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MODE OF ACTION, CONCENTRATIONS AND EFFECTS OF TRIBUTYLTIN IN COMMON SHRIMP CR Yves Verhaegen UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCE ENGINEERING "But man is a part o f nature, and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself In 1962, marine biologist Rachel Carson published “Silent Spring”, describing the unintentional effects of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on wildlife, in particular birds. It was the first popular publication questioning the release of large amounts of chemicals in the environment without fully understanding their environmental and health effects. Its publication is often considered as the birth of modern environmentalism, and it indirectly led to the many legislative actions regulating the production, use and disposal of harmful substances. Nevertheless, thanks to human ingenuity and for the sake of progress, many more hazardous chemicals have been marketed since then. Promoters: Prof. dr. ir. Guy Smagghe Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Dr. Kris Cooreman Fisheries Department Flemish Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) Chair of the examination committee: Prof. dr. ir. Filip Tack Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Members of the examination committee: Prof. dr. ir. Peter Bossier Department of Animal Production Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Karel de Schamphelaere Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Dr. Koen Parmentier Fisheries Department Flemish Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) Dr. Patrick Roose Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM) Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Prof. dr. Luc Swevers Institute of Biology National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece Prof. dr. Els J.M. Van Damme Department of Molecular Biotechnology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Dean : Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. dr. Paul Van Cauwenberge Lic. Yves Verhaegen MODE OF ACTION, CONCENTRATIONS AND EFFECTS OF TRIBUT YLTIN IN COMMON SHRIMP CRANGON CRANGON Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (Ph.D.) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch title: Werkingsmechanisme, concentraties en effecten van tributyltin in grijze garnaal Crangon crangon Cite as: Verhaegen, Y. 2012. Mode of action, concentrations and effects of tributyltin in common shrimp Crangon crangon. PhD dissertation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent. Cover: Richard Lord, Sealord Photography Printing: University Press ISBN: 978-90-5989-535-5 This work was supported by a fellowship of the Flemish Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) The author and promoters give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Dankwoord Donderdag 15 maart 2012, 3u38 ’s ochtends. Ik word gewekt door gepraat. Enkele mensen hebben blijkbaar een leuke avond gehad en staan voor ons slaapkamerraam langdurig afscheid te nemen. Mijn vriendin bonkt eens deftig op het raam en kruipt terug onder de wol. Ze vat bijna onmiddellijk terug de slaap, ik niet. Ik denk na over de afgelopen avond die volgde op een prachtige lentedag. Ik had deze mooie dag grotendeels binnenshuis gespendeerd aan het schrijven van het doctoraat, terwijl ik liefst van al was gaan fietsen met enkele vrienden. Paul (A.A.G.) Van Daele, waarmee ik na mijn licentiaatsthesis enkele maanden de bureau heb mogen delen, heeft net zijn doctoraat afgelegd. 9 jaar had hij er over gedaan. Losstaand van zijn langdurige inspanning (en zijn affectie voor paars-wit) was hij voor mij hét romantische voorbeeld van een rasechte wetenschapper, losgerukt uit de nobele tijd der ontdekkingsreizigers en misplaatst in de moderne tijd van ‘welvaart’ en opportunisme. Ik zie hem na zijn verdediging bezig met zijn twee prachtige zoontjes op de steile trappen van het auditorium. Op één of andere manier heb ik me altijd gespiegeld aan Paul. Een bizar biologisch fenomeen werd voor hem een levensvraag. De verspreiding en fylogenie van ondergrondse Afrikaanse molratten, bij god hoe kom je erbij, dat móet een bioloog zijn. Maar nu heeft hij besloten dit hoofdstuk af te sluiten. Het romantische beeld dat ik altijd van wetenschappelijk onderzoek heb gehad en voor mij een belangrijke drijfveer was, is met Paul nu helemaal verdwenen. De wetenschap is gemoderniseerd, een beschaafde vechtpartij om geld en prestige. Kan je het eigenlijk nog wel wetenschap noemen, ais op korte termijn resultaatgericht gepresteerd moet worden? Telkens weer op enkele maanden tijd een ‘sexy’ project schrijven, fondsen vergaren, uitvoeren en publiceren, tot het einde der dagen. Tantalus en Sisyphus zijn mietjes. In moderne tijden hadden Einstein en Darwin wegens onproductiviteit al na enkele maanden de bons gekregen. Gedaan met 25 jaar broeden op de relativiteits- of evolutietheorie. Ze hadden dan maar romanschrijver moeten worden. Nee, voor mij hoeft het even niet meer. Afhandelen die boel! Op naar de finish en op naar een ander avontuur. Ik wil mijn promotoren, Prof. dr. Ir. Guy Smagghe en Dr. Kris Cooreman bedanken voor deze leerrijke periode, en niet in zijn minst het ILVO om mij financieel te ondersteunen. Guy, zoals je vaak terecht hebt gezegd, ben ik een koppige steenezel, en lagen we nagenoeg constant in de clinch. Maar op het einde van de rit moeten we tot de conclusie komen dat het gewerkt heeft, en zowel jij ais ik fier mogen zijn op wat gepresteerd is. Bedankt, en ik wens je nog veel succes in je verdere carrière. Alhoewel hij niet ais co-promotor vermeld staat, wil ik specifiek Dr. Koen Parmentier bedanken. Koen, ondanks datje niet meer het labo in Oostende leidt en uiteindelijk niet meer optrad als co-promotor, heb ik steeds van je onvoorwaardelijke steun, vertrouwen maar vooral ook van je oprechte vriendschap mogen genieten. Bedankt. Ik heb het geluk gehad om tijdens het doctoraat door veel collega’s omringd te worden in Oostende, Gent en Antwerpen. De eerste dag dat ik in Oostende met mijn Oost-Vlaams verbasterd Antwerps accent aanlandde, werd ik door het noeste zeevolk met enige achterdocht aanschouwd. Maar vanuit alle windrichtingen heb ik de laatste jaren appreciatie en affectie mogen ervaren. Alhoewel ik er vaak weinig tijd voor had, was dit van vitaal belang voor mijn goed functioneren. Ook zonder de oud-collega’s van het labo vertebrate morfologie van Prof. Dr. Dominique Adriaens, waar ik het enthousiasme voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek heb opgedaan met een maandwerk en vervolgens thesis, en van het labo zoofysiologie, waar ik ais assistent door Nico, Marleen en Dirk geïntroduceerd werd in moleculaire en biochemische analyses, was dit doctoraat er nooit geweest. Aan mijn broer, ouders, neef, tante, nonkel, oma’s, vrienden, vriendin en ex-vriendin vraag ik om vergiffenis. Ik heb jullie de laatste jaren niet de aandacht gegeven die jullie verdienden. Een kleine week geleden werd de vader van een kennis begraven. Zoals op nagenoeg elke afscheidsplechtigheid werd het belang van gezondheid, vriendschap en liefde benadrukt, maar deze keer bleven het voor mij geen holle woorden. Ik kwam kort nadien écht tot het besef dat ik de laatste jaren had achtergesteld wat normaal de prioriteiten van eenieders leven zouden moeten zijn. Tot slot, terwijl ook jullie druk bezig waren een levensweg langs vele hindernissen te ploeteren, hebben jullie allen bewust of onbewust, rechtstreeks of onrechstreeks bijgedragen aan dit doctoraat. Dit doctoraat is dan ook van jullie, voor jullie. Op de gezondheid, de vriendschap en de liefde! En vandaag ga ik gaan fietsen, hopelijk met vrienden. Table of contents List of non-standard abbreviations............................................................................................xi Goals and outline of this study..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1..........................................................................................................................................5 General introduction......................................................................................................................5 1.1 Common shrimp ( Crangon crangon ) ..............................................................................5 1.1.1 Taxonomy and phylogeny ..........................................................................................5 1.1.2 Morphol ogy .................................................................................................................5 1.1.3 Anatomy ......................................................................................................................7 1.1.4 Moulting .................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.5 Lifecycle ................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.6 Behaviour and niche ................................................................................................. 15 1.1.7 Geographical distribution and habitat .....................................................................16 1.1.8
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  • Apoptosis As a Mechanism in Tri-N-Butyltin Mediated Thymocyte Cytotoxicity

    Apoptosis As a Mechanism in Tri-N-Butyltin Mediated Thymocyte Cytotoxicity

    Apoptosis as a mechanism in tri-n-butyltin mediated thymocyte cytotoxicity Mark Raffray Submitted to the University of London for examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1994 Toxicology Department, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London WC IN lAX ProQuest Number: U075807 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U075807 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Tri-n-butyltin (TBT), an in]|)ortant environmental pollutant, is immunotoxic when administered to experimental animals. Thymic atrophy due to the depletion of cortical thymocytes has been shown to be central to this effect although the mechanism involved is currently undefined. The mode of cell death known as apoptosis has a key role in a number of physiological processes, including the regulation of the developing thymic T lynçhocyte repertoire, but can also be triggered in pathological states including toxic injury. This study investigated the effects of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) on rat thymocytes and conq>ared these findings to observations with other lymphotoxic model confounds.