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Die Presse: Watergate Und Die Zeiten Trumps – Ein Déjà-Vu?»

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Die Presse: Watergate Und Die Zeiten Trumps – Ein Déjà-Vu?» «DIE PRESSE: WATERGATE UND DIE ZEITEN TRUMPS – EIN DÉJÀ-VU?» Maturarbeit Jann Stäbler Ueblistrasse 2 8330 Pfäffi kon ZH Betreut durch Herrn Adrian Schläpfer Eingereicht am 8. Januar 2019 Kantonale Maturitätsschule für Erwachsene Zürich Abb. 1: Bildkomposition: Donald Trump im Oval Office im Mai 2018 und Richard Nixon, «Official Presidential Photograph» im Juli 1971 Einleitung | I Demokratie bedeutet nicht nur, dass man Wahlen « abhält, Demokratie bedeutet auch Institutionen, Demokratie ist etwas sehr Fragiles. Es geht auch um Vertrauen, um Kompromisse, die man bereit ist, einzugehen. Respekt vor den Gegnern, vor der Gewaltentrennung. Und auch der Respekt vor den Medien, der Pressefreiheit. Isabelle Jacobi, SRF-Korrespondentin 13. Oktober 2018, Washington DC » Einleitung | II EINLEITUNG Vorwort Vorwurf der Obstruktion der Justiz, Medien als Feindbild, politische Intrigen – die Parallelen, die auf den ersten Blick zwischen der Watergate-Affäre damals und der Russland-Affäre heute existieren, scheinen frappierend. Aber sind die beiden Fälle wirklich vergleichbar, trotz der zeitlichen Differenz und der verschiedenen Umstän- de? Seit April dieses Jahres beschäftigte ich mich intensiv mit dem politischen System der USA, Präsident Nixon und der Watergate-Affäre, sowie Präsident Trump und der Russland-Affäre. Während meiner Recherchen habe ich den Fokus, neben anderen Aspekten, speziell auch auf die Rolle der Medien gelegt. Für meine Recher- chearbeit habe ich mehrere Bücher und diverse Zeitungsartikel gelesen sowie zwei Interviews geführt. Relativ überraschend hat sich im Herbst die Gelegenheit ergeben, mit meinem Vater in die USA fliegen zu kön- nen, wo wir für ein paar Tage bei einem ehemaligen amerikanischen Arbeitskollegen meines Vaters in Raleigh, North Carolina, gewohnt haben und anschliessend noch einige Tage in Washington D.C. verbrachten. In Raleigh konnte ich den Arbeitskollegen meines Vaters und dessen Familie zu ihrer Wahrnehmung der Präsidentschafts- wahlen 2016 interviewen. In Washington hatte ich die Möglichkeit, SRF-Korrespondentin Isabelle Jacobi persön- lich zu treffen und mit ihr ein Interview zum Thema «Präsident Trump und die Medien» zu führen. Die USA-Rei- se war für mich ein sehr spezielles Erlebnis, insbesondere, da ich vorher noch nie in den Staaten war und auch weil ich mich im Vorfeld aufgrund meiner Arbeit intensiv mit der politischen Situation in den USA auseinan- dergesetzt hatte. Die Reise war sehr interessant und ich habe viele verschiedene Eindrücke gewonnen. Beson- ders kommt mir hier ein Gespräch mit einem Uber-Fahrer in den Sinn. Auf einer Fahrt in Washington lief im Radio eine Sendung zu den bevorstehenden «Midterms»-Wahlen. Der afroamerikanische Fahrer war die ersten fünf Minuten ruhig und sagte nicht viel, bis er bemerkte, dass ich mit meinem Vater über die Radiosendung und die Wahlen sprach. Als wir seine Frage, ob wir die Sendung anhörten, mit Ja beantworteten, begann er plötzlich zu reden und mit uns über Politik und die «Midterms» zu diskutieren. Er sagte, er hoffe sehr, dass die Demokra- ten wie vorausgesagt das Repräsentantenhaus übernehmen werden. Als er anfing zu fluchen, mussten wir alle drei lachen. Diese Fahrt war interessant und unterhaltsam, sie liess mich jedoch auch ein wenig ratlos zurück. Trotz den Spässen merkte man, dass die Situation ernst ist. An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich herzlich bei meinem Vater bedanken, ohne den die USA-Reise in diesem Rah- men nicht möglich und sicher nicht dieselbe gewesen wäre. Weiter möchte ich dem SRF-Team in D.C. meinen herzlichen Dank aussprechen, insbesondere Isabelle Jacobi, mit der ich ein spannendes Interview führen durf- te, was eine grosse Bereicherung für meine Arbeit ist, und dank der ich spontan auch auf einen Live-Dreh für die Tagesschau mit Peter Düggeli mitgehen konnte. Speziell gilt mein Dank auch meinem Maturarbeitsbetreuer Herrn Adrian Schläpfer, der sich bei den Besprechungsterminen jeweils viel Zeit genommen und alle meine Fragen immer sehr zeitnah und kompetent beantwortet hat. Ich habe versucht, mich während dieser Arbeit auf das Wichtigste zu beschränken – trotzdem ist die Arbeit sehr umfangreich geworden. Deshalb ist untenstehend eine Wegleitung eingefügt, welche jeweils die Funktion der verschiedenen Abschnitte und Komponenten der Arbeit kurz erläutert und einen Gesamtüberblick über den Aufbau der Arbeit geben soll. Einleitung | III Wegleitung Das Abstract gibt einen Kurzüberblick über die Ausgangsfragestellung, die angewandten Methoden und die Ergebnisse zur ersten Orientierung. Danach folgt das Inhaltsverzeichnis. In Kapitel 1 «Präsident Nixon und die Watergate-Affäre» wird zunächst auf Richard Nixons Weg zum Präsiden- tenamt eingegangen, da schon dort einige Tendenzen zu erkennen sind, die sich dann später auch in der Water- gate-Affäre wiederfinden. Folgend wird die Watergate-Affäre selber in drei Unterkapiteln aufgerollt und erklärt. Nachstehend findet sich ein Kapitel, das ausschliesslich die Rolle der Medien in der Watergate-Affäre behandelt. Kapitel 2 «Präsident Trump und die Russlandermittlungen» beleuchtet zu Beginn kurz Trumps Leben vor der Präsidentschaft und geht dann auf den Prozess von Trumps ersten Idee, Präsident zu werden, bis zur gewonnen Wahl ein, wobei auch ein Ausschnitt des Interviews mit der Familie des ehemaligen Arbeitskollegen meines Vaters zu finden ist. Anschliessend wird ähnlich wie in Kapitel 1 die Russland-Affäre erklärt, wobei die Ereig- nisse und Ermittlungsergebnisse bis Mitte Dezember berücksichtigt wurden. Dem folgt das Kapitel «Donald Trump und die Medien». Dieses Kapitel enthält neben einem Begleittext das Interview mit SRF-Korresponden- tin Isabelle Jacobi. In Kapitel 3 «Ergebnis: Vergleich und Fazit» werden im Vergleich die Parallelen aber auch die Unterschiede der beiden Affären aufgezeigt. Im nachstehenden Fazit werden die Parallelen und Unterschieden noch einmal ge- geneinander aufgewogen, worauf die abschliessende Wertung des Verfassers folgt. Im Anhang ist zu Beginn der Text «Einführung in das politische System der Vereinigten Staaten» zu finden. Dieses zusätzliche Kapitel soll bei Unklarheiten bezüglich des politischen Systems der USA als eine Art Nach- schlagewerk dienen. Darin sind unter anderem die Unterschiede zwischen dem parlamentarischen und präsi- dentiellen Regierungssystem, das Verhältnis zwischen dem Kongress und dem Präsidenten und die Rolle des Supreme Courts ausführlich beschrieben. Weiter wird der Anhang durch die kompletten Transkripte der beiden Interviews, einen Songtext und einen Ausschnitt des «Smoking-Gun-Tapes» ergänzt. Dem folgen die ausführli- chen Fussnoten mit der entsprechenden Bibliographie zu jedem Kapitel. Weiter findet sich am Ende des An- hangs das Abbildungsverzeichnis, die Selbständigkeitserklärung sowie der Arbeitsbericht. Einzelne, kursiv gesetzte Begriffe werden in den rot hinterlegten Infoboxen jeweils am Rand des Textes kurz erklärt. Einleitung | IV Abstract Die Ausgangsfragestellung meiner Maturarbeit lautete, ob und wie sich die Watergate-Affäre um Präsident Nixon damals mit der Russland-Affäre und Donald Trump heute vergleichen lassen. Ein besonderer Stellenwert sollte dabei der Rolle der Medien zukommen. Dafür habe ich mich zuerst mit Hilfe von Fachliteratur in das politische System der USA eingearbeitet. Danach beschäftigte ich mich mit Richard Nixon und der Watergate-Affäre, wobei ich mich auch hier wieder auf ver- schiedene Bücher und ergänzend auf Onlineartikel gestützt habe. Anschliessend habe ich mich mit Präsident Trump und der Russlandaffäre auseinandergesetzt. Hierfür habe ich mich auch hier wieder zuerst in die Litera- tur eingelesen, arbeitete danach jedoch hauptsächlich mit Zeitungsartikeln und Hintergrundberichten. Dabei hatte ich die Möglichkeit, im Oktober in die USA zu fliegen. Dort war ich zuerst in Raleigh, North Carolina und verbrachte danach noch einige Tage in Washington DC. Während dieser Reise führte ich zwei Interviews, eines davon mit SRF-Korrespondentin Isabelle Jacobi in Washington. Aufgrund meiner Recherchearbeit bin ich zu folgendem Ergebnis gekommen: Zwischen Watergate und der Russland-Affäre existieren eklatante Parallelen, wobei hier der Vorwurf der Obstruktion der Justiz, das Verhält- nis zu den Medien sowie die Polarisierung der Gesellschaft zu nennen sind. Es sind zwischen den beiden Fällen jedoch auch signifikante Differenzen zu erkennen: Neben dem Unterschied in den Persönlichkeiten Nixons und Trumps ist wohl die gewichtigste Differenz die Beweislage. Im Falle Trumps sind bisher noch keine solch belas- tende Beweismittel ans Tageslicht gekommen wie seinerzeit bei Nixon. Dabei ist jedoch auch zu beachten, dass die laufenden Ermittlungen in Sachen Russlandaffäre in vollem Gange sind und es bei der Watergate-Affäre vom Einbruch im Hauptquartier der demokratischen Partei im Watergate-Gebäudekomplex bis zum Rücktritt Nixons über zwei Jahre gedauert hat. Abschliessend komme ich trotz der obig genannten Differenzen zum Schluss, dass sich Watergate und die Russland-Affäre vergleichen lassen. Obgleich der bedeutenden Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Fällen über- wiegen die Parallelen – speziell auch bezüglich der Medien –, sodass ich der Meinung bin, dass man in der Russland-Affäre bezüglich Watergate tatsächlich von einem Déjà-vu sprechen kann. Einleitung | V INHALTSVERZEICHNIS EINLEITUNG Vorwort und Wegleitung III–IV Abstract V KAPITEL 1 – PRÄSIDENT NIXON UND DIE WATERGATE-AFFÄRE 1.1 Richard M. Nixons Weg zum Präsidentenamt 1–4 1.1.1 Kindheit, Studium und Zeit beim Militär 1 1.1.2 Der Anfang seines
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