RESPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

On the rights of the manusctipt

ABSTRACT dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

HYDROLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE BAY CONTAMINATION

Speciality: 5406.01 - Hydrology Field of science: Geography Applicant: Balakhanym Arif kizi Agharzayeva

Baku – 2021 The work was performed at National Aerospace Agency, The Institute of Ecology in “Aerospace monitoring of water reservoirs and the ” department

Scientific supervisor: Doctor of Geographical Sciences, professor Telman Magomet oglu Tatarayev

Official opponents: doctor of geographical sciences, professor Rza Nadir oglu Mahmudov

doctor of geographical sciences Vagif Agha Ali oglu Mammadov

candidate of geographical sciences Rustam Fahreddin oglu Racabov

Dissertation council ED 1.23 of Supreme Attestation Commission Under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan operating at Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography named acad. H.A. Aliyev

Chairman of the Dissertation council: academic, professor Ramiz Mahmud oglu Mammadov

Scientific secretary of the Dissertation council: candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor Zaur Tahir oglu Imrani

Chairman of the scientific seminar: doctor of geographical sciences, associate professor Zakir Namin oglu Eminov 2

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WORK

The relevance of the theme and the degree of development. Baku Bay occupies a special place in the Caspian Sea by its geographical position.The shallowness, semi-closure, specific natural conditions, limited water exchange with the open sea, exposure to sweep and wind surge, and excitement distinguish this water area from other areas of the Caspian Sea.The study of climate variability, the hydrometeorological regime, hydrological conditions, and the ecological status of the Baku Bay is very important. In this water area is the largest port and city on the Caspian Sea – Baku. Baku port is the largest industrial center and transportation center in the Caspian Sea. The presence of islands in this area changes the structure of the hydrophysical areas.Absheron Peninsula affects the wind area and causes an orographic effect, ie strengthening of north and south winds. Considering that there are exploited oil and gas fields and transportation communication in the region, it is clear that Baku port, Baku Bay area is under constant environmental stress.At present, there is an urgent need to examine the spatial and temporal variability of the main hydrophysical areas and the ecological status of Baku sheep, given the increased oil and gas production. The contamination problem of the marine area of Baku Bay, which poses an environmental hazard to the area near the Boulevard, continues. Therefore, pollution control of Baku Bay is of great importance for , where many residents and visitors of the city are rested. The purpose and objectives of the study: The aim of the thesis is the geographical conditions, the structure of thehydro-physical fields, the assessment of the ecological state and the search for methods to control the state of the bay according to the observations. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated: 3

− to analyze physical and geographical conditions and structures of main hydro-physical areas of Baku-Bay; − investigate the structure of the wind field over the Baku bay; − to assess the hydrological condition in the bay based on observational data taken at various points in the Baku bay; − to evaluate the basic characteristics of the turbulence of the flow in the Baku Bay according to instrumental observations; − make model calculations on the spread of pollutants in the Baku Bay; − to analyze the distribution of lands in the territory of the Baku Bay; − to investigate the ecological state of the waters of the Baku Bay and to group the water area by pollution (phenols, NU, SAL). Research methods. While performing the frequency, statistical analysis methods of observational data and spectral analysis of flows, as well as marine turbulence were applied. In addition, natural modeling and aerial photography methods were used in the sea. Database research. The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the State Committee of Statistics of the Republic of Azerbaijan and materials of the foundation of the Institute of Geography named after acad. G.A.Aliev, as well as personal materials collected by the author in 2010-2018. Basic provisions for defense: 1. The results of the analysis of the wind regime and temperature field in the Baku Bay according to instrumental observations. 2. Space-time structure of currents according to instrumental observations.

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3. Wind swell data in Baku Bay and wind sweeps, and surge data from observations and compilation. 4. Results of model calculations for the spread of pollutants in the Baku Bay. 5. Comparative-time analysis of the ecological status and zoning of pollution of the Baku Bay water area.

Scientific innovations of research: 1. Based on the data of long-term observations conducted in different points of the Baku Bay, the hydrological conditions of the water area were estimated.It was revealed that the temperature regime of the Caspian Sea, in particular the Baku Bay, is formed under the influence of the variability of the components of the heat balance, since the proximity of the coast, shallow water, the presence of islands formed as a result of sea level increases the dependence of water temperature on air temperature 2.According to instrumental observations, the main directions of flow have been determined for various meteorological conditions, at different depths. 3. It was determined that currents of two opposite directions are mainly observed in the Baku Bay: north and south. At the exit from the bay, the currents are mainly directed to the south, while northern currents prevail in the central part and on the coasts. And also at the selected observation points, the repeatability of the direction of currents in percent was determined. 4. Model calculations of the spread of pollutants in various hydro meteorological conditions in the Baku Bay are carried out. 5. According to the distribution of the characteristics of the hydrochemical indicators of the quality of water and soils in the water area of the Baku Bay, its ecological state is zoned. Research theory and practical significance: The results of the thesis can be used in the organization of complex monitoring of the water area of the Baku Bay of the Caspian Sea. In addition, they are important for the forecast of

5 hydrometeorological conditions in the Baku Bay, as well as the peculiarities of the ecological state in certain areas of the Bay. Realization of work results. The main results of the thesis were reported at the seminars of the Institute of Ecology of NASA, in the department “Center of Problems of the Caspian Sea” of the Institute of Geography of ANAS, as well as at the following international conferences and symposia: − International scientific-practical conference“Emergencies and the environment”, Baku, 15-16.12.2009; − International scientific-practical conference “Modern problems of remote sensing of the Earth from space”, Moscow, Institute of Space Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 15- 19.11.2010; − International scientific-practical conferenceOpen Joint Stock Company "Azersu" of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, 14.11.2011; − International scientific-practical conference “Innovative Development of Corporate Governance and Economics”, Baku, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Scientific Innovation Center, 31.03.2011; − International scientific-practical conference “Interaction of local executive authorities and municipalities in preparing communities for protection of population, economy and environment”, Baku, 15-16.11.2011; − International scientific-practical conference “Increasing stability, the readiness of the community to emergency situations, and the rise of risk culture among the population in regions most affected by natural disasters”, Baku, 19-20.11.2012; − International scientific-practical conference “Risk assessment and safety issues in the construction industry”, Baku, 25-26.04.2013; − International scientific-practical conference “Modern problems and ecology of water management, engineering

6 communication systems”, Baku, Azerbaijan Architectural and Construction University, 2014. The results of the work were implemented during the implementation of planned research work carried out at the Institute of Ecology of the National Aerospace Agency, as well as in the department "Center for Caspian Sea Problems" of the Institute of Geography of ANAS. On the topic of the dissertation, 24 publications have been published. The dissertation work was carried out at the Institute of Ecology, the Institute of Space Research of Natural Resources of the National Aerospace Agency, as well as in the department “Center for the Problems of the Caspian Sea” of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences. Structure and scope of work: The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, the conclusion, a list of literature used in 113 names and an appendix. Introduction includes 6 pages, the 1st chapter includes 34pages, the 2nd – 29 pages, the 3rd – 23 pages, 4th– 60 pages, and the work totally – 200390 symbols.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK

In the introduction of the work the validity of the dissertation topic is substantiated, the set goals and main tasks are formed.The scientific novelty, practical value is substantiated, the main provisions for the defense are presented, and the content of the work is summarized. The first chapter is devoted to "Physical-geographical characteristics of the Baku Bay". This chapter provides a brief physiographic description of the Baku Bay. The main geographical characteristics of the bay are given, as well as the characteristics of islands in the bay, capes and braids. In addition, a brief description of the geomorphology of the seabed and the coast of the bay. The same chapter provides general data on the climate of the Baku Bay. It is noted that the Baku Bay in climatic features differs significantly from the climate of the

7 surrounding areas.The climate of the bay can be attributed to the dry subtropical type with moderately hot summers and warm winters, i.e. the climate of the Baku bay can be attributed to the climate of moderately warm steppes. The mountains of the Greater Caucasus have a significant influence on the atmospheric circulation over the Baku Bay. The cold air currents of the northern directions, meeting with the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, lose speed, weaken, deform and therefore calmness is mainly observed in the bay during the winds of the northern directions. It should be noted that the overall hydrometeorological regime of the entire Caspian Sea has a significant impact on climatic variability in the Bay. This section analyzes the air temperature in some detail for the period 1995-2015. It was found that the air temperature had the lowest value in January and started to rise from February and reached its highest level in August.Analysis of hydro meteorological data showed that the frosts in Baku sheep were uncommon and unstable. Air humidity in Baku Bay increases from west to east. Absolute humidity, such as air temperature, varies from the minimum in January to the maximum in august. The wind regime in Baku Bay is directly related to the variability of wind areas on the Caspian Sea. As is known, the winds of the north and south directions mainly blow the Caspian Sea. The genetic basis of these orientations of the winds was determined by A.A.Madatzadeh and from the observations the maps of the wind areas were identified by S.D.Koshinsky. The wind regime ofthe is almost entirely dependent on the sea wind regime, but the orographic influence of the Absheron peninsula and the relief of the Baku Bay shores reveal a certain variability of the local wind area. The wind regime of Baku Bay is characterized by the predominance of the northern wind (frequency of 39%). In the summer, its repeatability increases to 48-51%. Southerly wind has a significant repeatability (18%). This chapter also analyzes wind recurrence rates and speed gradations, as well as the wind rose. 8

Strong winds are often observed in the area of the Absheron Peninsula. According to the observations of the Baku-Bayil HMS for 1961-2012, we studied the recurrences of strong winds (more than 12 m) in directions and gradations according to the observations in the Baku Bay. The second chapter is devoted to the “Hydrological conditions of the Baku Bay”. This chapter discusses the hydrological conditions of Baku Bay. The temperature of the water in the bay depends on the geographical latitude, depth, air temperature, salinity, and wind regime and bottom topography. The temperature regime of the Caspian Sea, in particular the Baku Bay, is formed under the influence of the variability of the components of the heat balance. The main sources are direct and diffuse shortwave solar radiation. The expenditure part of the radiation balance is evaporation and effective radiation. All oceanological parameters are largely determined by the characteristics of the water masses entering the bay from the surrounding waters. With northerly winds, the sea waters enter the bay from the northern and eastern directions, and with southern winds from the south-eastern directions.The works of Shikhlinsky E.M.,Madatzade A.A., Ikonnikova A.N., Koschinsky S.D., and others are devoted to the study of the wind regime of the sea. It should be noted that all waters surrounding the Baku Bay have a large number of oil and gas production sites, which have a major impact on pollution. Therefore, according to the observational data, temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity variability were investigated for the years 2007-2012 and the oil and gas production areas surrounding the Bay of Baku. The data of these quantities in the Sangachal-Duvanny, Gumisland, Zikh- Hovsan, 8 March, Kharya-Zira, Alat-Sea and Bahar.In addition, the results of the seasonal volatility of the maximum and minimum salinity values as well as the electrical conductivity analysis for the years indicated are given. The importance of studying the seasonal volatility of the oxygen content in the waters of Baku bay is significant. Particular attention is paid to the study of the 9 variability of the hydro physical parameters according to the chapters. On the surface layer of the Bay of Baku, currents in the north and north-east directions are dominant. The southern border of the Bay is dominated by northeast and east currents and north and south currents. At horizons below 2 m, the currents dominate east, east, southeast, south and south-west. Thus, two opposite currents are observed mainly in the Bay of Baku: north and south. At the exit from the Bay, currents are predominantly south, and in the middle and coasts, northern currents are dominant. The long-term observations have been used at various points to evaluate some of the study characteristics. The locations of the roses of the observation points and the frequency of currents are shown in Figure 1. According to these observations, a table of flows directions repeatability was compiled. Observational data showed very large variations in currents at the direction and speed of the currents.

Figure1. Roses of the frequency of currents at the points of stationary observations

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Strong and stormy winds, which create waves on the surface of the sea, are often observed over the Bay of Baku. The regime characteristics of disturbances in the Baku Bay are greatly influenced by the variability of water levels.Table 1 shows the monthly and maximum wave height in both parts of the Baku Bay (central and northern parts). In addition, this section gives the average and maximum wave height in different parts of the Bay. Short-term fluctuations in the water level in the Baku Bay are associated with the increased tidal wave and water circulation caused by the tangential effects of airflow on the water surface. Table 1 Average monthly and highest wave height in Baku bay Months White (Black) city Center Bay Avg. N m Max. Avg. N m Max. January 0,4 1,1 0,4 1,0 February 0,2 0,9 0,3 1,4 March 0,3 1,3 0,3 1,0 April 0,4 1,2 0,3 0,8 May 0,2 1,0 0,2 0,7 June 0,1 0,4 0,2 0,6 July 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,5 August 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,6 September 0,3 1,2 0,3 0,8 October 0,4 1,6 0,3 0,8 Avg. 0,25 - - 1,4 Max. - 1,6 - 1,4 Source: Caspian Sea Monitoring Department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources

In the Baku Bay water area, the main swept-and-surge winds are western and eastern.With a westerly wind, there is mainly sweeping throughout the bay, and with an easterly wind – surge. As for the winds of other directions, with them, depending on the strength and duration of their action, there is a sequential change of pressure with surge and vice versa. Thus, the existing water exchange between the open sea and the Baku Bay occurs due to currents caused by the prevailing winds here. Of the winds in the Baku bay, the prevailing winds are the north and south. The north 11 winds are especially frequent, which are driven. The limits of fluctuations of the water level in the Baku Bay fluctuate within about half a meter1. The third chapter is devoted to “Turbulent exchange according to instrumental observations over currents and model calculations in the Baku Bay”. The chapter examines the exchange turbulence in the Baku Bay according to instrumental observations. The distribution functions of the current velocity components were previously studied by R.V.Ozmidov, R.M.Mamedov, and others. Baku bay has the shape of an ellipse. Quite deep into the mainland and somewhat closed from the access of unrest from the south-west and south sides. By its location in the southwestern corner of the Absheron Peninsula, the Baku Bay is located away from the main branch of the current. Therefore, this bay does not have clearly defined constant currents, the exchange existing in it occurs mainly due to the wind. Consequently, the currents in the Baku Bay mainly depend on the nature of the current wind: local, local, causing water flow, or common, i.e. all over the sea, causing surges and currents of the respective directions. In accordance with the prevalence of two main directions of winds in Baku - the northern and southern, as well as the configuration and location of the bay itself, all the currents can be divided into 2 groups: operating with northern and southern winds. With northerly winds, the current in the surface layer completely obeys the wind, i.e. directed south. With southerly winds in the surface layer, the flow is directed to the north. The field of currents in the Baku bay with northerly and southerly winds is shown in Figure 2. It should be noted that these currents are stable and drift currents and depend entirely on the wind.

1Mehdiyev А.Ş., İsrailov А.А., Gül А.Q., Tatlıyeva Z.İ. Xəzərin səthində neft məhsullarının hərəkət göstəricilərinin operativ proqnozunun hazırlamasının metodu // Bakı, AMEA Məruzələr, LXIV, cild №1. 2008, s. 92-96 12

a) b)

c) d) Figure 2. Direction of currents at different depths at different wind directions in the Baku Bay: a) southern wind, depth 0 m; b) northern wind, depth 0 m; c) southern wind, depth 5 m; d) northern wind, depth 5 m

The same chapter gives the main provisions of the semi- empirical theory of turbulent flows, which is widely used to study the distribution in the sea of various impurities and the intrinsic properties of water. To calculate the coefficients of turbulent exchange in the Baku Bay, the Ertel turbulent exchange tensor2, is used, which is a rank 2 symmetric tensor with six components. Three of the six components were calculated: in parallel direction (along the x axis)

l Ax = pu lx , (1) in the direction of the meridian (along the y axis)

2Озмидов Р.В. Горизонтальная турбулентность и турбулентный обмен в океане. М., «Наука», 1968, 200 с. 13

l Ay = pv ly , (2) and quantities

l Axy = pv lx , (3) l Ayx = pu ly , (4) l l Where u and v are the pulsating components of the velocity vector, lx and ly are the components of the path of mixing molar masses of the liquid according to Prandtl, p - is the density. Axy = Ayx due to the symmetry of the exchange tensor.

The method of calculating the coefficients of turbulent exchange in the Baku bay is described in detail. These formulas were used to calculate the exchange coefficients in the Baku Bay for averaging periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours. An example of the calculation of the coefficients Ax and Ay for the depth of the central part of the Baku Bay is given in table 2. Table 2 Macro change coefficients3

7 7 7 The averaging Ах⋅10 Ау⋅10 Аху⋅10 period T, h cm2 / sec. cm2 / sec. cm2 / sec. 3 0,3 0,7 -0,03 6 0,7 1,3 0,04 9 1,1 1,7 0,08 12 1,2 2,0 0,12 The table shows that the coefficients of turbulent exchange increase with an increase in the averaging period. In addition, it is clear that the process of macro-exchange is anisotropic. The

3Озмидов Р.В. Горизонтальная турбулентность и турбулентный обмен в океане. М., «Наука», 1968, 200 с. 14 dependence of macro-exchange coefficients on the averaging period is also studied here and the graphs of these dependencies are plotted. Using the obtained values of the turbulent exchange coefficients, we constructed ellipses of exchange, obtained their equations in the Cartesian coordinate system, and compiled their canonical equations, which also estimated the values of the exchange coefficients. The results of the evaluation of macro- exchange coefficients allowed us to estimate the average value of the turbulent energy per unit mass of water. It turned out that the turbulence energy decreases with increasing averaging period. The statistical analysis of turbulent flows in the Baku Bay was performed. As is known from the theory of turbulence, the methods of mathematical statistics are mainly used to study it. Random functions can be considered fully defined only if all their multidimensional distribution laws are specified for any time values from the range of variation of the argument. However, it is often not the distribution laws that are used to characterize a random function, but are limited only to the definition of moments of different orders.The most important moments in this case are the moments of the 1st and 2nd orders: the mathematical expectation m(τ) and the correlation function R(τ). An important characteristic of a stationary random process is the spectral density function S(f), which describes the distribution of the variance of the process over the frequencies f of its harmonic components. To eliminate the influence of nonstationarity of hydrological fields, it is necessary to filter the flow velocity function. In the thesis, such an operation was performed and smoothed flow characteristics were obtained. One of the main reasons for the nonstationarity of oceanological processes is the variability of the expectation. To eliminate non-stationarity with respect to mathematical expectation, it is necessary to exclude all low- frequency components from the initial implementation of the series, the period of which is comparable to the length of the overall implementation. In the present dissertation, the exclusion

15 of low-frequency components was carried out using the Bartlett filter. The calculation of statistical estimates was made on a computer using EXCEL program. The calculation was made to distinguish realizations separated in space and time, i.e., the series of observations were used at different points of the bay, as well as at the same point, but during different periods of observations. The results of the calculations showed that after 2-3 hours the correlation function for both components Ru(τ) and Rv(τ) also falls by more than 90%, reaching zero after 4-8 hours, and, while maintaining a large amplitude, slowly fades out. The main period of variability of the correlation function in the Baku Bay area is up to 24 hours. In addition to this oscillation, it is possible to distinguish oscillations with a period close to the inertial one (about 17-18 hours for the studied area), as well as oscillations of the order of 30-40 and 13 hours. The spectra of the latitudinal and meridional components of the flow, calculated for a horizon of 2 m at different points of the bay, also testify to this. The main energy of oscillations is concentrated approximately in the frequency range of 0.01-0.20 hour. The remaining energy in the higher frequency band is about an order of magnitude less. At the same time, within the considered frequency range, the energy maxima fall within periods 32–40, 23–25, 17– 20, 13–14, and 7–11 hours. There are mainly two components: with a period of 28-25 hours and with a period of 17-20 hours. These maxima are present in almost all spectra and most often are the main energy-carrying maxima. Oscillations with a period of 17–20 hours, as mentioned above, closer to the period of inertial currents for the latitude of this place and their constant presence in the spectra of currents suggests that inertial currents play not the last role. A model calculation of the spread of pollutants from coastal urban farms to the Baku Bay was made on the example of the city of Baku. The calculation model can be found in the works

16 published earlier (eg Mamedov, Moers, Korotenko, 20024). The calculations were carried out for the northern and eastern winds, at a speed of 6 m/s (Figure 3). It can be seen from the figure that with the north winds the polluter is mainly distributed in the Azerbaijan sector. Only after 15 days of discharge, it reaches the conditional border of the Iranian sector. The pollution of the East winds is mainly spread in the Azerbaijani sector and only 20 days after reaching the boundary of the Turkmen sector of the sea. It should be noted that, in all cases, the concentration of the pollutant at a short distance from the source decreases to the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). The fourth chapter is devoted to the "Pollution of the Baku Bay" (Figure 4). The fourth chapter analyzes the pollution of the Baku Bay. Studies have shown a high level of contamination of the Baku Bay water area with oil hydrocarbons predominating there, which often reach extreme values, exceeding dozens or even hundreds of times their MAC.

Figure 3.Proliferation of Baku city discharges into Baku Bay: a) with northern b) with eastern winds.

4Mamedov R.M., Mooers C.N.K., Korotenko K.A. Prediction of the transport and dispersal of oil in the Caspian Sea resulting from blowouts // Environmental fluid mechanics, – 2002, – p. 383-414 17

Major sources of pollution: a strong industrial complex and the Baku city sewer that directly discharges large amounts of untreated sewage into the sea. There are sharp fluctuations in the Baku Bay where the various types of unusual chemical compounds, household organic matter, other anthropogenic impurities, and hydrocarbonic sources are contaminated with pollution sources. According to the literature data, an average of 335.2 million m3 of wastewater is discharged to the Baku Bay annually and more than half of it is not cleaned, approximately 215.07 million m3. As a result, the water area: approximately 9 thousand tons of petroleum, 0.027 thousand tons of phenols, 0.40 thousand tons of synthetic surfactants, 98.5 thousand tons of organic matter, 220.7 thousand tons of suspended matter, 0.321 thousand tons of acid5.

Figure 4. Scheme of the main discharges of the Baku Bay sediment

5Fingas M.F., Brown C.E., Mulin J.V. The visibility limits of oil water and remote sensing thickness detection limits // Thematic conference on remote sensing for marine and coastal environments, –1998, v.2, – p.411-418. 18

Therefore, the concentration of harmful impurities in the waters decreases in the direction from the water edge to the open sea, but also depends on the action of winds and currents. The latter can be both cleansing and polluting factors in relation to the area under consideration when changing the hydrometeorological situation. This effect is enhanced if the directions of the northern and southern winds and currents prevailing here coincide, but even more as their speed increases when corrected for the orientation (leeward or windward) of the coastline (in the coastal strip of the sea). At the same time, the currents in the Baku Bay are variable and have a drift driving-surge character, transferring masses of water from north to south. Vertical distribution of pollutants in the aquatic environment does not have a definite pattern due to frequent fluctuations of shallow water, active hydrodynamic regime and all water horizons. At the same time, the concentration of the components causing the simultaneous reduction of the values of the hydrochemicalparameters is more noticeably dependent on the seasonal temperature fluctuations. The hydrological and other features of the Bay of Baku will be cleaned for 1 year after the discharge of polluted wastewater into the water area, and the sediment at the bottom will be subject to turbulent diffusion over 5 years. The obvious result is the reconstruction of the coastal strip of the Baku bay, which is accompanied by the transfer of the main port and other production facilities to the south of Alat. A distinctive feature of the Baku Bay for many years was spots and strips floating on the surface of the emergency oil spill. At the same time, the detection of parameters was 275-140 mkm thick and 1.7-0.625 mg/l in the water at an average of 204.2 mkm and 1.3 mg/l. As studies show, the nature of the distribution of substances in the water area is not always the same even within the same area. Generally, there are many multifaceted pollution areas associated with a local difference in the natural characteristics of the marine 19 area studied. Seasonal dynamics are not the only factors in the redistribution of pollutants in water. More specifically, this issue is solved by the effect of hydrometeorological processes that determine the stability and concentration level of the pollution areas. This chapter shows the geological and lithologic confinement of the concentration of technogenic impurities (phenols, petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic surfactants), their dependence on the physicomechanical properties and the particle size distribution of the bottom sediments, gives a scheme for grouping the aquatic environment (Figure 5) and the aquatic soils according to the degree of contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons.

Figure 5. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the bottom discharges of pollution deposits in the Baku Bay

The bottom surface of the water area itself is mainly composed of the latest horizontally deposited sandy-silty sediments, with a capacity from zero to several meters. It differs in shallow water without a significant difference in depth, except for

20 the artificial excavations of the navigable canals of the northern and southern buckets. Only in some places on the southern outskirts of the bay are underwater rock ridges, and on its western side there are bays and bars of the Bayil Spit and Karavansaray. The maximum concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons (>10,000 mg/100 g of soil) in the bottom sediments of the Baku Bay was recorded mainly in the western part of the region and in the central regions. The minimum oil hydrocarbon concentration (<1,000 mg/100 g soil) in the lower sediments of the Baku Bay was recorded mainly in the eastern part of the Baku Bay.

MAIN RESULTS

1. The variability of the wind field over the Caspian was studied and it was shown that the wind regime of the Baku Bay almost entirely depends on the regime of the entire sea. Depending on the wind repeatability and the degree of speed in the direction, a wind rose is built, the corresponding tables are compiled (9, 13, 24). 2. Based on long-term observations, the regime characteristics of the Baku Gulf currents are estimated. It was determined that the drift currents developed only in the surface layer (depth not more than 1.5 m). According to the observational data, the tables of the roses of the frequency of currents as well as the velocity and velocity of the currents in terms of percent were analyzed and formed. The direction and velocity of the currents have proven to have a significant impact on water circulation and water exchange between the sea and the bay (1, 12, 13). 3. Based on the analysis of the existing observational data, the most severe waves in the Bay of Baku were found to be caused by the southeast winds. Maximum and average wavelengths were observed in the southwest and middle parts of Baku Bay. Significant wind-related events for the entire water area of the Baku Bay were caused by winds in the west and east directions (3, 4, 10). 21

4. According to model calculations, it can be said that during northerly winds, the pollutant mainly spreads in the Azerbaijan sector. Only after 15 days of discharge does it reach the conditional border of the Iranian sector. In eastern winds, the pollutant also mainly spreads in the Azerbaijan sector and only after 20 days reaches the conditional border of the Turkmen sector of the sea. In all cases, the concentration of the pollutant when removing from the source decreases to the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) (2, 5, 7).

The dissertation content is published in the following works:

1. Babayeya B.A. Dəniz səthində aktiv maddə təbəqqəsinin yayılmasının bəzi xüsusiyyətləri //– Bakı: Energetika problemləri,– 2009. №3-4, – s. 174-180 (Tatarayev T.M., Fərəcova L.N., Süleymanova F.S., Tatarayev M.T. ilə birlikdə). 2. Babayeva В.A. Dəniz səthində neft təbəqələrinin radiometrik kontrastının müşahidəsi və qiymətləndirilməsi //Beynəlxalq Elmlər Akademiyasının akademiki, texniki elmlər doktoru, professor Ocaqov Həbib Osman oğlunun 70 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş beynəlxalq elmi-praktik konfrans “Fövqəladə hallar və ətraf mühit”, – Bakı: – 15 - 16 dekabr, – 2009. – s. 232-235 (Tatarayev T.M., Fərəcova L.N., Suleymanova F.S., Abuşev T.İ. ilə birlikdə). 3. Бабаева Б.А. Результаты комплексного исследования Северо-Апшеронского района Каспийского моря // Восьмая всероссийская открытая ежегодная конференция «Современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса» сборник тезисов конференции, – Москва: 15-19 ноября, – 2010. – s. 238 (совместно с Татараевым Т.М., Фараджевой Л.Н., Новрузовой К.Г). 4. Агарзаева Б.А. Современные физико-географические условия Бакинской бухты по данным комплексных наблюдений // “Korporativ idarəetmə və iqtisadiyyatın innovasiya inkişafı” beynəlxalq elmi-praktiki konfrans, – Bakı: – 31 mart, – 22

2011,– s. 161-165. 5. Babayeva B.A. Dənizdə çirkləndiricilərin yayılmasının sistem nəzəriyyəsi prinsipləri əsasında tədqiqi // – Sumqayıt: Sumqayıt Dövlət Universitetinin elmi xəbərləri. –2011. Cild 11, №4, – s. 80-84 (Tatarayev T.M., Məmmədov A.Y., Novruzova K.G., Abuşov T.İ. ilə birlikdə). 6. Babayeva B.A. Xəzər dənizi Azərbaycan akvatoriyasının neft məhsulları ilə 2000-2010-cu illər ərzində çirklənməsi dinamikası // Azərbaycan Respublikası “Azərsu” açıq səhmdar cəmiyyətininelmi-praktiki konfransı, –Bakı: – 14 oktyabr, – 2011, – s. 24-26 (Novruzova K.G., Abuşov T.İ., Rəhmətova C.R. ilə birlikdə). 7. Babayeva B.A. Xəzərin Sumqayıt sahil zonasında aşqarların yayılmasının model hesablanması //“Müstəqil Azərbaycan Respublikasının 20 il ərzində su təchizatı və tullantı suların kənarlaşdırılması şiştemlərinin inkişafı” mövzusunda elmi- praktiki konfrans, – Bakı: – 14 oktyabr, – 2011. – s. 32-34 (Tatarayev M.T., Novruzova K.G., Abuşov T.İ., Rəhimova C.R. ilə birlikdə). 8. Бабаева Б.А. О загрязнении грунтов на Азербайджанской акватории Каспийского моря //“İcmalari- əhalini, iqtisadiyyatı və ətraf mühiti mühafizəyə hazırlamaqda yerli icra hakimiyyəti orqanları və bələdiyyələrin qarşılıqlı fəaliyyəti“ mövzusunda beynəlxalq elmi-praktik konfrans, – Bakı: – 15-16 noyabr, – 2011.– s. 254-256. (cовместно с Сулеймановой Ф.С., Абушовым Т.И., Агаевой С.К., Рзаевой М.А). 9. Ağarzayeva B.A. Xəzər dənizi səth qatı temperaturun müasir məkan-zaman dəyişkənliyi //“Təbii fəlakətlərə daha çox məruz qalan regionlarda dayanıqlığın yüksəldilməsi, icmalarin fövqəladə hallara hazırlanması və əhali arasında risk mədəniyyətinin yüksəldilməsi” mövzusunda elmi-praktiki konfrans, – Bakı: – 19 - 20 noyabr, – 2012.– s. 167-169 (Tatarayev T.M., Fərəcova L.N., Calalova S.E. ilə birlikdə). 10. Агарзаева Б.А. Особенности рассеяния 23

электромагнитных и звуковых волн в приводном слое атмосферы //– Sumqayıt: Sumqayıt Dovlət Universitetinin elmi xəbərləri. Təbiət və texniki elmlər bölməsi.–2012. Cild 12, №4, – s. 76-81 (совместно сАллахверановым А.И., Абушовым Т.И., Рамазановым Ш.Д., Рахметовой Д.Р). 11. Агарзаева Б.А. Определение коэффициентов горизонтального обмена в Бакинской бухте на основе полуэмпирической теории турбулентности // –Астана: Bодное xoзяйство Казахстана научно-информационный журнал. – 2013. №2 (52), – с. 47-53. 12. Babayeva B.A. Bakı buxtasında külək və axın sahələrinin ümumi səciyyəsi // “İnşaat kompleksində riskin qiymətləndirilməsi və təhlükəsizlik problemləri” mövzusunda beynəlxalq elmi- praktiki konfrans, – Bakı: – 25-26 aprel, – 2013, – s. 270-273 (Novruzova K.G., Yusuflu F.X., Axundova T.Ə., Qulamova R.Ə. ilə birlikdə). 13. Бабаева Б.A. Некоторые режимные характеристики течений в Бакинской бухте // “İnşaat kompleksində riskin qiymətləndirilməsi və təhlükəsizlik problemləri” mövzusunda Ümummilli lider Heydər Əliyevin 90 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş beynəlxalq elmi-praktik konfrans,– Bakı: –25-26 aprel, – 2013. – s. 364-367 (совместно с Новрузовой К.Г., Аскеровой С.А., Князевой В.Г). 14. Ağarzayeva B.A. Orta Xəzərin Azərbaycan akvatoriyasının neft məhsulları, fenollar və SSAM-a görə assimilyasiya həcminin tədqiqi //“Su təssərüfatı, mühəndis kommunikasiya sistemlərinin müasir problemləri və ekologiya” beynəlxalq elmi-praktiki konfransı, – Bakı: – 14-15 aprel, – 2014, – s. 264-268. (Tatarayev T.M., Novruzova K.G., Axundova M.X.,Vəliyev A.V., Yuryeva E.L. ilə birlikdə). 15. Агарзаева Б.А. Некоторые результаты статистического анализа турбулентных процессов в Бакинской бухте //«Современные проблемы водного хозяйства, инженерно-коммуникационных систем и экология», – Баку: – 14 - 15 апреля, – 2014, – с. 268-271. 24

(совместно с Татараевым Т.М., Талышхановой P.M., Аскеровой С.А). 16. Агарзаева Б.А. Бакинская бухта и её экологическое состояние // «Хазарнефтгазятаг – 2016» научно-практическая конференция, – Баку: – 22-23 декабря, – 2016, – с. 620-624 (совместно с Л.Н.Фараджевой, М.Т.Татараевым). 17. Ağarzayeva B.A. Xəzər dənizinin Azərbaycan akvatoriyasında çirkləndiricilərin həcminin tədqiqi // – Bakı: Su Problemləri: Elm və texnologiyalar jurnalı. – 2016. №4, – s. 121- 127. 18. Ağarzayeva B.A. Ərazinin su tələbatını formalaşdıran amillərin təhlili (böyük Bakı ərazisinin timsalında) //Ümummilli lider H.Əliyevin anadan olmasının 94-cü il dönümünə həsr olumuş “Qlobal iqtisadi şərait və Azərbaycanın iqtisadi-coğrafi mövqeyi” mövzusunda respublika elmi-praktiki konfransı, – Bakı: – 25-26 aprel 2017, – s. 323-329 (Ağarzayev T.M., Həmzəyeva İ.K. ilə birlikdə). 19. Ağarzayeva B.A. Xəzərin sahilyanı ərazilərində səhralaşma prosesinin tədqiqi //– Bakı: Ekologiya və su təsərrüfatı elmi-texniki və istehsalat jurnalı. –2017. №2,– s. 8-10 (Rzayeva S.G., Səfərova N.T., Nəcəfova A.N., Bağirova N.F., Paşayeva G.A. ilə birlikdə). 20. Агарзаева Б.А. Методы разделения углеводородов и определения состава нефти и газа //Azərbaycan Texniki Universiteti və Rusiya Federasiyası Metroloji Xidmət Elmi- Tədqiqat İnstitutu “Ölçmə və keyfiyyət: problemlər, perspektivlər” mövzusunda beynəlxalq elmi-texniki konfrans, – Bakı:–21-23 noyabr – 2018, – s. 259-260 (совместно с А.К.Эфендиевой, И.Ш.Гасимовой, К.Ф.Исмаиловой, К.Р.Зулфигарлы, Х.Ш.Гусейновой). 21. Агарзаева Б.А. Виды биоресурсов Каспийского моря //IX international scientific and Technical Conference «Modern problems of water management, environmental protection, Architecture and construction», – Tbilisi: – 22-27 july, –2019, – p. 44-48 (совместно с Фараджевой Л.Н., Татараевым М.Т). 25

22. Ağarzayeva B.A. Xəzər dənizinin ekoloji vəziyyətinin tədqiqi // – Lənkəran: Lənkəran Dövlət Universitetinin elmi xəbərləri. Riyaziyyat və təbiət elmləri. –2020. ISSN 2617-8052,– s. 5-11. 23. Агарзаева Б.A. Исследование ветрового режима Бакинской бухты // – Симферополь: Ученые записки Крымского Федерального Университета имени В.И.Вернадского. География, Геология научный журнал. – 2020. Том 6(72), №1, – s. 200-205. 24. Agharzayeva B.A. Research of the oil pollution in the Caspian Sea // – Baku: Geography and natural resources. – 2020. №1(11), – p. 85-88.

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The defense will be held on 20 May 2021 at 1400 at the meeting of the Dissertation council D.01.091 of Supreme Attestation Commission under the Prezident of the Republic of azerbaijan operating at Institute of Geography named after acad. G.A.Aliev, NAS of Azerbaijan.

Address: Az.1143, Baku, G. Javid Ave., 115, Institute of Geography. Acad. G.A.Alieva ANAS Dissertation is accessible at the Institute of Geography Library. Electronic versions of dissertation and its abstract are available on the official website of the Institute of Geography -www.igaz.az.

Abstract was sent to the required addresses on 20 April 2021

Signed for print: 20.04.2021 Paper format:A5 Volume: 31715 Number of hard copies:30