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Statistical Notes on the Free Town-Libraries of Great Britain and the Continent Author(S): William E Statistical Notes on the Free Town-Libraries of Great Britain and the Continent Author(s): William E. A. Axon Source: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sep., 1870), pp. 327-365 Published by: Wiley for the Royal Statistical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2338903 . Accessed: 10/12/2014 11:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Statistical Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Statistical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 11:04:04 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1870.] 327 STATISTICAL NOTES or the FREE TOWN-LIBRARIES of GREAT BRITAIN and the CONTINENT. By WILLIAM E. A. AXON, ESQ., F.R.S.L. [Readbefore the Statistical Society, June, 1870.] CONTENTS: PAGE PAGE I.-Introductory ........... 327 VII.-Belgium ........... 352 II.-Manchester Free Library 330 VIII.-Germany . 353 III.-Liverpool ,, 339 IX.-Italy .. , . 354 IV.-Birmingham ,, 345 X.-Spain .356 V.-Salford Free Library and XI.-Free LibrariesCompared 357 Mniiseum. ..........348 VI.-ContinentalFree Libraries- APPENDIX. France . 349 TablesI, II, and III ...............,...361 I.-Introductory. FREE town-librariesare essentially a modern institution,and yet can boast of a greaterantiquity than is generallysupposed, forwe find a town-libraryat Auvergne in 1540, and one at a still earlier date at Aix. Either the munificenceof individuals or the action of corporateauthorities has given very many of the continentaltowns freelyaccessible libraries,some of them of considerableextent. In England the historyof town libraries is much briefer. There is reason to believe that London at an early date was possessed of a commonlibrary; and Bristol,Norwich, and Leicester,had each town- libraries, but the corporationsproved but careless guardians of their trust,and in each case allowed it to be diverted fromthe free use of the citizens for the benefitof a subscriptionlibrary. At Bristol, in 1613, Mr. Robert Redwood "gave his lodge to be con- " verted into a libraryor place to put books in forthe furtherance of learning." Some few years after,Tobie Matthew, Archbishop of York, left some valuable books in various departmentsof litera- ture forfree access " to the merchantsand shopkeepers." The collec- tion was subsequentlyenriched by the bequest of JohnHeylin, Esq., in 1766, of the library and MSS. of the well-knownDr. Heylin. The use of the librarywas, in 1773, grantedto the originatorsof a subscriptionlibrary, who proceeded to resolve that no keeper of an inn or coffeehouseshould become a memberof their body, or have access to those books which the pious Archbishopof York had left for the benefitof the merchantsand shopkeepers. The librarywas restored to its original purpose in 1856, when it contained about 2,000 volumes. In 1867 this number had increased to 8,ooo volumes. z 2 This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 11:04:04 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 328 AxON-On theFree Town-Libraries [Sept. The libraries of Norwich and Leicester have also been restored to theiroriginal functions as town-libraries. The paucity of our public libraries,twenty years ago, excitedthe attention of Mr. Edward Edwards, to whose labours in this field the countryowes so much. Having collected a large amount of statistics as to the comparative number of these institutionsin differentStates, he communicatedthe result of his researchesto the Statistical Society,in a paper which was read on the 20th of March, 1848, and was printedin this Journalin the August following. The paper revealed some unpleasant facts,and showed that, in respect of the provisionof public libraries,Great Britain occupied a very unworthy position. In the United Kingdom (including Malta) Mr. Edwards could only discover 29 libraries having more than IO,OOO volumes,whilst France could boast 107, Austria41, Switzerland 13. The numberof volumes to everyhundred of the population of cities containing libraries,was, in Great Britain 43, France I25, Brunswick2,353. Of the 29 Britishlibraries enume- rated by Mr. Edwards, some had only doubtful claims to be con- sidered as public, and only one of them was absolutelyfree to all comers,without influenceor formality. That one was the public libraryat Manchester,founded by Humphrey Chethamin 1665.* * A paragraphhas appearedin someof the literarypapers on the comparativc provisionof librariesin Europe,whicll merits a fewwords: Signor Natoli, the Ministerof Public Instructionin Italy, says that where Great Britain has 1,77I493 volumesin its publicand largeprivate libraries, or 6 to everyIoo personsin its population;Italy has 4,I49,28I, or I9i to every 0oo persons; France has 4,389,ooo, or I I7 to each Ioo persons; Austria, 2,408,000, 6-9 per cent.; Prussia, 2,040,450, or ii per cent.; Russia, 582,090, or il per cent.; Bavaria, 1,'/68,500, or z6i per cent.; and Belgium,509,I00, or sol per cent. The figuresabove quoted from Signor Natoli's report on publiclibraries in the "Statistica del Regnod'Italia," are the weakpart of whatvery competent autho- ritieshave pronouncedto be a reallyvaluable account of the Italianlibraries. As respectsfive of the States mentioned,the figuresare a quotationfrom Mr. Edward Edwards's " StatisticalView of PublicLibraries," published twenty years ago; as respectstwo otherStates, they are slightlyvaried from the old figures. No regard whateveris paid to the lapse of time,or to the factthat the figuresof 1849 relate only to libraries"exceeding I o,ooo volumes" in extent. The data for a really correctestimate of this characterdoes not exist,at least so faras England is con- cerned. The State has no supervisionof our libraries,and thereis no machinery, public or private,for focussingstatistics so as to yieldsatisfactorily information like thatwhich Signor Natoli gives of Italian libraries. Although.in the size of our provinciallibraries England may appear to hold an inferiorposition, it is perhapsmore in appearancethan in reality,for our townlibraries are broughtup to the demandsof the age, in a muchmore efficient manner than on the continent, and there existsnowhere else so largea numberof smallerlibraries. The State has never,in Great Britain,recognised the duty of encouragingthe systematic provisionof good literature freely accessible to all classes,but privateenterprise and privatebenevolence have done much to supply the deficiency.No societyfor educationalor literarypurposes, is consideredcomplete without a library. Worl- ing men's clubs,temperance societies, niglit schools, scien' Ific societies of ever,y This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 11:04:04 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1870.] of GreatBritain azd the Continent. 329 The paper read before this Society twenty-twoyears ago was destined to be productive of great and, speedy results. From the description,think something wanting until they lhaveaccumulated a numberof voluimeschieflv bearing on the particularphase of thoughtol investigationwlhiel theyaffect. Thus, in the sisterboroughs of MaTlehesterand Salford,the public librariesendowed by HumphreyChetham, the eight rate-supportedlibraries, the Royal Exchange,Portico, Law, Foreign, Medical, Athenuum,Schiller-Anstalt libraries,and thoseattached to the variousliterary and scienitificsocieties, colleges, temperancesocieties, Suinday schools, circulating libraries, &c., will containin the agg-egatenot less than4C0,000 volumes. The SundaySchool libraries alone claim go,ooo volumes,of which 25,532 volumesbelong to theChurch of England; 4I,530 to the Congregationalists,or Inidependents; 9,547 to theMethodists; 7,820 to the Presbyterians;2,5I2 to the RomanCatholics; and 10,254 to the Unitarians, Quakers,Bible Christians,and Swedenborgians.The largestof thelibraries in con- nectionwith the schloolsof the EstablishedChurch (St. Paul's, BennettStreet), con- tains 3,300 volumes,and, from a partialanalysis of the catalogue,it wouldappear that the hooksbelonging to the greatdivisions of knowledge,are in the following proportion:-Of everyIoo volumes,43 belongto theology,6 to mentalphilosophy, 34 to Ilistory,4 to politics,8 to science,and 5 are novelsor lightliterature. About 300 of the volumescan onlybe consultedon thepremises, and includethe publica- tionsof the Parkerand EcclesiasticalHistory Societies. There is in connectionwith the schoola mutualimprovement society, having a libraryof about 300 volumes. The proportionsin this are, theology6, philosophy9, history23, politics5, science3, literature54 per cent. Theirchief object, of course, will be the literature of theparticular sect to whiel theybelong, but due allowancebeing madefor this circumstance,there can still be no questionbhit that they are instrumentalin circuilatinga large numberof good books on unsectariansubjects. Nor is it in the large townsalone that we findnumerous educational and libraryagencies at work. Fewvof the Lancashirevillages are withoutschools and librariesof some description.If
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