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Phytoplankton and Nutrient Dynamics of Shallow Coastal Stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian Coast

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Phytoplankton and Nutrient Dynamics of Shallow Coastal Stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian Coast Aquat Ecol (2010) 44:55-71 DOI 10.1007/s 10452-009-9252-9 Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian coast Avik Kumar Choudhury • Ruma Pai Received: 30 May 2008/Accepted: 30 April 2009/Published online: 26 May 2009 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract Phytoplankton dynamics of Eastern Indian physicochemical variables indicated significant posi­ coast was studied from surface water for a period of tive relation with dissolved oxygen, salinity and pH but 24 months (April 2005-March 2007) in relation to negative relation with nitrate, silicate and BOD of the environmental variables like, temperature, pH, dis­ waterbody. Multivariate procedures like ordination by solved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), principal component analysis and multi dimensional salinity and nutrient contents—including nitrate, phos­ scaling of phytoplankton population based on their phate and silicate. Total 43 taxa were recorded during occurrence data and magnitude of abundance indicated the study period. Phytoplankton density ranged from that some genera ( Biddulphia heteroceros, B. dubia. approximately 350-3,000 cells/ml and showed com­ Odontella aurita. Gyrosigma acuminatum. Coscino­ plete dominance of diatom genera namely. Asterio­ discus granii. Paralia sulcata, etc.) have specific nella japonica in winter and Odontella rhombus in preference for water temperature and salinity and summer. Other frequently occurring diatoms were flourished maximally in particular season(s). While Coscinodiscus perforatus. Actinocyclus normanii other genera (A. japonica, C. meneghiniana, C. f. subsala. Thalassiothrix fraunfeldii. Ditylumperforatus, D. brightwelli, S. hantzschoides, etc.) brightwelli. Stephanodiscus hantzschoides. Cyclotella appeared in wide range of temperature and salinity meneghiniana. Thalassionema nitzschoides etc. Sea­ gradient. sonal changes in abundance and diversity of phyto­ plankton significantly differed showing maximum Keywords Phytoplankton diversity • diversity in autumn with high diversity index (2.76- Nutrients • Seasonality • Oct, 05) and minimum in winter (0.326-January, 06). Principal component analysis (PCA) • The species evenness varied from 0.137 (January 06) to Multi dimensional scaling (MDS) 0.991 (August 06), which signifies minimum variation in percentage contribution of individual species to total phytoplankton population in monsoon and maximum in winter. Correlation studies of total cell count to Introduction Phytoplankton dynamics or the time dependent A. K. Choudhury • R. Pai (H ) changes in phytoplankton biomass are the result of Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, a complex interplay of physical, chemical and 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West-Bengal, India biological processes. It is an established fact that e-mail: [email protected] nutrient availability largely determines the diversity Ô Springer 56 Aquat Ecol (2010) 44:55-71 of phytoplankton. Over the last few decades, there et al. (2000) studied the change in plankton popula­ has been much interest to study different factors tion in response to altered wind direction at Kala- influencing the development of phytoplankton com­ pakkam coast of south India. They observed that munities, primarily in relation to physico-chemical changes in wind direction caused different ocean factors (Nielsen et al. 2002; Grenz et al. 2000; Elliot currents to influence the salinity and nutrient content et al. 2002). Overall the successional pattern of of the habitat waters resulting in appearance of phytoplankton communities in relation to nutrient different phytoplankton genera. Madhupratap et al. variation will help to understand the ecosystem (2001) worked on oceanography and fisheries of the functioning (Magurran 1988; Barnese and Schelske Arabian Sea and reported that upwelling during the 1994). In a lotie system, the irregular dynamics of summer monsoon and cooling in the northern Ara­ inflow and variable flushing rates of freshwater bian Sea during winter are the major attributes that markedly alter environmental conditions for biotic contribute to phytoplankton productivity in this area. communities. Anthropogenic activities also increase Phytoplankton productivity can be predicted the nutrient level of estuarine and coastal areas based on the three basic variables: phytoplankton resulting in alteration of plankton population and biomass, biomass specific carbon assimilation rate biomass production (Cederwall and Elmgren 1990; and light availability (Cole and Cloern 1984). Kahru 1994; Escaravage et al. 1996; Schöllhorn and Several studies have revealed that primary produc­ Granéli 1996). Therefore climatic changes and tivity fluctuates seasonally in response to changes anthropogenic effects on the coastal ecosystem have in environmental conditions. A study on primary sent a sense of urgency in understanding the role of productivity at Mandovi-Zuari estuaries in Goa biodiversity and productivity in ecosystem dynamics. revealed that productivity was maximum in the pre­ Many of these issues have not been sufficiently monsoon period at two stations but in post­ studied for Indian coastal waters; rather the studies on monsoon period it was maximum at the third the taxonomic diversity of marine phytoplankton station (Krishna Kumari et al. 2002). Madhupratap have had a long tradition. et al. (2003) reported that the Bay of Bengal is less From south and west coast of India, several reports productive than the Arabian Sea along the western are available on marine plankton diversity which coast of India. A work on phytoplankton compo­ primarily focussed on the taxonomic identification of sition and productivity at Ariyankuppam estuary the different phytoplankton genera (Venkataraman and Verampattinam coast of Pondicherry revealed 1939; Subrahmanyan 1946). Venkataraman (1939) that Gross Primary Productivity was minimum in reported 98 forms, whereas Subrahmanyan (1946) monsoon and maximum in summer (Ananthan et al. gave a systematic account of 171 forms of planktonic 2008). diatom from Madras coast and south Indian coast, Floristic pattern of planktons are generally repre­ respectively. Kannan and Vasantha (1992) primarily sented by several biotic indices and Multivariate worked on the species composition and population analysis. Diversity indices are mostly simple statis­ density of micro phytoplankton from Pitchavaram tical methods generally implemented to simplify the mangals of south east coast of India and recorded comparative analysis of biotic communities when the high species richness. Sasamal et al. (2005) recorded number of individuals is high, belonging to different diatom bloom formation along the Orissa coast. species. Thus, a study on plankton diversity using Distributions of phytoplankton in relation to biotic indices is an important aspect to understand the environmental factors like upwelling and altered system dynamics (Figueredo and Giani 2001). Use of wind direction have also been studied in Indian multivariate procedures (PCA, MDS, CCA etc.) are Coast by few authors (Dehadrai and Bhargava 1972; increasingly being used to analyze water chemistry Saravanane et al. 2000; Madhupratap et al. 2001). and phytoplankton characteristics in coastal aquatic Dehadrai and Bhargava (1972) reported a clear habitats(Karentz and Smayda 1984; Philippart et al. succession of species where changes in hydrograph­ 2000; Nasrollahzadeh 2008). ical factors and biological processes of the nearshore Indian coastline extending 7,500 km is bordered waters of the central west coast of India were by Arabian Sea on the west and Bay of Bengal in the influenced by patterns of upwelling. Saravanane east. Though this area is ecologically important for Ô Springer Aquat Ecol (2010) 44:55-71 57 fishery and other marine product harvesting, exten­ This procedure was repeated at both the sites sive studies in relation to phytoplankton dynamics are approximately at the same time dining the entire still lacking. In the present communication, an study period and were pooled together to obtain the attempt has been taken to understand the seasonal water sample for analyses, since in an earlier study it changes in phytoplankton community and the pri­ was observed that both sites represented almost mary productivity in relation to environmental vari­ similar phytoplankton populations with a narrow ables at two coastal stations viz: Digha and Junput, range of variation among the environmental vari­ (21°37'N and 87°31'30E) along the Bay of Bengal. ables. Water samples were filtered and the physico­ The floristic pattern has also been studied using chemical parameters were analyzed in relation to Shannon and Weaver’s index (1949), Pielou’s even­ water temperature, pH, nitrate, phosphate, silicate ness index (Pielou 1984) and species richness. To and salinity following the methods of APHA (1998). analyze the data computerized statistical package was Water samples collected in 1 1 PVC bottles were used to calculate correlation co-efficient between cooled to minimize the changes in water quality in phytoplankton density and physicochemical factors. thermostatically insulated ice buckets and were Multivariate procedures were also included in this transported back to field laboratory for determination study to better understand the behaviour of the of nutrient concentrations within half an hour of ecosystem. Accordingly, ordination of species by sampling. Water temperature and salinity were principal component analysis
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