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(A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda Lucida and Momordica Charantia Leaves from Benin

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(A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda Lucida and Momordica Charantia Leaves from Benin foods Article Exploring Antioxidant and Enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda lucida and Momordica charantia Leaves from Benin Michaelle Chokki 1,2,3, Mihaela Cudălbeanu 3 , Cheikna Zongo 2 , Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon 3,4, Ioana Otilia Ghinea 3, Bianca Furdui 3,* , Robert Raclea 5 , Aly Savadogo 2 , Lamine Baba-Moussa 4 , Sorin Marius Avamescu 6,7 , Rodica Mihaela Dinica 3,* and Farid Baba-Moussa 1,* 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, FAST, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, ISBA-Champ de foire, Cotonou 01BP: 526, Benin; [email protected] 2 Laboratoire de Biochimie et immunologie Appliquées (LABIA), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina-Faso; [email protected] (C.Z.); [email protected] (A.S.) 3 Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (D.D.-N.); [email protected] (I.O.G.) 4 Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cotonou 05BP1604, Benin; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; [email protected] 6 Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Soseaua Panduri, Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] 7 University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 011464 Bucharest, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.M.D.); [email protected] (B.F.); [email protected] (F.B.-M.); Tel.: +033-6130-251 (R.M.D.); +033-6130-251 (B.F.); +229-9692-68-28 (F.B.-M.) Received: 6 March 2020; Accepted: 1 April 2020; Published: 4 April 2020 Abstract: Background: Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae), the wild variety of bitter melon and Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) were commonly used as a popular folk medicine in Benin. This research focused to measure the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects of M. charantia and M. lucida leaves and their antidiabetic activity. Methods: Antioxidant activities were evaluated by micro-dilution technique using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and β-carotene-linoleate bleaching assay. The α-amylase inhibition assay was carried out utilizing the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid procedure, while β-glucosidase inhibition assay was demonstrated using as substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG). HPLC-DAD analysis was realized using a high-performance liquid chromatography systems with diode-array detector, L-3000. Results: Chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, daidzein, rutin, naringin, quercetin, naringenin and genistein were identified as polyphenol compounds in the both plants extract. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts showed a good α-amylase inhibitory activity (56.46 1.96% and 58.76 2.74% respectively). ± ± M. lucida methanolic extract has shown IC of 0.51 0.01 mg/mL, which is the lowest for DPPH 50 ± scavenging activity. M. lucida dichloromethane extract showed the highest inhibitory capacity of β-glucosidase activity (82.11. 2.15%). Conclusion: These results justify some traditional medicinal ± uses of both plants. The purified fractions could be used in future formulations, possibly incorporated in functional foods to combat certain diseases. Keywords: antioxidant; diabetes mellitus; plant extracts; HPLC; DPPH; β-Carotene–linoleate bleaching; Benin Foods 2020, 9, 434; doi:10.3390/foods9040434 www.mdpi.com/journal/foods Foods 2020, 9, 434 2 of 21 1. Introduction Medicinal plants are used throughout the world in the preventive or curative treatment of several diseases [1]. Despite the progress of modern medicine, which for the most part uses synthetic products and the latest generation techniques, there is an alarming evolution of several chronic diseases including microbial, parasitic, viral infections, cancers, oxidative stress and many more. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic illness featured by hyperglycemia. It is presently one of the costliest and difficult chronic diseases and is a condition that is rising in epidemic proportions overall the world [2]. The management of diabetes in the absence of any side effects is up to this time a challenge to the medical system [3]. The therapeutic approaches for reducing postprandial hyperglycemia is to hinder the glucose absorption by the inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-amylase [4]. Thus, the slowness of the α-amylase action by inhibitors could be one of the most efficient approaches to control Type 2 DM. Apart from amylases, glucosidases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates. β-glucosidase is an enzyme of the hydrolases group, related to be implicated in the glycoproteins processing. Therefore, the quest for new β-glucosidase inhibitors is significant due to their therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, metastatic cancer, lysosomal storage disease, etc. [5]. Many studies have been performed on anti α-glucosidase action of natural products while investigation on their anti β-glucosidases properties are completely ignored in spite of their important role in diabetes and other diseases [6]. It is known that diabetes and its complications are connected with free radical mediated cellular injury [7]. In recent years, the antioxidants have been utilized for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. The free radicals’ role in the human disease pathogenesis including cancer, aging and atherosclerosis has been recognized [8]. Electron acceptors, such as molecular oxygen, respond fast with free radicals to become radicals themselves, also referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are associated with cellular and metabolic injury, accelerated aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease and inflammation [9]. Hence, much attention has focused on the use of antioxidants to protect damage due to free radicals. Several researchers have repeatedly shown that medicinal plants contain various biologically active secondary metabolites that exert different pharmacological activities: anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, antipyretic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, and antiviral, etc. [10]. Momordica charantia and Morinda lucida, two plants of the Benin pharmacopeia are used traditionally in the treatment of certain diseases. M. charantia L (Cucurbitaceace) is a climber growing in tropical regions of Africa. Commonly known as bitter melon, M. charantia is cultivated for its use as vegetable as well as medicine [11]. Species of the Momordica genus, like as M. charantia [12] have been reported to have important hypoglycemic, antidiabetic, antioxidant effects, antiviral, antimalarial and antimicrobial activity [13,14]. Some researchers have attempted to purify the M. charantia active fractions and reported that saponins [15], peptides [16] and phenolics [9] extracted from it had the previous cited biological activities. M. lucida (Benth), a member of Rubiaceae family, well known by the Fon in southwestern part of Benin as “xwèswè”, is extensively spread in West Africa and is used in African folk medicine to treat several diseases [17]. The leaves are bitter and are used by the natives to medicate malaria, yellow fever, jaundice, hepatitis, eczema, edema, cough, hypertension, diabetes [18,19]. Phytochemical screening of M. lucida displayed the existence of important biological active compounds, like tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and saponins [20]. In Benin, these species have been very little studied, particularly at a medicinal level. The current research desired to analyze polyphenols compounds and investigate antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of Morinda lucida and Momordica charantia extracts from Benin using microplates to assay extracts. These modified methods incorporate the convenience Foods 2020, 9, 434 3 of 21 of spectrometric measurement using 96-well microplates, so that it consumes much less reagents and solvents. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals The extraction solvents, p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), α-amylase A3403 Termamyl® (EC 3.2.1.1) from Bacillus licheniformis, β-glucosidase G0395 (EC 3.2.1.21) from almonds, acarbose A8980 and phenolic compounds standards were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, USA). All the chemicals and reagents utilized were of analytical grade. 2.2. Plant Material The leaves of the plants used were locally grown. Morinda lucida leaves samples were collected from Agata (06◦30’28” N, 002◦38’44” E), which is located in the department of Oueme, Benin, while those of Momordica charantia were collected from Dangbo (06◦35’19” N, 002◦33’15” E) located in the same department. A voucher specimens No. AAC8100/HNB and No. AAC8101/HNB respectively for M. lucida and M. charantia were deposited at the Benin national herbarium, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin. All samples were collected in the morning at 7 am. They were air-dried (23 2 C) ± ◦ for two weeks before powdered using grinder Retsch type SM 2000/1430/Upm/Smf, Haan, Germany. 2.3. Preparation of Plants Extracts The samples were prepared by extraction with different polar solvents (water, water-ethanol 30:70 (v/v) methanol, methanol/1%
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