Fatima Jinnah M. Reza Pirbhai Index More Information

Home , Altaf Husain, Fatima Jinnah, Muslim National Guard

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19276-8 — Fatima Jinnah M. Reza Pirbhai Index More Information

Index

Abdullah, Mawlana, 227 Bad Kissingen, 218 Advisory Council on Islamic Ideology, Baghdad Pact, 197, 213 211–12, 227 Bakhsh, Ilahi, 149–50, 152–4, 160 Afghanistan, 119, 177, 198, 227, 243, Bakhtiar, Yahya, 242–4 267 Balfour Declaration, 157 Aga Khan, 24–6, 29, 33, 70, 267, 270 Baluch, 132 Agra, 123 Baluchistan, 58, 81–2, 128, 133, 148, Ahl-i Hadith, 10 176–7, 187, 230 Ahmad, Getiara Bashir, 156 Bandra, 35–6, 53, 56 Ahmad, Raﬁuddin, 49–50, 53 Bangladesh, 195, 239, 265 Ahrars, 78, 262 Barelvi, 10, 227 Al-Banna, Hasan, 15 Basic Democracies Scheme, 211, 215, 239, Al-Ghazi, Shaykh Said Murad, 41–2 245 Ali, Chaudhry Muhammad, 127, 149, 153, Basic Democrats, 211–12, 226–7, 231, 236, 175, 195, 224 238–9, 244 Ali, Chiragh, 11, 13, 16, 30, 201 basti, 113 Ali, Sayyid Mumtaz, 10–11, 270 Batala, 135 Ali, Shaukat, 45 Bayhum, Muhammad Jamil, 16 Aligarh, 10, 12, 22, 25, 40, 49, 66, 269 Bengal, 3, 7, 31, 41, 47, 49, 74, 84, 96, Allahabad, 81 107–9, 112, 120, 123–4, 128, 133, All-India Home Rule League, 39 144, 159, 163–5, 175–6, 183, 185, All-India Muslim League. See Muslim 187–8, 192–3, 196, 200, 251, 270–1 League Besant, Annie, 39–40, 45 All-India Women’s Conference, 47, 67, 90, Bhopal, 94, 130, 171, 224 93 Bhutto, Benazir, 18–19, 212, 239, 265, 270 All-Pakistan Socialist Conference, 228 Bhutto, Zulﬁkar Ali, 212, 237–8, 264 All-Pakistan Women’s Association Bihar, 107, 112, 114, 118, 144 (APWA), 60, 179–80 Board of Ulama, 169, 173, 176, 212 Amin, Qasim, 17 Bohra, 29 Amritsar, 108, 117, 123, 135, 144 Bombay, 11, 22, 25–7, 29, 32–6, 38, 40–1, Anglican, 36, 53 43–4, 47, 50–3, 59, 63–4, 66, 69, 71–3, Anjuman-i Khawatin-i Islam. See, Muslim 79, 81, 85, 87, 96, 99, 108, 114, Ladies’ Conference 120–1, 129, 147, 151, 153, 183, 203, Arab, 13, 23, 102, 169, 256, 260 205, 217, 248, 256–8, 267–8, 272 Arabic, 9–10, 12, 16, 24, 26, 30, 32, 114, burqa,10–11, 29, 40, 54, 66–7, 82, 102–3, 245, 257 117–20, 158, 172, 226, 236, 246, Asad, Muhammad, 11, 17, 172–3 256–7, 261–2 Assam, 47, 96 Burton, Sir Richard Francis, 22–3 Awami League, 175, 177, 189, 192, 195, 221, 224, 230, 241, 243 Calcutta, 22, 45–7, 49, 53, 56, 74, 107, Azad Pakistan Party, 177 112–13, 123, 133, 139, 143–4, 205, Azad, Abul Kalam, 77 256, 258

274

Index 275

Campbell-Johnson, Alan, 119, 121–2, Frankfurt, 218 127–8 Frontier National Congress, 118–19 Catholic, 35, 53 Fyzee, Atiya, 69, 85, 129–30, 203 Charter of Women’s Rights, 175–6 Chattopadhyaya, Harindranath, 48 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 39–40, 45–6, 59, Chaudhry, Abdul Matin, 64, 70 63–4, 77–8, 96, 99, 118, 122, 130, Chaudhry, Rahmat Ali, 58, 63 133–4, 145–6, 151, 156, 257 China, 143, 213, 230 Geneva, 218 Chittagong, 231, 233, 239 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 38–9 Christian, 6, 12, 34, 62, 68, 85, 101, 131, Gondal, 25–6, 30, 35 137, 167, 256, 260 Gujarat, 2, 24–6, 29–30, 69, 84, 91, 103, Civil Disobedience Movement, 63 141, 247, 257, 264, 271 clerical reform, 7, 10, 12–13, 15, 19, 66, 77, Gurmani, Mushtaq Ahmad, 177 102–3, 118, 130, 158, 168–9, 172–4, 194, 197, 200, 206–7, 212, 215, 226, Hadith, 8, 11, 14, 168–9, 176, 228 228, 252–3, 261–4 Hali, Altaf Husain, 12 Cold War, 115, 245 Haq, Fazlul A.K., 74 Combined Opposition Parties, 30, 215, Hidayatullah, Ghulam Husain, 117, 120, 224, 227, 231, 233–4, 236–7, 239–43, 126 251, 253 Hidayatullah, Sughra, 117, 203–4, 247 Hindu, 6, 8, 23–5, 27, 29, 32, 38, 40, 42, Dalit Movement, 78 45, 47–8, 50, 56, 59, 63–4, 67–8, 73, Damascus, 41 75–6, 78, 87, 91–7, 103, 105, 107–12, Daultana, Mumtaz, 174 118–19, 121, 123–4, 128, 130–1, 134, Delhi, 5, 7, 9–10, 12, 18, 22, 24–6, 29–30, 137, 139–41, 144–6, 150, 157, 164–5, 39–40, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54–5, 62, 64, 167, 185, 191, 195, 204, 246, 257–8, 66–9, 75, 77, 79, 81–5, 87–8, 91–3, 99, 262, 270 108, 113, 121, 123–9, 131, 134, 137, Hindu Mahasabha, 59, 64, 107, 112 144, 153, 156, 215, 256, 268, 270–3 Husain, Ifthikar (Nawab of Mamdot), 186 Deoband, 7–12, 77–8, 103–4, 168, 227, Husain, Rokeya Sakhawat, 31 262, 264 Hyderabad (Deccan), 141–2, 184, 188, 229 Desai, Bhulabhai, 150, 152 Dhaka, 50, 84, 133, 185, 188, 213, 228, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 14–15 232, 234, 236, 239, 244 Ikhwan al-Muslimin. See, Muslim Direct Action Day, 107 Brotherhood Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act Ikramullah, Muhammad, 84 (1939), 91 Ikramullah, Shaista, 29, 82, 84, 86, 90, 93, divorce, 9, 17, 95, 102–3, 105, 111, 133, 95–6, 113, 129, 143, 156, 164–6, 168, 158, 182, 206, 214, 262 175, 179–80, 182–3, 202–4, 212, 214, dupatta, 30, 54, 81, 117, 155, 246, 256, 218, 221, 246, 251 265 India, 2, 4–7, 11–12, 14, 22–6, 31, 35, Dwarkadas, Kanji, 43, 52 37–42, 45–7, 50, 56, 58–60, 62–4, 66–7, 69, 73–82, 84, 87, 90–3, 95–8, East India Company, 22, 47 102–5, 107–9, 111, 113–15, 118–19, Egypt, 15–18, 42, 49, 101, 120, 157, 172, 121, 123–4, 126, 129–30, 132, 134–7, 180–2, 186, 215, 245, 260–1, 272 139–48, 153, 155–8, 170, 172, 177, England, 11, 29, 32–4, 41, 63–4, 69–70, 85, 180, 195–6, 204–5, 213, 215, 230, 93, 114, 229, 257 243, 245–6, 251, 257, 261–3, 267–73 Indian National Congress, 5, 22, 38, 40, 45, Faiz, Ahmad Faiz, 178 47, 58, 62, 64, 70, 74–5, 77–8, 80, 90, Fatima Begum, 114, 116, 119, 129, 156, 97, 103, 107–8, 112, 115, 118, 123, 174, 181, 197 134, 143–4, 146, 262 First Dental College, 49 Indo-Pakistan War (1965), 213, 246 Flagstaff House, 182, 199, 202, 216, 225, Indus Waters Treaty, 213, 230–1 246 Industrial Home, 146, 156, 259

276 Index

Iqbal, Muhammad, 49, 58–9, 63, 66, 74, Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 1, 3–4, 19, 22, 76, 104, 129, 169–72, 206–7, 252, 26–9, 32–40, 42–7, 49–52, 55–60, 258, 266 62–6, 68, 70–82, 84–90, 92–3, 95–100, Iran, 16–17, 23–4, 28, 42, 102, 158, 180, 102–4, 120–8, 130–4, 138, 140, 142–3, 197, 215, 230, 245, 256, 261 146–55, 159–66, 168, 170, 172, 174, Iraq, 197, 245 182–3, 189, 191–3, 196, 199–200, Isa, Qazi Muhammad, 82, 151 202, 205, 207, 216–17, 219–20, Islam, 4, 6–13, 15–19, 23–5, 40–1, 43, 222–3, 229, 232, 234, 236, 240–1, 54–5, 61, 66, 68, 77–8, 81, 83, 91–2, 247–51, 257–8, 261–2, 268 95, 101–4, 110, 112, 129, 132, 146, Jinnah, Rahmat, 26, 33, 53 155, 157, 159, 162, 166, 168–9, Jinnah, Rattanbai (Ruttie), 43–4, 47, 51, 171–2, 174–5, 179, 181, 186, 193, 54–5, 60, 62, 67, 85–6, 268, 272 197, 206–7, 215, 227, 232, 239, 245, Jinnah, Shirin, 26, 34, 37, 45, 53, 155, 250 248, 252, 254, 256–8, 260–2, 264, Junagadh, 141, 145 266, 268–72 Islamabad, 3, 19–20, 22, 30, 37, 59, 81, Karachi, 7–8, 20, 22, 25, 27–8, 30–3, 43, 129, 132, 163, 192, 213, 217, 227, 60, 67–8, 72, 74–8, 81, 85–6, 100, 267, 271–2 108–9, 113–14, 120, 124–6, 129–30, Islamic Research Institute, 212 133, 135–6, 139–40, 143, 148–9, 151, Ismaili, 23–4, 28–9, 33, 43, 54–5, 69, 103, 153–5, 159–61, 163–4, 166, 171, 177, 256, 264 181, 183, 185–8, 190, 192, 194, 196, Ispahani, M.A.H., 43, 74, 78, 98, 112, 120, 198–200, 203–4, 211–13, 217–18, 143, 149, 164, 182, 247 223–5, 230–2, 234, 236–40, 244, Ithna Ashari, 23, 25, 33, 43, 55, 155, 246–9, 256–7, 266–73 249–50, 257 Kashmir, 58, 127, 141–2, 145–6, 153, 161, 190–1, 224, 230, 271 Jafar, Qasim Ali, 35 Kathiawar, 25, 28, 30, 53 Jamaat-i Islami ( Jama‘at-i Islami), 18, 103, Khaksars, 103, 262 173, 175, 197, 215, 224, 226, 229–31, Khaliquzzaman, Chaudhry, 75, 196 239, 241, 262 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 118 Jamaat-i Ulama-i Hind ( Jama‘at-i ‘Ulama’-i Khan, Abdul Jabbar Khan, 118, 177, 196 Hind), 78, 103, 262 Khan, Abdul Qayyum, 118, 146 Jamaat-i Ulama-i Islam ( Jama‘at-i ‘Ulama’-i Khan, Akbar, 178 Islam), 104, 168 Khan, Gohar Ayub, 240 Jamaat-i Ulama-i Pakistan ( Jama‘at-i Khan, Kulsum Saifullah, 212 ‘Ulama’-i Pakistan), 227, 249 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 44, 68, 119, 136, 142, Jamal, Qasim, 33 146, 150–1, 155–6, 161, 164, 167, Jew(ish), 23, 172, 257 176–9, 182, 186–7, 191, 195, 199, Jinnah Awami League, 177 212–13, 248, 253, 263, 268 Jinnah, Ahmad Ali, 26, 34, 147, 217 Khan, Muhammad Ayub, 135, 161, 176, Jinnah, Bundeh Ali, 26, 33 198, 209, 219 Jinnah, Dina, 44, 51–2, 64, 68, 71, 85, 125, Khan, Rana Liaquat Ali, 44, 60, 68, 70–1, 155, 183, 205, 217, 251 79, 86, 88–9, 100, 104, 119, 122, 127, Jinnah, Emibai, 29 133, 135–6, 139, 147, 152, 156, Jinnah, Fatima, 1, 3–4, 7, 14, 17–23, 25, 178–9, 182, 186, 199, 212, 248, 268 27–39, 42–57, 59–60, 62–6, 68–9, Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 10–11 71–2, 79–83, 85–9, 91, 95, 97, 99–106, Khan, Sikandar Hayat, 74 112, 114, 116–17, 119–33, 136–40, Khan, Zafarullah, 164, 174 142, 146–52, 154–5, 158–60, 163–4, Khandala, 36, 56 166–8, 170–4, 179–80, 182, 184, Khilafat Movement, 40, 45, 157 186–99, 201–10, 215–31, 233–5, Khoja, 2, 23–6, 28–30, 32–3, 43, 50, 54–6, 237–54, 256–9, 261–3, 265–8, 270–2 59, 91, 103, 251, 256–7, 262, 264, Jinnah, Mariam, 26, 33–4, 38, 45, 53, 155, 270–1 217 Khudai Khidmatgar, 118

Index 277

Khuhro, Muhammad Ayub, 120, 140, 211, Muslim League Women’s Sub-Committee, 214, 237 80, 99–100, 106, 114, 119, 133, 135, Khurshid, K.H., 98–9, 151, 191, 194, 247 258 Khurshid, Surayya, 65, 99, 130, 151, Muslim National Guard, 76, 116, 249 191–5, 199, 201–2 Muslim Personal Law of Shariat (1948/51), 133, 159, 167, 187 Lahore, 4, 10–11, 33, 44, 50, 58, 60, 64–7, Muslim Students’ Federation, 60, 72, 76, 74, 76, 78, 81, 92, 99, 111, 114, 116–18, 88 128, 130–1, 135, 139, 141, 146, 149, Muslim Women’s National Guard, 136–7, 151, 169, 172, 174, 184, 186–7, 189, 148, 174 195, 199, 216, 221, 226, 231–2, 234, Muslim Women’s Naval Reserve, 136 236, 247–9, 256, 267–8, 271–2 Muslim Women’s Students Federation, 88, Lahore Resolution, 76–7 258 League for the Rights of Women, 181 London, 5, 7, 15, 17, 22–4, 33, 41, 44, 46, Naidu, Sarojini, 39–41, 48–9, 52 51, 58–9, 61, 63–5, 67–8, 70–1, 73, Naoroji, Dadabhoy, 38 83–5, 87–8, 98, 100, 104, 117, 119–21, Nasif, Malak Hifni, 16 123, 129, 137, 157–8, 162, 173, 177, National Awami Party, 177, 224, 230, 236, 191, 202, 210, 215, 218, 221, 225, 241 243, 251, 267, 271–2 National Council of Women in India, Lucknow Pact, 39, 46 47 National Democratic Front, 243 Mahmudabad, Raja of, 74 nationalism, 2, 4–5, 7, 14, 39, 58, 60–2, Majlis-i Ahrar-i Islam. See, Ahrars 77–8, 80, 88, 90, 92, 95–6, 101, 104, Mandal, Jogendra Nath, 164, 168 110–11, 130, 156–7, 161, 245, 252, Martial Law, 174, 179 254, 257–9, 261 Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu al-Ala, 13, 78, Nazimuddin, Khawaja, 74, 173, 223 173–4, 215, 224, 226–7, 240, 254 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 46, 63–4, 75, 77, 115, Mehta, Pherozeshah, 38 123, 134–5, 142, 145, 153 Mirza, Iskandar, 176, 195, 211, 213 New Islam, 19, 55, 62, 91–2, 95, 101–2, Mohatta Palace, 246–7, 249, 251 104, 110–12, 129–30, 158–9, 170, Morocco, 14, 55, 212 172, 206–7, 239, 246, 252, 254, 260, Mountbatten, Edwina, 119, 121–3, 126, 262, 264 128, 140 new woman, 7, 10, 13–14, 17, 20, 54, 56, Mountbatten, Viscount Louis, 108, 119, 59, 61–2, 66, 69, 82, 89–90, 101–2, 121–2, 126–8, 141–2, 145, 147 104, 111, 159, 179, 200–2, 205, 207, Mughal, 7, 28–9, 55, 66, 81–2, 84, 94, 107, 212, 215, 246, 257, 260, 264–6 124, 215, 246, 256 New York, 11–13, 15, 17, 31, 37–8, 40, 42, Muhammad, Ghulam, 153–4, 172, 174–5 48, 51, 60, 75–6, 107, 115, 118–21, Munich, 218 127, 162, 166–7, 183, 230, 233–4, Muslim Brotherhood, 15, 102, 115, 245 236, 241, 267–9, 272–3 Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (1961), Nishtar, Abdul Rab, 185, 188, 194 180, 212, 215, 233, 252 Nizam-i Islam (Political Party), 224, 241 Muslim Ladies’ Conference, 40, 66–7, 90, nonclerical reform, 10–13, 15, 42, 59, 66, 114, 158 91, 95, 102, 129, 169, 182, 206–7, Muslim League, 2, 5, 22, 38, 40–1, 45–6, 212, 228, 232, 252–3, 257, 261–2, 264 58–9, 62, 64, 66–7, 70–1, 73–6, 78–83, Non-Cooperation Movement, 40, 158 87–90, 92–3, 95, 97–100, 102–4, Noon, Feroz Khan, 196 106–8, 111–12, 114–21, 123, 126–7, North-West Frontier Province, 112, 118, 129–30, 133–5, 144, 155, 161, 164, 128, 142, 158, 193 167, 170, 173, 177, 182, 185, 187–94, Numan, Muhammad, 60, 72, 88 196, 200, 205, 212, 214–15, 222–4, 226, 237, 241–3, 258–9, 261–2, 269, orni, 30, 246, 256 272 Ottoman, 11, 40, 157, 267

278 Index

Pakistan, 1–5, 7, 12, 14, 18–20, 22, 28, 30, Rawalpindi, 108, 134, 178, 189, 217, 222, 33, 35, 37–8, 43–6, 48, 51, 57–62, 230, 232 65–8, 73–5, 77–8, 82–3, 88–9, 94–9, Red Cross, 136–7, 139, 143 101–3, 105, 107–9, 111–12, 114, Rehman, Sheikh Mujibur, 195–6, 215, 117–19, 121, 123–32, 134–43, 224–5, 243 145–51, 153, 155–9, 161–8, 171–81, Republican Party, 177, 189, 196 183–200, 204–15, 217–25, 227–32, Rida, Rashid, 42 234–6, 238–40, 242–7, 249, 251–4, Round Table Conference, 58, 62–3, 66–7, 258–73 70, 73, 225 Paris, 69, 228 Parsi, 23, 32, 37–8, 42–3, 47, 56, 76, 85, Saint Joseph’s Convent School, 35 140, 257 Saint Peter’s High School, 36 Partition, 4–5, 14, 76–7, 92, 96, 98, 100, Sapru, Taj Bahadur, 46 106–11, 119–24, 127, 130, 139, Satyagraha,40 141–4, 146–8, 153–4, 156–8, 161, 165, Saudi Arabia, 15, 228 168, 173, 189, 205, 226, 246, 258, separate electorates, 38, 45, 64, 73–4, 176, 260, 270–3 258 Patel, Vallabhai, 145 Shafi, Amirunnisa, 114 Peasants and Tenants Party, 74 Shafi, Mian Muhammad, 66, 68 Persia, 9, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35, 114, 257 Shafik, Doria, 180–2, 186, 261, 272 Peshawar, 119, 123, 158, 171, 190, 222, Shahnawaz, Jahanara, 29, 66–8, 70–1, 232–3, 245 73–4, 79–80, 82, 84–5, 90–2, 95, 98, Petit, Dinshaw, 43–4, 51 114–17, 119, 122, 127–9, 133, 135–6, pir,8,24–5, 28, 30, 118, 210, 226–7, 229, 142, 148, 156–7, 164, 166–8, 170, 239, 245 172–5, 177–82, 188, 197–8, 200, 202, Pirbhai, Abidin, 33–4 214, 217, 221, 223, 251, 258 Pirbhai, Akbar, 248 Shahnawaz, Mumtaz, 92, 116–17, 119, polygyny, 12–13, 16, 25, 40, 67, 90, 103, 135, 142, 156 111, 158–9, 182, 187, 201, 214–15, shari‘a,8–9, 11, 13, 41–2, 77, 91, 165, 168, 245, 262 170, 215 Princely State, 25, 94, 108, 124, 130, 138, Shariat Act (1937), 91, 133, 159, 167, 187 141, 177 Sharif, Nawaz, 18 Punjab, 3, 10, 58, 60, 66, 68, 74, 77–8, 84, Shia, 8, 15, 23–6, 29, 33, 43, 55, 103, 131, 91, 96, 99, 108–9, 111, 114–18, 121, 155, 184, 249–50, 257 123–4, 127, 131–6, 140, 142, 144, Shoaib, Muhammad, 213 158, 163, 165–7, 173–4, 176, 183–4, Sikh, 64, 77, 108–12, 115, 117, 119, 123–4, 189–90, 193, 221, 226–7, 231, 238, 128, 134–5, 137–41, 144–5 252, 256, 267, 272 Sindh, 15, 23–4, 28, 30, 32, 50, 73–4, 97, purdah, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 29–31, 41–2, 50, 108–9, 112, 117, 120–1, 125, 133, 54–5, 67, 69, 80–2, 84, 89, 94, 102–3, 139–40, 148, 152–3, 158, 163, 166, 105, 111, 132, 158–9, 179, 187, 201, 176, 183–5, 188, 190, 192, 194, 203, 245, 256–7, 261–3 217, 227, 230–1, 234, 237, 256, 267 Singh, Baldev, 145, 147 Quaid-i Azam (Qa’id-i ‘Azam), 1, 58, 75, Sino-Indian War (1962), 213 78, 96, 136, 143, 163, 232, 272 Sino-Pakistan Border Agreement, 213 Quetta, 148–9, 152, 154, 187 Sufi,8–9, 28, 48, 55, 84, 226, 247, 257 Quran, 8, 10–11, 13–14, 16, 26, 30, 35, Suhrawardy, Hasan, 84, 87 168–9, 171, 176, 211, 228, 250 Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed, 74, 84, 112–13, 118, 133, 164, 178, 193, 196, Radcliffe Award, 127, 134, 142 211, 221 Rahman, Fazlur Sultan, Abida, 94, 130–1, 171, 224–5, 233, Academic, 13, 212, 253 237, 248–9, 251 Politician, 164 Sunni, 2, 23, 25–6, 33, 40, 55, 91, 131, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 59, 95 155, 227, 249–50, 253, 256, 264, 270

Index 279

Syed, Ghulam Murtaza, 120 Untouchable, 76, 78 Syria, 16, 41, 245 Urdu, 3, 7, 10, 12, 35, 40, 84, 99, 137, 176, 192, 199, 203, 227–8, 232, Tagore, Rabindranath, 49 248–9, 256 Thanvi, Ashraf Ali, 7–9, 12 Usmani, Shabbir Ahmad, 78, 155, 168, 173 Theosophical Society, 40, 43 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 39 Victoria, 6, 8, 13, 20, 22, 36, 66, 86, 114 Tunisia, 212 Vienna, 218 Turkey, 17, 42, 102, 143, 158, 197, 215, 239, 245–6, 261 Wahhabism, 14 Tyabji, Badruddin, 30 Wali Allah, Shah, 7–9, 14, 271 Wali Allahi, 8–10, 15 Unionist Party, 74, 112 Women’s Indian Association, 40, 67 United Muslim Party, 74 Women’s Relief Committee, 137, 143, 180 United Nations, 115, 120, 136–7, 139, 142, Women’s Volunteer Service, 135–7 156, 165, 224 United Provinces, 4, 74–5, 107, 113, 144 Zia ul-Haq, 264–5 United States of America, 92, 115, 149, Ziarat, 149–50, 152 165, 184, 198, 234 Zurich, 217