Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera ons in Normal and Emergency Condi ons Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM [email protected]
www.crowdsafety.org Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM
¥ 25 Years Crowd and Event Safety Experience ‘Normal and Emergency’ ¥ Degree Crowd and Safety Management ¥ Chartered Health and Safety Consultant ¥ Occupa onal Safety and Health Consultants Register – Registered Consultant ¥ Chartered Fire Safety Consultant ¥ Former Royal Navy Fire-Fighter ¥ Former Director of Security and Safety: Oasis, Eminem, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Kasabian, Rolling Stones (UK Only), Beas e Boys, Led Zeppelin, Shakira, Stereophonics, Dixie Chicks, Beady Eye ¥ Retail Sector, Various Events, Venues, Fes val’s and other Major Events worldwide including Motorsports, Royal Events, Fireworks and events of significant importance
¥ Purple Guide – Acknowledged Contributor ¥ Australian live Performance – Author of the Audience Safety Chapter ¥ Event Working Party for US Technical Standards version of the Purple Guide ¥ Managing Crowds Safely (HSG 154) – Reviewed 2016 for UKCMA ¥ Pioneer of the “Showstop Procedure” (Globally used now and recognised by HSE) ¥ Guest Speaker and Trainer worldwide on event safety, crowds, human behaviour and fire safety ¥ Fire Risk Assessor for leisure, event and retail industry’s
www.crowdsafety.org Terrorism Crowded Spaces
www.crowdsafety.org Some Crowd Disasters last 6 years
¥ 2016: - 50 – 600 Dead Stampede Ethiopia
¥ 2015: - 2442 Dead & 1028 injured
¥ 2014: - 106 Dead & 262 Injured
¥ 2013: - 470 Dead & 757 injured
www.crowdsafety.org Why do crowd crushes happen?
¥ We are trying to service more people in less me…. ¥ Too many people in too li le space ¥ Bo lenecks ¥ Poor Planning ¥ Site Design ¥ Informa on ¥ Management ¥ Inexperience and lack of competence of organisers assessors ¥ Terrorism
www.crowdsafety.org 3 Primary Reasons to prevent
¥ Moral
¥ Legal
¥ Financial
www.crowdsafety.org Manchester United Evacua on
¥ The blunder is set to cost United £3 million as it is forced to shell out to disappointed fans.
www.crowdsafety.org The biggest risks of all are….
People!!!
www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Presenta on
www.crowdsafety.org Fluid Mo on
¥ When crowds are less densely packed, less than 4 people/per square meter, they have me to make decisions, they do not have involuntary movement as one, almost like a fluid…..
www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Considera ons…
¥ Bo lenecks ¥ Anthropometry ¥ Most crowd related ¥ Bulky bags issues are based upon ¥ Coats too many people in too ¥ Push chairs/Prams li le space….. ¥ Wheelchairs ¥ People laying down ¥ Furniture/Sea ng Tables
www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density
¥ Density can be described as the number of people in a prescribed space.
¥ For example 2 Persons/ per square metre
www.crowdsafety.org Addi onal Factors
www.crowdsafety.org 5 Persons/per square metre
www.crowdsafety.org Individuals Density Percep on
¥ The rela onship with the people involved
¥ The dura on of the experience
¥ The physical context of the experience
¥ The meaning of the experience
www.crowdsafety.org Spa al and Social Density
Spa al Density Social Density
¥ The same number of people ¥ Occurs when the number of but the space alters… people alters, but the space remains the same….
www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density – Social Density
www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Demonstra on
www.crowdsafety.org Male dominated crowds
¥ Male dominated crowds have a greater poten al to behave in a more aggressive manner in comparison to female dominated crowds with a high propor on of family groups….
www.crowdsafety.org Primary Influencer’s
¥ Design – Barrier types, event footprint, site capacity, ingress/egress flow rates, area and density, any delays around the site (toilets/ bars/merchandising/amusements etc)
¥ Informa on – Advance informa on, Signage, communica on systems, VMS, websites, social media, rumour’s
¥ Management – Processes, planning, communica ons, protocols, chain of command, briefings, red flag indicators (normal and emergency), competency of planners, assessors and cri cal decision makers…
www.crowdsafety.org Informa on Delivery
www.crowdsafety.org Egress and Dispersal
¥ The crowd will egress en mass, in normal and emergency condi ons. ¥ Ou low must not be obstructed and needs sufficient SPACE to prevent any blockages which in turn will increase density and increase the risk and safety considera ons further.
www.crowdsafety.org Flow Rate Issues
¥ Uni Flow
¥ Bi Direc onal Flow
¥ Mul Flow
¥ Ou low
www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Perception of Risk
www.crowdsafety.org The Crowds’ Expectation’s
¥ If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:
Ð Compliant
Ð Non Compliant
www.crowdsafety.org Bradford Fire Overview (32yrs ago)
¥ May 1985 ¥ Bradford City v Lincoln ¥ 56 Killed ¥ Over 265 Injuries ¥ Fans had to break down locked exits to escape ¥ Many received police commenda ons for bravery
www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Social Media – 15 mins of fame
www.crowdsafety.org Pre - Movement Time
1 The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident…
2 Through to detection 3 Response to the incident 4 Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre- determined)
www.crowdsafety.org Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to
¥ The loss of life
¥ Catastrophic brand damage,
¥ International condemnation
¥ Media onslaught
¥ Loss of Liberty
www.crowdsafety.org Sime’s General Rule 25-50-25
¥ 25% Move Closer
¥ 50% Stay put
¥ 25% Move to exits
www.crowdsafety.org Sta on Nightclub Fire - 2003
¥ 100 Died
¥ 232 Injuries
¥ Cause – Indoor Pyro
¥ Flammable Soundproofing
¥ This incident established new standards across the USA
www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Herding Behaviour
www.crowdsafety.org Herding Behaviour in Emergency
www.crowdsafety.org Arching Effect Francisco Enrique
¥ Bo lenecks
¥ Arching effect as crowds try to flow through a narrow point
www.crowdsafety.org Considera ons
¥ 9 out of 10 people will leave the way they entered ¥ Families and groups will leave together ¥ Children ac vi es should be posi oned at street level where possible
www.crowdsafety.org Panic - Reality or Myth
www.crowdsafety.org Panic - Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, o en causing wildly unthinking behaviour….
Source: Oxford Dic onary
www.crowdsafety.org 3 - Types of situa ons
¥ Tangible
¥ Intangible
¥ Rumour
www.crowdsafety.org Rumour
www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Think Point…
¥ At ground level, crowds cannot see beyond a few metre’s in front of their posi on….
www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Romanian Fire – Colec v Club
¥ 27 plus killed ¥ Victor Lonescu, who was at the club with his girlfriend, painted a graphic picture of the confusion and panic as the fire swept through the building.
¥ “People were fain ng from the smoke. It was total chaos, people were trampling on each other” he said
www.crowdsafety.org Evacua on
¥ Human Response ¥ Peer Pressure ¥ Staff Response ¥ Performer Response ¥ Obstacles ¥ Possessions ¥ Friends and Family ¥ Invacua on?????
www.crowdsafety.org 7/7 Bombings London
¥ Many reports of panic and fear from individuals that were there…
www.crowdsafety.org Panic – Was not recorded at these
¥ Bradford Fire 1985 ¥ Kings Cross Fire 1987 ¥ Hillsborough 1989 ¥ 911 WTC
¥ The problem is people o en not taking the situa on as seriously as it actually is…
www.crowdsafety.org Solu ons
¥
www.crowdsafety.org System Wide Approach
¥ If safety and success are to be maximised, the whole system, including individual workers, contractors, technology, audience, processes, designs etc, should be considered as a single system…Hendrick 1997
www.crowdsafety.org Emergency Plan & Crowd RA
www.crowdsafety.org Roles and Responsibili es
¥ Clearly defined roles
¥ Staff fully aware of who is ul mately responsible
¥ Organisa on aware of the ramifica ons of the event going wrong
www.crowdsafety.org “What If” Scenarios
The full scope of “what if” scenarios to iden fy poten al problems and test out the suitability and sufficiency of the plans in place.
A wide range of scenarios should be tested not only for terrorism but also less drama c such as trip hazards, bo lenecks, technology failiure’s, weather and even natural disaster’s.
www.crowdsafety.org Thank you
Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM
www.crowdsafety.org