Crowd Safety Presentation
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Human Behaviour and Crowd Consideraons in Normal and Emergency Condions Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM [email protected] www.crowdsafety.org Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM • 25 Years Crowd and Event Safety Experience ‘Normal and Emergency’ • Degree Crowd and Safety Management • Chartered Health and Safety Consultant • Occupaonal Safety and Health Consultants Register – Registered Consultant • Chartered Fire Safety Consultant • Former Royal Navy Fire-Fighter • Former Director of Security and Safety: Oasis, Eminem, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Kasabian, Rolling Stones (UK Only), Bease Boys, Led Zeppelin, Shakira, Stereophonics, Dixie Chicks, Beady Eye • Retail Sector, Various Events, Venues, FesFval’s and other Major Events worldwide including Motorsports, Royal Events, Fireworks and events of significant importance • Purple Guide – Acknowledged Contributor • Australian live Performance – Author of the Audience Safety Chapter • Event Working Party for US Technical Standards version of the Purple Guide • Managing Crowds Safely (HSG 154) – Reviewed 2016 for UKCMA • Pioneer of the “Showstop Procedure” (Globally used now and recognised by HSE) • Guest Speaker and Trainer worldwide on event safety, crowds, human behaviour and fire safety • Fire Risk Assessor for leisure, event and retail industry’s www.crowdsafety.org Terrorism Crowded Spaces www.crowdsafety.org Some Crowd Disasters last 6 years • 2016: - 50 – 600 Dead Stampede Ethiopia • 2015: - 2442 Dead & 1028 injured • 2014: - 106 Dead & 262 Injured • 2013: - 470 Dead & 757 injured www.crowdsafety.org Why do crowd crushes happen? • We are trying to service more people in less Fme…. • Too many people in too liele space • Bolenecks • Poor Planning • Site Design • Informaon • Management • Inexperience and lack of competence of organisers assessors • Terrorism www.crowdsafety.org 3 Primary Reasons to prevent • Moral • Legal • Financial www.crowdsafety.org Manchester United Evacuaon • The blunder is set to cost United £3 million as it is forced to shell out to disappointed fans. www.crowdsafety.org The biggest risks of all are…. People!!! www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Presentaon www.crowdsafety.org Fluid MoFon • When crowds are less densely packed, less than 4 people/per square meter, they have Kme to make decisions, they do not have involuntary movement as one, almost like a fluid….. www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Consideraons… • Bolenecks • Anthropometry • Most crowd related • Bulky bags issues are based upon • Coats too many people in too • Push chairs/Prams lile space….. • Wheelchairs • People laying down • Furniture/Seang Tables www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density • Density can be described as the number of people in a prescribed space. • For example 2 Persons/ per square metre www.crowdsafety.org AddiFonal Factors www.crowdsafety.org 5 Persons/per square metre www.crowdsafety.org Individuals Density PercepFon • The relaonship with the people involved • The duraon of the experience • The physical context of the experience • The meaning of the experience www.crowdsafety.org Spaal and Social Density Spaal Density Social Density • The same number of people • Occurs when the number of but the space alters… people alters, but the space remains the same…. www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density – Social Density www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Demonstraon www.crowdsafety.org Male dominated crowds • Male dominated crowds have a greater potenal to behave in a more aggressive manner in comparison to female dominated crowds with a high proporKon of family groups…. www.crowdsafety.org Primary Influencer’s • Design – Barrier types, event footprint, site capacity, ingress/egress flow rates, area and density, any delays around the site (toilets/ bars/merchandising/amusements etc) • Informaon – Advance informaon, Signage, communicaon systems, VMS, websites, social media, rumour’s • Management – Processes, planning, communicaons, protocols, chain of command, briefings, red flag indicators (normal and emergency), competency of planners, assessors and criFcal decision makers… www.crowdsafety.org Informaon Delivery www.crowdsafety.org Egress and Dispersal • The crowd will egress en mass, in normal and emergency condiFons. • Oumlow must not be obstructed and needs sufficient SPACE to prevent any blockages which in turn will increase density and increase the risk and safety consideraons further. www.crowdsafety.org Flow Rate Issues • Uni Flow • Bi DirecFonal Flow • MulF Flow • Oulow www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Perception of Risk www.crowdsafety.org The Crowds’ Expectation’s • If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact: – Compliant – Non Compliant www.crowdsafety.org Bradford Fire Overview (32yrs ago) • May 1985 • Bradford City v Lincoln • 56 Killed • Over 265 Injuries • Fans had to break down locked exits to escape • Many received police commendaons for bravery www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Social Media – 15 mins of fame www.crowdsafety.org Pre - Movement Time 1 The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident… 2 Through to detection 3 Response to the incident 4 Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre- determined) www.crowdsafety.org Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to • The loss of life • Catastrophic brand damage, • International condemnation • Media onslaught • Loss of Liberty www.crowdsafety.org Sime’s General Rule 25-50-25 • 25% Move Closer • 50% Stay put • 25% Move to exits www.crowdsafety.org Staon Nightclub Fire - 2003 • 100 Died • 232 Injuries • Cause – Indoor Pyro • Flammable Soundproofing • This incident established new standards across the USA www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Herding Behaviour www.crowdsafety.org Herding Behaviour in Emergency www.crowdsafety.org Arching Effect Francisco Enrique • Bolenecks • Arching effect as crowds try to flow through a narrow point www.crowdsafety.org Consideraons • 9 out of 10 people will leave the way they entered • Families and groups will leave together • Children acFviFes should be posiFoned at street level where possible www.crowdsafety.org Panic - Reality or Myth www.crowdsafety.org Panic - Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, o_en causing wildly unthinking behaviour…. Source: Oxford Diconary www.crowdsafety.org 3 - Types of situaons • Tangible • Intangible • Rumour www.crowdsafety.org Rumour www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Think Point… • At ground level, crowds cannot see beyond a few metre’s in front of their posiKon…. www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Romanian Fire – Colecv Club • 27 plus killed • Victor Lonescu, who was at the club with his girlfriend, painted a graphic picture of the confusion and panic as the fire swept through the building. • “People were fainKng from the smoke. It was total chaos, people were trampling on each other” he said www.crowdsafety.org Evacuaon • Human Response • Peer Pressure • Staff Response • Performer Response • Obstacles • Possessions • Friends and Family • Invacuaon????? www.crowdsafety.org 7/7 Bombings London • Many reports of panic and fear from individuals that were there… www.crowdsafety.org Panic – Was not recorded at these • Bradford Fire 1985 • Kings Cross Fire 1987 • Hillsborough 1989 • 911 WTC • The problem is people o_en not taking the situaKon as seriously as it actually is… www.crowdsafety.org Soluons • www.crowdsafety.org System Wide Approach • If safety and success are to be maximised, the whole system, including individual workers, contractors, technology, audience, processes, designs etc, should be considered as a single system…Hendrick 1997 www.crowdsafety.org Emergency Plan & Crowd RA www.crowdsafety.org Roles and ResponsibiliFes • Clearly defined roles • Staff fully aware of who is ulmately responsible • Organisaon aware of the ramificaons of the event going wrong www.crowdsafety.org “What If” Scenarios The full scope of “what if” scenarios to idenFfy potenFal problems and test out the suitability and sufficiency of the plans in place. A wide range of scenarios should be tested not only for terrorism but also less dramac such as trip hazards, boelenecks, technology failiure’s, weather and even natural disaster’s. www.crowdsafety.org Thank you Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM www.crowdsafety.org .