DOCSLIB.ORG

The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885 The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885- 1945 ENDERBY, John Stephen Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/26096/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version ENDERBY, John Stephen (2019). The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885-1945. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885-1945 by John Stephen Enderby A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2019 I hereby declare that: 1. I have not been enrolled for another award of the University, or other academic or professional organisation, whilst undertaking my research degree. 2. None of the material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award. 3. I am aware of and understand the University's policy on plagiarism and certify that this thesis is my own work. The use of all published or other sources of material consulted have been properly and fully acknowledged. 4. The work undertaken towards the thesis has been conducted in accordance with the SHU Principles of Integrity in Research and the SHU Research Ethics Policy. 5. The word count of the thesis is 78,574 (excluding bibliography and footnotes) Name John Enderby Award Ph.D Date of Submission October 2019 Faculty Social Sciences and Humanities Director(s) of Studies Professor Antony Taylor 1 Abstract This thesis is an intellectual history of the British left and explores the conscious appropriation of an English radical tradition during the formative years of the British labour movement. At the heart of the thesis is an assessment of the ways in which this radical democratic history came to shape the core identity and political values of the new labour movement, rooting it in a national democratic history rather than an imported European Marxist tradition. The thesis explores the evolution of this democratic tradition within the British labour movement and assesses the ways in which the British past offered up a deeply contested history, as each faction within left/labourism claimed exclusive ownership of this democratic master narrative. I explore this complex process within a linear narrative history, which begins with the early socialist movements of the late nineteenth century and ends with the turbulent period of the Popular Front, when the major intellectual figures of the period became engaged in a fierce battle for the ownership of this national democratic past. The time- frame is a long one, but the expansive chronology of the thesis allows the opportunity for an analysis of key themes that emerged within the narrative of the British progressive tradition over time. Above all, this thesis is a history of ideas, rather than of organisations, and analyses their impact on key thinkers and strategists on the political left during the period. 2 Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………….……4 List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………...5 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..6 Chapter 1 The First to Claim a Radical Past: A Powerful Tradition………………………………………………………......................33 Chapter 2 The Inheritors of a Radical Past………………………………………………..........................................84 Chapter 3 The Deliberate Appropriation of a Radical Past …………………………………...................................................................191 Chapter 4 Guardians of the Radical Past: The WEA and the Intellectuals of the Left……………………………………………………….……… . ..286 Conclusions……. ……………………………………………………..........335 Bibliography……....……………………………………………………… 342 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Antony Taylor of Sheffield Hallam University for his guidance, advice and enthusiasm in navigating me through this interesting project. In addition, I’d like to thank the staff of the Working Class Movement Library in Salford, for their help with the primary source material. 4 Abbreviations CND - Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CPGB – Communist Party of Great Britain CPHG – Communist Party Historians’ Group ILP - Independent Labour Party SDF – Social Democratic Federation TUC - Trades Union Congress WEA – Workers' Educational Association 5 Introduction This thesis explores the conscious appropriation of an English radical past by the British left and its labour movements within the formative years of 1885 to 1945. Indeed, it aims to demonstrate the ways in which this democratic history became an integral part of the memory and traditions of the British labour movement, helping to shape its ideological values and political trajectory throughout this eventful and formative period in labour history. This was a rich and eclectic historical tradition that was rooted in a colourful pageant of heroes and heroines which featured important political movements from England’s turbulent democratic past. It was a rich narrative incorporating the radical-liberal figures of John Wilkes, Thomas Paine, William Cobbett and Richard Cobden, and the revolutionary movements of the Levellers, Diggers and Chartists. This was a significant democratic tradition with a historical lineage reaching back to John Ball and the peasants’ revolt of the middle ages. It was a powerful tradition which was consciously appropriated for the new cause of socialism and became deeply ingrained in the core identity of the British labour movement. This, then, is a thesis that in the words of Ross McKibbin, seeks out and scrutinises in detail ‘the English road to socialism’.1 My research was initially inspired by the work of the labour historian, Raphael Samuel, who first identified an intimate link between the British left and an earlier radical tradition. Samuel was the first historian, who, building on the work of 1 Ross McKibbin, Parties and People: England 1914-1951 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010), pp. 140- 176. 6 Raymond Postgate and others within the Plebs League,2 set out to explore this rich democratic history and the process by which it was plundered and recycled by an emerging labour movement. With its colourful figures and dissenting factions resurrected for the new cause of socialism, this history became integral to the later radical platform. The defining article of this new historiography was ‘Sources of Marxist History’, which was first published for New Left Review in March 1980. Samuel tended to paint his socialist history with a broad brush though he gave important attention to the period of the Popular Front between the years 1935 to 1939. This focus was more than justified as the Popular Front was to witness the publication of two crucial histories which came to symbolise the new inspiration derived from an earlier radical past. A. L. Morton’s A People’s History of England in 1938, and Christopher Hill’s The English Revolution, 1640 published in 1940 became the defining texts of the Popular Front era, reproduced in cheap, easily available editions, and with an influence and legacy that lasted long after the Popular Front and its political vision had ended.3 Peter Karsten is another non-Marxist historian who has researched this deliberate seizure of an earlier radical past. Karsten’s Patriot Heroes in England and America takes a transatlantic and transnational view of the process and explores the resurrection of the key radical figures, Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Paine, within a wider political framework. Indeed, Karsten believes the appropriation of this radical past was not 2 Raymond Postgate, A Short History of the British Workers (The Plebs League, London, 1926) p.112. See for Samuel’s approach to the heritage and history of the British Labour movement, Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (Verso, London, 1994), pp. 288-312. 3 A.L. Morton, A People’s History of England (Left Book Club: London, 1938), ch. 1 and Christopher Hill, The English Revolution, 1640 (Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1940), ch. 1. See for the impact of these texts, Harvey J. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians: An Introductory Analysis (St. Martin’s Press: New York, 1984), chs. 3-4. 7 exclusive to the British left or to the labour movement. Socialism was not the only political movement to claim this rich democratic heritage, though the historians of the left had by far the greatest impact on its restoration.4 There are other historians who have touched on some of the broader themes within this field of research. Particularly relevant is the work of Robert Colls and Philip Dodd in a collection of essays entitled, Englishness, Politics and Culture 1880-1920; also of equal interest is The Labour Tradition and the Politics of Paradox, a collection of essays edited by Maurice Glasman, which looks at the past and uncertain future of the labour movement within Britain. Another interesting article, which has focused on the period of the Popular Front is ‘The Popular Front Pageant: Its Emergence and Decline’ by Mick Wallis. This looks at the Communist Party and its appropriation of an English radical past in the 1930s, through its rallies, pageants and plays. In much of this work, the emphasis is on the symbolic and rhetorical, rather than purely ideological, appropriation of the events of the national past. 5 Paul Salveson’s Socialism with a Northern Accent: Radical Traditions for Modern Times, is another work which takes a regional approach to this area of research. Salveson believes these radical traditions were firmly embedded within a cultural environment unique to the Pennine region of the North of England incubating elements 4 Peter Karsten, Patriot Heroes in England and America (The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisc., 1978) p.159 5 See Philip Dodd, ‘Englishness and the National Culture’ in Englishness, Politics and Culture, 1880-1920. Ed. Robert Colls and Philip Dodd (Bloomsbury, London, 2014), pp. 53-84, Ben Jackson, ‘Labour History and Glasman’s Labour Tradition’ in The Labour Tradition and the Politics of Paradox.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Ideas and Movements That Created the Modern World
    harri+b.cov 27/5/03 4:15 pm Page 1 UNDERSTANDINGPOLITICS Understanding RITTEN with the A2 component of the GCE WGovernment and Politics A level in mind, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the political ideas and movements that created the modern world. Underpinned by the work of major thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, Marx, Mill, Weber and others, the first half of the book looks at core political concepts including the British and European political issues state and sovereignty, the nation, democracy, representation and legitimacy, freedom, equality and rights, obligation and citizenship. The role of ideology in modern politics and society is also discussed. The second half of the book addresses established ideologies such as Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism and Nationalism, before moving on to more recent movements such as Environmentalism and Ecologism, Fascism, and Feminism. The subject is covered in a clear, accessible style, including Understanding a number of student-friendly features, such as chapter summaries, key points to consider, definitions and tips for further sources of information. There is a definite need for a text of this kind. It will be invaluable for students of Government and Politics on introductory courses, whether they be A level candidates or undergraduates. political ideas KEVIN HARRISON IS A LECTURER IN POLITICS AND HISTORY AT MANCHESTER COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY. HE IS ALSO AN ASSOCIATE McNAUGHTON LECTURER IN SOCIAL SCIENCES WITH THE OPEN UNIVERSITY. HE HAS WRITTEN ARTICLES ON POLITICS AND HISTORY AND IS JOINT AUTHOR, WITH TONY BOYD, OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION: EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION? and TONY BOYD WAS FORMERLY HEAD OF GENERAL STUDIES AT XAVERIAN VI FORM COLLEGE, MANCHESTER, WHERE HE TAUGHT POLITICS AND HISTORY.
    [Show full text]
  • Telling the Truth About Class
    TELLING THE TRUTH ABOUT CLASS G. M. TAMÁS ne of the central questions of social theory has been the relationship Obetween class and knowledge, and this has also been a crucial question in the history of socialism. Differences between people – acting and knowing subjects – may influence our view of the chances of valid cognition. If there are irreconcilable discrepancies between people’s positions, going perhaps as far as incommensurability, then unified and rational knowledge resulting from a reasoned dialogue among persons is patently impossible. The Humean notion of ‘passions’, the Nietzschean notions of ‘resentment’ and ‘genealogy’, allude to the possible influence of such an incommensurability upon our ability to discover truth. Class may be regarded as a problem either in epistemology or in the philosophy of history, but I think that this separation is unwarranted, since if we separate epistemology and the philosophy of history (which is parallel to other such separations characteristic of bourgeois society itself) we cannot possibly avoid the rigidly-posed conundrum known as relativism. In speak- ing about class (and truth, and class and truth) we are the heirs of two socialist intellectual traditions, profoundly at variance with one another, although often intertwined politically and emotionally. I hope to show that, up to a point, such fusion and confusion is inevitable. All versions of socialist endeavour can and should be classified into two principal kinds, one inaugurated by Rousseau, the other by Marx. The two have opposite visions of the social subject in need of liberation, and these visions have determined everything from rarefied epistemological posi- tions concerning language and consciousness to social and political attitudes concerning wealth, culture, equality, sexuality and much else.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Left's Views on Israel: from the Establishment of the Jewish State To
    ‘The Left’s Views on Israel: From the establishment of the Jewish state to the intifada’ Thesis submitted by June Edmunds for PhD examination at the London School of Economics and Political Science 1 UMI Number: U615796 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615796 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F 7377 POLITI 58^S8i ABSTRACT The British left has confronted a dilemma in forming its attitude towards Israel in the postwar period. The establishment of the Jewish state seemed to force people on the left to choose between competing nationalisms - Israeli, Arab and later, Palestinian. Over time, a number of key developments sharpened the dilemma. My central focus is the evolution of thinking about Israel and the Middle East in the British Labour Party. I examine four critical periods: the creation of Israel in 1948; the Suez war in 1956; the Arab-Israeli war of 1967 and the 1980s, covering mainly the Israeli invasion of Lebanon but also the intifada. In each case, entrenched attitudes were called into question and longer-term shifts were triggered in the aftermath.
    [Show full text]
  • FSC Contents.Qxp
    Corbyn.qxp 21/01/2015 15:03 Page 10 10 Trident’s Farewell? The Politics The Agreement between the UK and the USA for Co-operation in the Uses of Atomic of Trident Energy for Mutual Defence Purposes, also known as the Mutual Defence Agreement (MDA), was signed in 1958. It allows the United States and the UK to exchange nuclear materials, technology and information. After many years, on 6 Jeremy Corbyn MP November 2014, the UK Parliament finally Julian Lewis MP debated the Agreement, although not its renewal, which fell due at the end of 2014. Few Members of Parliament attended this landmark debate, which revealed some of the politics of Trident nuclear weapons. The debate was secured by Jeremy Corbyn and Julian Lewis, who are on opposite sides of the discussion about upgrading Trident nuclear missiles for another generation. *** Jeremy Corbyn (Islington North) (Labour): … Why do we have to debate something as fundamental as a mutual defence agreement with the United States in time allocated by the Backbench Business Committee? The answer is that Governments of all hues – this applies to my party, as well as the coalition Government and previous Conservative Governments – have been reluctant to have parliamentary debates on this subject … It is interesting that parliamentary scrutiny of the mutual defence agreement and nuclear weapons has been in short supply going back to the end of the second world war. The National The author was formerly Archives in Kew has a document, ‘Extracts Russian Ambassador to from a memorandum on the Atomic Bomb the Conference on from Prime Minister Clement Attlee, 28th Disarmament in Geneva.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project DAVID HAMILTON SHINN Interviewed
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project DAVID HAMILTON SHINN Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: July 5, 2002 Copyright 2004 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in akima, Washington George Washington University Entered Foreign Service - 1964 American Foreign Service Association [AFSA, Beirut, -e.anon - Rotation Officer 1964-1966 0onsular 1ork Environment State Department - FS2 - S1ahili -anguage Training 1966-1963 Nairo.i, 5enya - Political Officer 1963-1968 Seychelles U.S. naval visits 85ikuyu domination9 Environment British Ethnicities North1estern University - African Studies 1968-1969 State Department - East African Affairs 1969-1931 Ethiopia Eritrea State Department - East African Affairs - Tan:ania-Uganda Desk Officer 1931-1932 American assassinated Dar es Salaam, Tan:ania - Political Officer 1932-1934 Relations 1 Economy 0hinese Nouakchott, Mauritania - D0M 1934-1936 Polisario French Environment Seattle, Washington - Pearson Program 1936-19?? Municipal policy planning State Department - State and Municipal Governments -iaison 19??-1981 aounde, 0ameroon - D0M 1981-1983 0had border N?Djamena, 0had - TD - 0harge d?affaires 198? President Ha.re Security Mala.o, Equatorial Guinea aounde, 0ameroon Acontinued) 1981-1983 Am.assador Hume Horan Anglo vs. French relations 5hartoum, Sudan - D0M 1983-1986 USA2D Relations Nimeiri Southern Sudan Neigh.or policies Falasha transit 0oup U.S. interests British Security State Department - Senior Seminar 1986-1983
    [Show full text]
  • People, Place and Party:: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911
    Durham E-Theses People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911 Young, David Murray How to cite: Young, David Murray (2003) People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3081/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk People, Place and Party: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 David Murray Young A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Durham Department of Politics August 2003 CONTENTS page Abstract ii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1- SDF Membership in London 16 Chapter 2 -London
    [Show full text]
  • Bevir the Making of British Socialism.Indb
    Copyrighted Material CHAPTER ONE Introduction: Socialism and History “We Are All Socialists Now: The Perils and Promise of the New Era of Big Government” ran the provocative cover of Newsweek on 11 Feb­ ruary 2009. A financial crisis had swept through the economy. Several small banks had failed. The state had intervened, pumping money into the economy, bailing out large banks and other failing financial institu­ tions, and taking shares and part ownership in what had been private companies. The cover of Newsweek showed a red hand clasping a blue one, implying that both sides of the political spectrum now agreed on the importance of such state action. Although socialism is making headlines again, there seems to be very little understanding of its nature and history. The identification of social­ ism with “big government” is, to say the least, misleading. It just is not the case that when big business staggers and the state steps in, you have socialism. Historically, socialists have often looked not to an enlarged state but to the withering away of the state and the rise of nongovern­ mental societies. Even when socialists have supported state intervention, they have generally focused more on promoting social justice than on simply bailing out failing financial institutions. A false identification of socialism with big government is a staple of dated ideological battles. The phrase “We are all socialists now” is a quo­ tation from a British Liberal politician of the late nineteenth century. Sir William Harcourt used it when a land reform was passed with general acceptance despite having been equally generally denounced a few years earlier as “socialist.” Moreover, Newsweek’s cover was not the first echo of Harcourt’s memorable phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Southampton Research Repository
    University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Alastair Paynter (2018) “The emergence of libertarian conservatism in Britain, 1867-1914”, University of Southampton, Department of History, PhD Thesis, pp. 1-187. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History The emergence of libertarian conservatism in Britain, 1867-1914 by Alastair Matthew Paynter Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History Doctor of Philosophy THE EMERGENCE OF LIBERTARIAN CONSERVATISM IN BRITAIN, 1867-1914 by Alastair Matthew Paynter This thesis considers conservatism’s response to Collectivism during a period of crucial political and social change in the United Kingdom and the Anglosphere. The familiar political equipoise was disturbed by the widening of the franchise and the emergence of radical new threats in the form of New Liberalism and Socialism. Some conservatives responded to these changes by emphasising the importance of individual liberty and the preservation of the existing social structure and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • From "RP" to "Estuary English"
    From "RP" to "Estuary English": The concept 'received' and the debate about British pronunciation standards Hamburg 1998 Author: Gudrun Parsons Beckstrasse 8 D-20357 Hamburg e-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................................................i List of Abbreviations............................................................................... ii 0. Introduction ....................................................................................1 1. Received Pronunciation .................................................................5 1.1. The History of 'RP' ..................................................................5 1.2. The History of RP....................................................................9 1.3. Descriptions of RP ...............................................................14 1.4. Summary...............................................................................17 2. Change and Variation in RP.............................................................18 2.1. The Vowel System ................................................................18 2.1.1. Diphthongisation of Long Vowels ..................................18 2.1.2. Fronting of /!/ and Lowering of /"/................................21 2.2. The Consonant System ........................................................23 2.2.1. The Glottal Stop.............................................................23 2.2.2. Vocalisation of [#]...........................................................26
    [Show full text]
  • File Is Composed of the Comfortable Class
    The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885-1945 ENDERBY, John Stephen Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/26096/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/26096/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. The English Radical Tradition and the British Left 1885-1945 by John Stephen Enderby A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2019 I hereby declare that: 1. I have not been enrolled for another award of the University, or other academic or professional organisation, whilst undertaking my research degree. 2. None of the material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award. 3. I am aware of and understand the University's policy on plagiarism and certify that this thesis is my own work. The use of all published or other sources of material consulted have been properly and fully acknowledged. 4. The work undertaken towards the thesis has been conducted in accordance with the SHU Principles of Integrity in Research and the SHU Research Ethics Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Rowland Kenney and British Propaganda in Norway: 1916-1942
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository ROWLAND KENNEY AND BRITISH PROPAGANDA IN NORWAY: 1916-1942 Paul Magnus Hjertvik Buvarp A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2016 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8647 This item is protected by original copyright Rowland Kenney and British Propaganda in Norway: 1916-1942 Paul Magnus Hjertvik Buvarp This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 18 September 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, ……, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately ….. words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in [month, year] and as a candidate for the degree of …..…. in [month, year]; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between [year] and [year]. (If you received assistance in writing from anyone other than your supervisor/s): I, …..., received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of [language, grammar, spelling or syntax], which was provided by …… Date …… signature of candidate ……… 2.
    [Show full text]