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Author(S): Elisabeth Iocano Published By: the Coalition of Master's Author(s): Elisabeth Iocano Published by: The Coalition of Master’s Scholars on Material Culture URL: https://cmsmc.org/publications/testimonies-of-rank-and-character Date Published: October 23rd, 2020 Citation: Iacono, Elisabeth. “‘Testimonies of Rank and Character’: An Examination of General John Brooks’ Blades and Masculine Values.” The Coalition of Master’s Scholars on Material Culture, October 23, 2020. CMSMC is run by fellow master’s scholars as a platform for colleagues to disseminate their work. We are an independently run organization and are not affiliated with any university or institution. This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 For more information about The Coalition of Master’s Scholars on Material Culture, please email us at [email protected] Iacono 1 “Testimonies of Rank and Character”: An Examination of General John Brooks’ Blades and Masculine Values By: Elisabeth Iacono Abstract: Swords are often valued today as works of art and as the belongings of famous individuals, but these objects can also provide a deeper understanding of the time period in which they were created or used. The purpose of this research paper is to examine what values were transmitted by the ownership and wielding of blades, particularly as markers of genteel status. The swords studied in this paper were owned by American Revolutionary General John Brooks, and through an examination of his life and the matter in which blades were traditionally used, a connection between these weapons and masculine ideals can be traced. Ultimately it can be concluded that men had very personal relationships with their swords, even if they were not used in combat, as extensions of themselves. To the Early Americans, masculinity was associated with leading one’s family and bravery in combat. Likewise, blades were often associated with honor, as rewards for serving in the highest capacity and the embodiment of these ideals. Through both material culture and document analysis, this paper posits that swords were essentially a man’s military and political prowess in material form. Key words: swords, masculinity, Early America, American Revolution, John Brooks Iacono 2 The American Revolution is a story told through objects. It is a tale of guns, books, pamphlets, uniforms, and, of course, swords. When one decides to unravel the history and tease out the many stories of this time period, objects can help explore the past from a new perspective. More specifically, by using items that belonged to lesser-known individuals, it is possible to learn more about aspects of history that may otherwise be overlooked. It is the intent of this paper to follow the stories of two swords belonging to Massachusetts’ General John Brooks to not only examine the purpose blades had in the Revolution, but how Brooks and other men may have felt a connection to their weaponry. The first sword of the duo belonging to General John Brooks is remarkably plain. It is relatively short, measuring just under three feet in length, with an unadorned silver blade, pommel and basket hilt. The inner layer of red cloth on the hilt was likely once beautiful and vibrant but has faded and now twists away from the metal to which it was once bonded. A layer of leather stitched into the red cloth has begun to curl, peeling away from the surface. The sharkskin grip is faded and seems to have flaked in several places around the copper band holding the fabric in place. A sword of this nature lacks any sort of frivolous Figure 1: Short saber used by Colonel John Brooks during the ornamentation and appears primarily utilitarian in nature, Revolutionary War.1 with its hilt resembling that of other sabers used in this period.2 Iacono 3 The second sword owned by Brooks is thinner and longer than the first, and is coated black with intricate golden designs. The brass hilt is narrow and the pommel is decorated with the image of a plumed helmet. The wooden grip of the blade is wrapped in silver wire that has begun to fray and loosen. A metallic sword knot, an object meant to be looped around the owner’s hand to prevent it from being lost, likely was tied onto the weapon’s knuckle guard but now rests by its side, the once glimmering sheen of its material having dulled over the Figure 2: Dress sword worn by General John Brooks.3 years. Its design seems to suggest that, unlike the other blade, it was a dress sword that was likely not carried into battle. Or, if it was, it probably did not leave its scabbard. These swords present a host of questions, foremost among them: why were swords still employed during a period when firearms were seeing widespread use? Both swords date back to the American Revolutionary period, a period where swords such as these were starting to fall out of use in favor of other infantry weapons, such as bayonets and rifles. However, although they had become less practical in combat, their existence was still unnecessary. Edged weapons have historically carried messages of masculinity, power, and authority, and these messages were communicated both when swords were secured on soldiers’ hips and found in gentlemen’s dining rooms. A close examination of these two weapons, how they were created and used, and the man to whom they belonged, reveals how clearly ideas about masculinity were presented in these seemingly outdated objects and how swords and masculine ideology shared an explicit bond. Iacono 4 Swords Craftsmanship Swords were immensely personal objects, suited to personal taste, social standing, or military rank. Although blades during the eighteenth century often came from European manufacturers, their hilts were sometimes locally made to reflect their owner’s needs. Blades were made in the British American colonies as well, but many swords were not inscribed with makers’ names. This, combined with the sheer number of hilts that existed during the colonial American period, makes it difficult for historians to identify exact swords or makers.4 One of the most well-known American sword makers was Nathan Starr of Connecticut who was primarily active from 1798 to 1830, after the Revolutionary War. Starr is considered the nation’s first sword manufacturer and produced regulation Navy cutlasses with straight, 30-inch blades that were easy for sailors to handle on boats due to their smaller size. These cutlasses were built of sheet iron with maple wood handles and saw heavy usage during the War of 1812.5 Before Starr heralded the start of American blade production, most swords were produced by local blacksmiths who typically did not sign their work.6 European blades were primarily used before the Revolution, with major production centers in Germany and England. London was the English center of production until 1515 or 1517, when King Henry VIII established the Royal 7 Workshops in Greenwich, right outside the city. Swords may have been produced in a uniform way, but it was their use that defined their character. Even in a period such as the American Revolution, which saw the increased use of mechanical weaponry, colonial and British troops wielded blades. The two swords that are the focus of this paper were owned by one such soldier and help to explain the different roles that blades played during this time period. Iacono 5 John Brooks: Colonel, General, and Governor John Brooks, the owner of the two swords that inspired this research, was born in Medford, Massachusetts on May 31, 1752.8 At the age of fourteen he entered into an apprenticeship under Dr. Simon Tufts, and after seven years, at the age of twenty-one, he began the practice of medicine in the nearby town of Reading, Massachusetts. As a child, Brooks acquired knowledge of drilling by watching British soldiers’ maneuvers and, during his time at Reading, he rose to the rank of major in the local militia. He was twenty-two when the news of the Battle of Lexington reached him in Reading. Gathering his troops, he marched to Concord and cut off the British troops as they attempted to flee. He gave chase as far as Charlestown Neck, doing considerable damage to the British force.9 Brooks’ success in Concord launched a military career that would be admired by many. At Bunker Hill, Brooks proved himself by efficiently delivering special messages from Colonel William Prescott to Major General Artemas Ward, and in January 1776 he was appointed to the rank of major. The following year, Brooks was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, the rank he possessed during the Battle of Saratoga.10 Major and lieutenant colonel were two of the top ranks in the regiments of the Continental Army at this time, outranked only by the colonel.11 While serving in Saratoga, according to Ballou’s Monthly Magazine, Brooks’ “gallant” behavior contributed to the success of the American forces.12 Eyewitnesses recalled that, “When Colonel Brooks saw that the decisive moment had come, he lifted his sword in the air, and cried, ‘Follow your colonel at double quick!’ He immediately led the way to the top of the entrenchments…This order they obeyed with great gallantry, and the most violent and bloody conflict ensued, in which they decided the fate of the day.”13 Not only was Brooks admired by his troops, but sources suggest that he was also Iacono 6 respected by George Washington. Reverend Charles Brooks, who, despite the same name, may not have been related to the General, recalls one particular event at Newburgh in March 1783, where the commander-in-chief sought to quell an insurgent meeting held by several officers.
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