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AQUACULTURE I

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WHAT Is AQUACULTURE? ImpoRTAnCE of AQUACULTURE AQUACULTURE: AnImAL pRoTEIn HIsToRy of AQUACULTURE oRgAnIsATIon of AQUACULTURE CHARACTERIsTICs of AQUACULTURE pond CULTURE In sTATIC fREsHWATER ponds In bRACkIsH-WATER ponds RUnnIng WATER CULTURE CULTURE In RE-CIRCULAToRy sysTEms (RAs) AQUACULTURE In RACEWAys, CAgEs, And EnCLosUREs monoCULTURE And poLyCULTURE RECEnT AdvAnCEs In AQUACULTURE

 Aqua c ulture c onsists in fa rming a qua tic orga nisms. Around 500 BC E, the
Roma ns fa rmed oysters a nd fish in Mediterra nea n la goons, wherea s freshwa ter a qua c ulture developed empiric a lly some 1000 yea rs ea rlier in C hina . Fa rming c a rp in ponds led to the c omplete domestic a tion of this spec ies in the Middle Ages, whic h is a lso when mussel fa rming bega n, following a tec hnique tha t rema ined la rgely unc ha nged until the 20th c entury.

https://www.a limenta rium.org/en/knowledge/history-a qua c ulture

Farming in ponds through the ages

 The ea rliest evidenc e of fish fa rming da tes ba c k to before 1000 BCE in

China. The Zhou dyna sty (1112-221 BC E), then the politic ia n Fa n Li,

a round 500 BC E, were the first to desc ribe carp, a symbol of good luc k a nd

fortune, a s being farmed for food. During the Ta ng dyna sty, a round 618, the

Emperor Li, whose na me mea ns ‘c a rp’, forba de fa rming the fish tha t bore

his na me. Fa rmers then turned their a ttention to simila r fish in the C yp r i n i d ae

fa mily a nd developed the first form of polyculture. Liquid ma nure from

livestoc k fa rming wa s a lso used to stimula te a lga e growth in ponds a nd ma ke it more nutritious. The pond beds were then dra ined so tha t they in

turn were a lso used a s fertiliser. The first integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems emerged in C hina , where they a re still implemented toda y.

https://www.a limenta rium.org/en/knowledge/history-a qua c ulture

 During the 1970s, marine species a qua c ulture enjoyed a revival, tha nks to

new, lighter, more ha rd-wea ring a nd less expensive building ma teria ls (fibre gla ss, pla stic tubes) a nd the use of floa ting c a ges ra ther tha n expensive gla ss a nd c a st iron sa ltwa ter ponds. However, these new fa c ilities turned

out to be c ommerc ia lly non-via ble a nd the optimisation a nd stabilisation of marine fish production wa s a ma jor concern in the following dec a de. The sta rt of the 21st century sa w a qua c ulture ta ke on great importance

worldwide. Ac c ording to a report on fishing a nd a qua c ulture by the Food a nd Agric ulture Orga niza tion of the United Na tions (FAO) in 2016, “In terms of globa l produc tion volume, tha t of fa rmed fish a nd a qua tic pla nts c ombined surpa ssed tha t of c a pture fisheries in 2013”.

https://www.a limenta rium.org/en/knowledge/history-a qua c ulture

MILESTONES IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 2000–1000 B.C.

 C . F. Hic kling the English a qua c ulture a uthor, c iting S. Y. Lin a noted C hinese a qua c ulturist, c onsidered the ea rliest beginnings of a qua c ulture a s during the period 2000–1000 B.C . This indic a ted tha t a qua c ulture ha s a long history da ting a s fa r a s 4000 yea rs a go. However, during the period, a nd espec ia lly before the a dvent of printing, no rec ords were a va ila ble exc ept the na rra tives ha nded down from one genera tion to a nother espec ia lly those found in the sea t of power during those periods. Admittedly, C hina wa s the c ra dle of the beginning of a qua c ulture utilizing ma inly the c ommon c a rp (C yprinus c a rpio). It is sa id tha t a qua c ulture a s a husba ndry developed in C hina resulting from the fa c t tha t popula tion sta rted to ha ve a settled c ondition a nd ha s been kept a s a n unbroken tra dition. No deta iled desc ription of a qua c ulture pra c tic es wa s however a va ila ble during tha t ea rly period.

500 B.C. (473 B.C. or 475 B.C.)

 This yea r is c onsidered of very grea t signific a nc e in the a nna ls of the history of a qua c ulture. Ma ny a uthors round the yea r a s 500 B.C . a lthough most a gree tha t the exa c t yea r is 475 B.C . a nd some even use 473 B.C . a s the period when Fa n La i (a lso spelled Li or Lee by some a uthors) wrote his book, “The C la ssic of Fish C ulture”. This book c onsisted the ea rliest monogra ph of, fish c ulture. Although the na rra tive a lso dea lt on fa nta sies a nd meta physic a l a spec ts, it is the first to rec ord a nd desc ribe the struc ture of ponds, the method of propa ga tion of the c ommon c a rp a nd the growth of fry. Exc erpts of a n English tra nsla tion a nd C hinese fa c simile of this book a re a ppended (Appendix 1 a nd 2).

http://www.fa o.org/doc rep/field/009/a g158e/AG 158E02.htm

MILESTONES IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 500 B.C.-500 A.D.

 This period c a n be c onsidered the G olden Age of c ommon c a rp c ulture whic h ha s c ontinued to develop in C hina a s well a s in neighboring c ountries where the C hinese people migra ted or ha ve some form of foreign rela tions. Not only is a c tua l progress a tta ined in the tec hniques of c ulture but a lso sc a ttered rec ords of the c ulture systems were ma de during this period. At a bout this time in the India n sub-c ontinent, spec ific a lly during the period 321 to 300 B.C ., the use of reservoirs to hold fish wa s first desc ribed.

618 to 906 A.D. (Tang Dynasty in China)

 The reign of the Ta ng Dyna sty is pa rtic ula rly signific a nt in the history of world a qua c ulture. The Ta ng emperor in C hina ha d the fa mily na me of Li whic h ha ppened to be the c ommon na me of the widelyc ultiva ted c ommon c a rp. Bec a use of this c oinc idenc e, a n imperia l dec ree wa s issued prohibiting the c ulture a s well a s other a c tivities c onnec ted with this fish. This dec ree, however, instea d of putting a c onstra int to the development of a qua c ulture turned to be a blessing in disguise. The C hinese people who were then a t the time very muc h engrossed in fish c ulture a s a sourc e of food a nd livelihood, looked for other spec ies of fish for pond c ulture. This resulted in the disc overy of the silver c a rp, the big-hea d c a rp, the gra ss c a rp a nd the mud c a rp, a ll very suita ble pond c ulture spec ies. It wa s a lso found tha t when ra ised in polyc ulture in the sa me pond, these spec ies c omplement ea c h other by ea ting different types of food a nd sta ying in different environmenta l stra ta within the pond. This led not only in the disc overy of new spec ies for c ulture but a lso in ma ximizing the produc tivity of freshwa ter pond c ulture,

http://www.fa o.org/doc rep/field/009/a g158e/AG 158E02.htm



MILESTONES IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 906 to 1900 A.D. 906 to 1120 (Sung Dynasty),

The initia tive to c ollec t fry of c ultiva ble spec ies sea sona lly a long the rivers wa s sta rted during the Ta ng Dyna sty a s a result of the prohibition dec ree on the c ommon c a rp, Systema tic fry c ollec tion a nd dispersa l in na tura l wa ters wa s highly developed during following period under the Sung Dyna sty, At a bout this time in India , the published work Na ma solla sa presented a c ompila tion desc ribing the fa ttening of fish in reservoirs. In C hina , in 1243, C how Mit published his Kwei Sin C hek Shik whic h desc ribed fry tra nsport in ba mboo ba skets.



1368 to 1644 (Ming Dynasty).

It wa s during the Ming period tha t works desc ribing the c omplete a qua c ulture proc ess were deta iled. Methods for c ulturing fry to a dult, the struc ture of ponds, rea ring density, polyc ulture, stoc king/c a tc hing rota tion, a pplic a tion of food a nd fertilizer a nd disea se c ontrol were dea lt with in a qua c ulture works during this period. In the yea r 1400 bra c kishwa ter a qua c ulture wa s rec orded a s ha ving been sta rted in Indonesia . This wa s suggested in the pena l la ws of the c ountry (Kuta ra Mena wa ) whic h provided for the prohibition of stea ling fish from ponds. In C hina , in 1639, the C omplete Book of Agric ulture whic h inc luded pond fish c ulture wa s relea sed.



1644 to 1911 (Ching Dynasty).

During this period, further deta iled desc ription of fish c ulture methods were empha sized. This inc luded fry produc tion, sea son of oc c urrenc e of fry, differentia tion a nd sepa ra tion of fry a nd tra nsport.

http://www.fa o.org/doc rep/field/009/a g158e/AG 158E02.htm



1900–1700 - Expansion in operation and breakthroughs in seed production

This period witnessed worldwide expa nsion of a qua c ulture. Ea sy mea ns of c ommunic a tions a nd widesprea d exc ha nge of informa tion through na tiona l a nd interna tiona l a genc ies ha ve stimula ted the a c c elera tion of the expa nsion in a qua c ulture.

The urgent need for seeds to fill the expa nded a qua c ulture industry resulted in tec hnology brea kthroughs in induc ing the spa wning of c ultiva ble spec ies, the seeds or fry of whic h were only formerly obta ined from wild wa ters. In this period the c ultiva ted Asia tic c a rps a nd the India n ma jor c a rps were induc ed to spa wn under c ontrolled c onditions. Likewise the pena eid shrimp spec ies a nd the gia nt freshwa ter pra wns used in c ulture were a lso ha tc hed under c ontrol in ha tc heries.

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  • An Overview of Aquaponic Systems: Aquaculture Components D

    An Overview of Aquaponic Systems: Aquaculture Components D

    NCRAC Technical Bulletins North Central Regional Aquaculture Center 10-2017 An Overview of Aquaponic Systems: Aquaculture Components D. Allen Pattillo Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrac_techbulletins Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Pattillo, D. Allen, "An Overview of Aquaponic Systems: Aquaculture Components" (2017). NCRAC Technical Bulletins. 20. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrac_techbulletins/20 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NCRAC Technical Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Overview of Aquaponic Systems: Aquaculture Components Abstract Aquaponics is an integrated production operation that encompasses recirculating aquaculture systems and hydroponics to produce fish and plants in a closed-loop system that mimics the ecology of nature. Simply said, the fish produce nutrient-rich effluent that fertilizes the plants, and the plants filter the water for the fish. Fish waste from the aquaculture portion of the system is broken down by bacteria into dissolved nutrients that plants then utilize to grow in the hydroponic component. This nutrient removal not only improves water quality for the fish but also decreases overall water consumption by limiting the amount released as effluent. The synergistic relationship of the fish and plants has created a popular perception of sustainability around aquaponics by the general public. Additionally, aquaponics can be scaled from a bench-top hobby unit to multi-acre commercial production facilities.