonance CSRO chemical short-range order plasma-enhanced chemical vapor CSTP concentrated solar thermal power deposition CT charge transfer ED electric dipole CT compact tension EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier CT central transition EDS energy-dispersive spectrometry CTE coefficient of thermal expansion EDS energy-dispersive spectroscopy CTRW continuous-time random-walk EDS energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy CVD chemical vapor deposition EDWA Er-doped waveguide amplifier CW continuous wave EDX energy-dispersive x-ray analysis EDX energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy EEC equivalent electrical circuit D EEE electrical and electronic equipment EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy DAC diamond anvil cell EEM electronegativity equilization method DAS dynamic angle spinning EFG electric field gradient DC direct current EFISH electric field-induced second harmonic DC dielectric current effect DCB double-cantilever beam EFTEM energy-filtered transmission electron DCDC double-cantilever drilled compression microscopy DCF dispersion-compensating fiber EGA evolved gas analysis DEX dexamethasone EGFET electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor DFT density functional theory EIS electrochemical impedance spectroscopy DFTB density-functional based tight binding ELF energy loss function DGD differential group delay ELV end-of-life vehicle DGU double-glazing unit EM electromagnetic List of Abbreviations XXXI emf electromotive force FPD flat-panel display EML electromagnetic levitation FRG fine recycled glass EMT effective medium theory FSDP first sharp diffraction peak ENDOR electron-nuclear double resonance FT fracture toughness EO electro-optical FT Fourier transform EoW end-of-waste Ft Fourier transform EP electroprecipitator FTIR Fourier transform infrared EPMA electron probe microanalysis FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide EPMA electron probe x-ray microanalysis FWM four-wave mixing EPR electron paramagnetic resonance EPR extended producer responsibility EPSR empirical potential structure refinement G ERD elastic recoil detection G–R generation–recombination ERDA elastic recoil detection analysis GA genetic algorithm ESA excited-state absorption GB grain boundary ESEEM electron spin-echo envelope modulation GC glass ceramics ESEM environmental scanning electron GEMT generalized effective medium theory microscopy Gen generation ESR electron-spin resonance gf gram-force ETA European Technical Approval GFA glass-forming ability ETAG European Technical Approval Guideline GFRP glass-fiber reinforced plastic ETEM environmental transmission electron GGA generalized Gibbs approach microscopy GGA generalized gradient approximation EV electric vehicle GHG greenhouse gas EVA ethylene vinyl acetate GLAD glancing-angle deposition EXAFS extended x-ray-absorption fine structure GP gutta-percha GRIN gradient refractive index GROMACS Groningen machine for chemical F simulations FAMOUS French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea GSST Ge-Sb-Se-Te Study GST Ge-Sb-Te FAU faujasites GULP general utility lattice program FB full basis FBG fiber Bragg grating H FC field-cooled fcc face-centered cubic HAADF high-angle annular dark field FDA Food and Drug Administration HAP high average power FDTD finite-difference time-domain HAP hydroxyapatite FE finite element HARP high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous FE fracture energy photoconductor FE-SEM field-emission scanning electron HCA hydroxyl carbonate apatite microscopy hcp hexagonal close packed FEA field-emitter array HD high density FEWS fiber evanescent wave spectroscopy HDA high-density amorphous FF fill factor HDL high-density liquid FGF18 fibroblast growth factor 18 HDP high-density phase FIB focused ion beam HE-XRD high-energy x-ray diffraction FID free-induction decay HEBS high-energy beam sensitive FiM ferrimagnetism HETCOR heteronuclear correlation FIR far infrared HF hydrofluoric acid FL Fermi liquid HIC high index contrast FLS fracture limit state HIP hot isostatic pressing FM ferromagnetism HiPIMS high-power impulse magnetron FO free oxygen sputtering FOG fiber-on-glass HiTUS high target utilization sputtering FOG fiber-optic gyroscope HLW high-level waste FOM figure-of-merit HMF heavy metal fluoride FORS fiber-optic reflectance spectrometry HMFG heavy metal fluoride glass FP Fabry–Pérot HMO heavy metal oxide XXXII List of Abbreviations

HMQC heteronuclear multiple quantum IS impedance spectroscopy coherence ISG International Simple Glass HN Havriliak and Negami ISPM interacting SPM HOIP hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite ISRO icosahedral short-range order HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital ITO indium tin oxide HPC high-performance computing IV-CT intervalence charge transfer HPLC high-performance liquid IVPD inside vapor-phase deposition chromatography IW iron-wüstite HPPMS high-power pulsed-magnetron sputtering HPT high-pressure torsion J HPXRPD high-pressure x-ray powder diffraction HREM high-resolution electron microscopy J–O Judd–Ofelt HRT high-resistivity transparent JG Johari–Goldstein relaxation HRTEM high-resolution transmission electron JMA Johnson–Mehl–Avrami microscopy JMAK Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov HS hard sphere model HSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane HSQC heteronuclear single quantum coherence K HTF heat transfer fluid K–K Kramers–Kronig HTSC high-temperature superconductivity KCl potassium chloride HUP hot uniaxial pressing HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cell KDP KTiOPO4 HYSCORE hyperfine sublevel correlation kgf kilogram-force KOH potassium hydroxide spectroscopy KWW Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts

I L

IBA ion-beam analysis LA longitudinal acoustic IBAD ion-beam assisted deposition LA-ICP-MS laser ablation inductively coupled IBD ion-beam deposition plasma mass spectrometry ICA independent component analysis LAGP Li1:3Al0:3Ge1:7(PO4)3 ICCD intensified charge-coupled device LAMMPS Large-Scale Atomic/Molecular ICME integrated computational materials Massively Parallel Simulator engineering LATP Li1:3Al0:3Ti1:7(PO4)3 ICP inductively coupled plasma LATP lithium aluminum titanium phosphate ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic LAW low-activity waste emission spectroscopy o LBIC laser-beam induced current ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma optical LC liquid crystal emission spectrometry LCA life-cycle assessment ICSD Inorganic Crystal Structure Database LCD liquid-crystal display IEP isoelectric point LD low density IFS ionic field strength LDA low-density amorphous IFT inverse Fourier transform LDG Libyan desert glass IGF intergranular glassy film LDL low-density liquid IGU insulating glass unit LDP low-density phase IGZO In-Ga-Zn-O LDW laser direct writing IGZO indium-gallium-zinc-oxide LED light-emitting diode IL ionoluminescence LEFM linear elastic fracture mechanics Im imidazolate LGP light-guide plate INADEQUATE incredible natural-abundance LGPS Li10GeP2S12 double-quantum transfer experiment LI localization index INS inelastic neutron scattering LIDAR light detection and ranging IO integrated optical LMJ megajoule laser IOG integrated optic glass Ln lanthanide IQE internal quantum efficiency LO longitudinal optical IR internal resistance LOF Libbey–Owens–Ford IR infrared LP linearly polarized IRO intermediate-range order LRO long-range order IS individual section LSS limit state scenario List of Abbreviations XXXIII

LT low temperature NBO nonbridging oxygen LTO Li4Ti5O12 NBOHC nonbridging oxygen hole center LTPS low-temperature poly-silicon NC nanocrystallite LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital NC network connectivity LVDT linear variable differential transformer ND neutron diffraction NDIS neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution M NDR normalized dissolution rate MA moving average near-IR near-infrared MAD multi-anvil device NEB nudged elastic band MAE mixed alkali effect NEP noise equivalent power MAF magic-angle flipping NIB sodium-ion battery MAS magic-angle spinning NIL nanoimprint lithography MB minimal basis NLO nonlinear optical MBG mesoporous bioactive glass NM network modifier MC Monte Carlo NMF N-methylformamide MCE mixed cation effect NMR nuclear magnetic resonance MCR multivariate curve resolution NN neural networks MCT mercury-cadmium-telluride NNH nearest-neighbor hopping CT x-ray microtomography NNO nickel-nickel oxide MCVD modified chemical-vapor deposition NNPB narrow-neck press–blow MD molecular dynamics NOBEC neonatal olfactory bulb ensheathing cell MEMS microelectromechanical system NODV neutral oxygen divacancy MG metallic glass NOMV neutral oxygen monovacancy MGI Materials Genome Initiative NPT constant pressure and temperature MH magnetite-hematite NRA nuclear reaction analysis mid-IR mid-infrared NT niobium-tellurite MIMIC micromolding in capillaries NTCOP normalized thermal changes in optical ML machine learning path MME mixed modifier effect NTOC normalized thermo-optic coefficient MMI multimode interference NYGGP Na1CxYyGaxyGe2x(PO4)3 MNR Meyer–Neldel rule MO molecular orbital O MO metal oxide MOF metal-organic framework OADM optical add/drop multiplexer MOF microstructured optical fiber OCV open circuit voltage MORB mid-ocean ridge basalt ODE ordinary differential equation MPC muscle precursor cell OES optical emission spectroscopy MQ multiple quantum OG oxide glass MQ melt-quenched OLCAO orthogonalized linear combination of MQG melt-quenched glass atomic orbitals MQMAS multiple quantum magic angle spinning OLED organic light-emitting diode MRG medium recycled glass OM optical microscopy MRN modified random network OPA optical parametric amplifier MRO medium-range order OPD optical path difference MS modified silane OQMD Open Quantum Materials Database MSD mean square displacement OSA optical spectrum analyzer MSVD magnetron sputter vacuum deposition OSL optically stimulated luminescence MTES methyltriethoxysilane OTP o-terphenyl MYEGA Mauro–Yue–Ellison–Gupta–Allan OTP o-terphenol MZI Mach–Zehnder interferometry OVD outside vapor deposition OVITO Open Visualization Tool N O&M operating and maintenance NA numerical aperture P NA Néel–Arrhenius NAMD nanoscale molecular dynamics PA pair approximation NASICON Na superionic conductor PASS phase-adjusted spinning sideband NBF nonbridging fluorine PBG photonic bandgap XXXIV List of Abbreviations

PBO partial bond order Q PBOD partial bond order density PbS lead-sulfide QCL quantum cascade laser PC principal component Q-factor quality factor PC partial charge QCM quartz-crystal microbalance PCA photoconductive antenna QCPMG quadrupolar PCA principal component analysis Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill PCD perturbed cation distribution QED quantum electrodynamics PCF photonic crystal fiber QENS quasi-elastic neutron scattering PCL polycaprolactone QLED quantum-dot light-emitting diode PCM phase-change material QM quantum mechanics PCT product consistency test QPM quasi-phase-matching PCVD plasma-chemical vapor deposition PDF pair distribution function PDF planar deformation feature R PDLC polymer-dispersed liquid crystal RBM random barrier model PDMS polydimethylsiloxane RBS Rutherford backscattering spectrometry PDOS partial density-of-states RCP random close packing PDP plasma display panel RCS respirable crystalline silica PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor RDF radial distribution function deposition RE rare-earth PEL potential energy landscape RE rare earth PET polyethylene terephthalate REACH registration, evaluation, authorization, PFLS post-fracture limit state and restriction of chemicals PFT pulse front tilt REAPDOR rotational-echo adiabatic passage double PGEC phonon-glass and electron-crystal resonance PGF phosphate glass fiber ReaxFF reactive force field PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle REDOR rotational-echo double resonance PhTES phenyl triethoxysilane REE rare-earth element PIB polyisobutylene REV representative elementary volume PIGE particle-induced gamma-ray emission RF radio frequency PIXE particle-induced x-ray emission RFDA resonance frequency and damping PL photoluminescence analyzer PLD pulsed-laser deposition RGFM recycled glass filtration media PLE photoluminescence excitation RH relative humidity PM polarization-maintaining RI index of refraction PMD polarization-mode dispersion RIE reactive ion etching PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate) RKKY Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida PMT photomultiplier tube RLP random loose packing PNP Poisson–Nernst–Planck RMC reverse Monte Carlo PNR polar nanoregion RMS root mean square POEC phosphorus–oxygen electron center RMSE root mean-square error POHC phosphorus–oxygen hole center RN random network poly-Si polycrystalline silicon RNA ribonucleic acid PPDF partial pair distribution function ROC receiver–operator characteristic ppm parts-per-million RP rapid prototyping PPV parallel-plate viscometer RPL radiophotoluminescence PRAM phase-change random access memory RSF relative sensitivity factor PRO producer responsibility organization RT room temperature PS polystyrene RW random walk PSB phonon sideband PSF point spread function PSL photostimulated luminescence S PT parity time PTM pressure transmitting medium S=N signal-to-noise PTR photo-thermo refractive SA/V surface area to volume PV photovoltaics SAD selected area diffraction PVB polyvinyl butyral SANS small-angle neutron scattering PVC polyvinyl chloride SAV solvent accessible volume PVD physical vapor deposition SAW surface acoustic wave List of Abbreviations XXXV

SAXS small-angle x-ray scattering SSE sum of squared error SBA-15 Santa Barbara amorphous-type SSE solid-state electrolyte material-15 SSG superspin glasses SBF simulated body fluid SSGS structural sealant glazing systems SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering SSIC solid-state ion conductor SBW sodium-bearing waste SSL solid-state laser SC supercontinuum ST satellite transition SC-M semiconductor metal STE self-trapped exciton SCCG subcritical crack growth STEM scanning transmission electron SCF surface crack in flexure microscopy SCR selective catalytic reduction STIM scanning transmission ion microscopy SCW surface capillary wave STM scanning tunneling microscopy SDD silicon drift detector STP standard temperature and pressure SE solid electrolyte STZ shear transition zone SE secondary electron sub-ppb sub-parts-per-billion SE spectroscopic ellipsometry SUS structural untreated steel SEDOR spin-echo double resonance S=V surface area to volume ratio SEI secondary electron image SVHC substances of very high concern SEM scanning electron microscopy SWE Schrödinger wave equation SEPB single-edge precracked beam SZM surface zone model SERS surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SZP SnO-ZnO-P2O5 SF strewn field SFF solid freeform fabrication SFM superferromagnet T SfP softening point SHG second-harmonic generation TAS total alkali versus silica SHGC solar heat gain coefficient TBO total bond order SHO simple harmonic oscillator TBO three-bonded oxygen SIF stress intensity factor TBOD total bond order density SiM sperimagnet TC technical committee SIMS secondary ion-mass spectroscopy TCO transparent conductive oxide SK Sherrington–Kirkpatrick TCR temperature coefficient of the resistivity SLA stereolithography TE transverse electric SLM spatial light modulator TEDOR transferred-echo double resonance SLPL superlinear power law TEM transmission electron microscopy SLR supercoooled liquid region TEOS tetraethoxysilane SLS serviceability limit state TEOS tetraethyl orthosilicate SLS soda-lime silicate TFMG thin-film metallic glass SLS selective laser sintering TFT thin-film transistor SM speromagnet TGA thermogravimetric analysis SME small and medium-sized enterprise TGU triple-glazing unit SMF single-mode fiber TGU triple-glass units SNB straight-notched beam THG third-harmonic generation SONL second-order nonlinear THz-TDS terahertz time-domain spectroscopy SP strain point TIR total internal reflection SPD severe plastic deformation TIS total integrated scattering SPD suspended particle device TM transition metal SPFT single-pass flow through TM transverse magnetic SPM superparamagnetic TMA thermomechanical analyzer SPM self-phase modulation TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide SPr stress profile TMOG transition-metal-oxide glass SPS spark-plasma sintering TMOS tetramethyl orthosilicate SQ single quantum TMS tetramethylsilane SR structural relaxation TMT tetramethyltin SRM standard reference material TNM Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan SRO short-range order TOC thermo-optic coefficient SRS stimulated Raman scattering TOF time-of-flight SRSO silicon-rich silicon oxide TOSS total supression of spinning sidebands SSB spinning sideband TP triethyl phosphate SSD subsurface damage TPA two-photon absorption XXXVI List of Abbreviations

TPD tons per day W TPPI time-proportional phase incrementation TPV total pitch variation W-MYEGA Waterton–Mauro–Yue–Ellison–Gupta– TRAPDOR transfer of populations with double Allan resonance WAT weak absorption tail TrL transient lens WCMH weak coupling multiphonon hopping TRM thermoremanent magnetization WCPMG WURST Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill TSC thermally stimulated depolarization WDM wavelength division multiplexing current WDS wavelength-dispersive spectrometry TSL thermally stimulated luminescence WDS wavelength-dispersive x-ray TSRO topological short-range order spectroscopy TSSA transparent structural silicone adhesive WebFF Web Force-Field TTT time–temperature transformation WEEE waste of electrical and electronic TzH 1,2,4-triazoles equipment WFD Waste Framework Directive U WGM whispering-gallery mode WISE wideline separation UD unidirectional WLED white light-emitting diode UDR universal dielectric response WOM weather-o-meter UHV ultrahigh vacuum WRAP Waste And Resources Action UHV-AFM ultra-high-vacuum atomic force Programme microscopy WSTZ work for shear transformation zone ULS ultimate limit state WURST wideband uniform rate smooth ULSI ultra-large-scale integrated truncation UPS ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy URIS ultraviolet to infrared refractive index X measurement system UV ultraviolet XANES x-ray absorption near-edge structure UV-Vis ultraviolet–visible XAS x-ray absorption spectroscopy XPM cross-phase modulation XPS x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy V XPS x-ray photoemission spectroscopy XPS x-ray photoelectron VACF velocity autocorrelation function XRD x-ray diffraction VACSY variable angle correlation spectroscopy XRD x-ray diffractogram VAD vapor phase axial deposition XRF x-ray fluorescence VAP Volunteer Contribution Point XRR x-ray reflectivity VAP valence-alternation pair XTEM cross-sectional transmission electron VASE variable-angle spectroscopic micrograph ellipsometry VASP Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package Y VB valence band VDOS Debye vibrational density-of-state YAG yttrium-aluminum garnet VDOS vibrational density-of-state VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor Z VFD vacuum fluorescent display VFT Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann ZAFO zero attenuation fiber optic VGCF vapor-grown carbon fiber ZBL Ziegler–Biersack–Littmark VGU vacuum glass unit ZBLAN zirconium barium lanthanum aluminum VGU vacuum glazing unit and sodium VHDA very high-density amorphous ZFC zero-field cooled VIG vacuum insulated glass ZIF zeolitic imidazolate framework VMD visual molecular dynamics ZT zinc tellurite VOCS variable-offset cumulative spectroscopy VOY voices of youth VRH Voigt–Reuss–Hill VRH variable-range hopping