Inclusive Design and Zoological Gardens
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Evaluating Inclusive Design within a Zoological Street Furniture Framework Michael David William RICHARDS Ph.D. Thesis 2017 Evaluating Inclusive Design within a Zoological Street Furniture Framework Michael David William RICHARDS SURFACE Inclusive Design Research Centre, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, April 2017 Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures v Acknowledgements ix Declaration x Abstract xi Dedication xii Chapter 1: Research Overview 1 1.1 Research Motivation 1 1.2 Aim 3 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Hypotheses 4 1.5 Chapter Summaries 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review: Inclusive Design and Zoological Gardens 10 2.1 Inclusive Design 10 2.2 Why Practice Inclusive Design 14 2.2.1 The Ethical Case 14 2.2.2 The Business Case 16 2.3 Tools and Resources 20 2.4 Challenges 26 2.5 Research Context: Zoological Gardens 29 2.6 Conclusion 32 Chapter 3: Literature Review: Street Furniture 34 3.1 Social Value 34 i 3.2 Seating 35 3.2.1 Seating with Tables 39 3.3 Litter Bins 39 3.4 Signage 41 3.4.1 Text 41 3.4.2 Imagery 45 3.4.3 Wayfinding 49 3.4.3.1 Context 56 3.5 Conclusion 58 Chapter 4: Research Approach 60 4.1 Epistemology 61 4.2 Theoretical Perspective 61 4.3 Methodology 62 4.3.1 Plan 63 4.3.2 Design 67 4.3.3 Prepare 73 4.3.4 Collect 76 4.3.5 Analyse 79 4.3.6 Share 81 4.4 Methods 83 4.4.1 Photography 83 4.4.1.1 Procedure and Classification 85 4.4.1.2 Validity and Reliability 86 4.4.1.3 Ethics 88 4.4.1.4 Data Analysis 90 4.4.2 Interviews 92 4.4.2.1 Procedure and Classification 93 4.4.2.2 Validity and Reliability 96 4.4.2.3 Participants 96 4.4.2.4 Ethics 101 4.4.2.5 Data Analysis 105 4.4.3 Experiments 107 4.4.3.1 Procedure and Classification 107 ii 4.4.3.2 Validity and Reliability 110 4.4.3.3 Participants 112 4.4.3.4 Ethics 116 4.4.3.5 Data Analysis 117 4.5 Conclusion 120 Chapter 5: Effective Inclusive Design 122 5.1 Seating 122 5.1.1 Seating with Tables 127 5.2 Litter Bins 127 5.3 Signage 129 5.3.1 Text 129 5.3.2 Imagery 131 5.3.3 Wayfinding 131 5.4 Conclusion 134 Chapter 6: Ineffective Inclusive Design 135 6.1 Seating 135 6.2 Litter Bins 141 6.3 Signage 143 6.3.1 Text 143 6.3.2 Imagery 149 6.3.3 Wayfinding 158 6.3.4 Experiment 1 163 6.3.5 Experiment 2 167 6.4 Conclusion 170 Chapter 7: Conclusion 172 7.1 Aim and Hypotheses 172 7.2 Limitations and Future Research 178 7.3 Conclusion 180 Appendices 182 Appendix 1: Research Project Agreement Form for the Welsh Mountain Zoo 182 iii Appendix 2: Interview Questions for Peter Litherland 183 Appendix 3: Interviewee Quotations: Nick Jackson 184 Appendix 4: Interviewee Quotations: Peter Litherland 187 Appendix 5: Interviewee Quotations: Graham Garnett 189 Appendix 6: Interviewee Quotations: John Lloyd 191 Appendix 7: Interviewee Quotations: Anthony Sheridan 194 Appendix 8: Interviewee Quotations: Dr Paul Rees 197 Appendix 9: Interviewee Quotations: Professor Geoff Hosey 200 Appendix 10: Ethical Approval Form CST 13/116 205 Appendix 11: Non-disclosure Agreement Signed by Professor Geoff Hosey 206 Appendix 12: Participant Response Form for Experiment 1 208 Appendix 13: Ethical Approval Form CST 12/17 209 Appendix 14: Ethical Approval Form CST 14/32 210 Appendix 15: Participant Consent Form for Experiment 1 211 Appendix 16: Experiment 1 Report 212 Appendix 17: Experiment 2 Report 229 References 242 All of the case study photographs are included on a DVD, which is inserted on the inside face of the thesis back cover. iv List of Tables Table 3.1: Types of regulatory signage 54 Table 4.1: Interviewee details 98 Table 4.2: Experiment participants 114 Table A.1: Experiment 1 quantitative results 223 Table A.2: Experiment 1 Chi-Square tests 223 Table A.3: Experiment 2 quantitative results 235 List of Figures All photography and diagrams are by the author, unless stated otherwise. Figure 1.1: Red panda (Ailurus fulgens) exhibit label 6 Figure 1.2: Argumentative plus analytic organisational structure 8 Figure 2.1: Bollards 25 Figure 3.1: Accessible picnic table 39 Figure 3.2: Smoking restriction sign illustrating effective colour contrast 42 Figure 3.3: Tactile map 43 Figure 3.4: Typical reach ranges for an adult female wheelchair user 43 Figure 3.5: Blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) exhibit label 44 Figure 3.6: Keeper talk sign 46 Figure 3.7: Slip warning sign 47 Figure 3.8: Bite warning sign 48 Figure 3.9: Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) exhibit label 48 Figure 3.10: Series of zoological icons 49 Figure 3.11: Accessible route sign 55 Figure 3.12: Train departures sign 56 Figure 4.1: Methodological overview 60 Figure 4.2: Animal-themed archway 68 Figure 4.3: Directional signage for multiple species 74 Figure 4.4: Case study protocol 76 Figure 4.5: Visitor behaviour sign 84 v Figure 4.6: Lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) exhibit label 85 Figure 4.7: Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) enclosure 86 Figure 4.8: White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) identification sign 90 Figure 4.9: Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) exhibit label 92 Figure 4.10: Latin square design 110 Figure 5.1: Seat on firm and level ground 123 Figure 5.2: Seating on a slippery incline 123 Figure 5.3: Seat on a raised platform 124 Figure 5.4: Recessed seat 124 Figure 5.5: Seating at multiple heights 125 Figure 5.6: With armrests and backrest 125 Figure 5.7: Without armrests and backrest 125 Figure 5.8: Varied seating within a single row 126 Figure 5.9: Picnic table 127 Figure 5.10: Small litter bin 128 Figure 5.11: Freestanding litter bin 128 Figure 5.12: Litter bin on an elevated platform 128 Figure 5.13: Regulatory signage with block capital lettering 129 Figure 5.14: Signage with red text on a green background 130 Figure 5.15: Bardic stone circle 131 Figure 5.16: Overhead directional signage 132 Figure 5.17: Accessible lift and wheelchair hire centre directional signage 133 Figure 5.18: Toilet directional signage 133 Figure 5.19: Map with ‘you are here’ mark 134 Figure 5.20: Map with numeric directory 134 Figure 6.1: Seat in arboreal surroundings 136 Figure 6.2: Effective colour contrast 136 Figure 6.3: Enclosure viewing window 137 Figure 6.4: Sheltered seating 138 Figure 6.5: Seating at a right angle 138 Figure 6.6: Commemorative plaque 139 Figure 6.7: Animal-themed seating 140 Figure 6.8: Animal-themed seating 140 Figure 6.9: Animal-themed seating 140 vi Figure 6.10: Animal-themed seating 140 Figure 6.11: Full litter bin 141 Figure 6.12: Exposed aperture (plastic) 142 Figure 6.13: Exposed aperture (wood) 142 Figure 6.14: Litter bin with swing lid 143 Figure 6.15: Litter bin with lift lid 143 Figure 6.16: Insufficient colour contrast 144 Figure 6.17: Sufficient colour contrast 144 Figure 6.18: Touch restriction sign 145 Figure 6.19: Braille on toilet directional signage 146 Figure 6.20: Sign displaying English and Welsh text 147 Figure 6.21: Exhibit label for children 148 Figure 6.22: Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) exhibit label 148 Figure 6.23: Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) exhibit label 149 Figure 6.24: Greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) exhibit label 150 Figure 6.25: Red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus) exhibit label 150 Figure 6.26: Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) exhibit label 151 Figure 6.27: Sign depicting Yang Guang 151 Figure 6.28: Kookaburra image 152 Figure 6.29: Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) image 152 Figure 6.30: Lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) exhibit label 153 Figure 6.31: Gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) species distribution map 154 Figure 6.32: Red List data 155 Figure 6.33: Feeding restriction sign 156 Figure 6.34: Humorous feeding restriction sign 157 Figure 6.35: Directional signage for multiple species 159 Figure 6.36: Directional signage for multiple species 159 Figure 6.37: Orangutan map imagery 161 Figure 6.38: Directional signage for multiple species 162 Figure 6.39: Directional signage for multiple species 162 Figure 6.40: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) signage (pictogram) 164 Figure 6.41: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) signage (photograph) 164 Figure 6.42: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (pictogram) 165 Figure 6.43: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (photograph) 165 vii Figure 6.44: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (text only) 167 Figure 6.45: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (by the author) 167 Figure 6.46: Chester Zoo logo 168 Figure 6.47: Belfast Zoo logo 168 Figure 6.48: Salford Zoo logo (text only) 169 Figure 6.49: Salford Zoo logo (visual hint) 169 Figure 6.50: Salford Zoo logo (animal image) 169 Figure 7.1: Onager (Equus hemionus) directional signage 174 Figure 7.2: Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) species distribution map 175 Figure 7.3: Animal-themed litter bin 176 Figure A.1: Restaurant pictogram 214 Figure A.2: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) signage (pictogram) 216 Figure A.3: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) signage (photograph) 216 Figure A.4: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (pictogram) 219 Figure A.5: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (photograph) 219 Figure A.6: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (text only) 219 Figure A.7: Brown bear (Ursus arctosis) directional signage (by the author) 228 Figure A.8: Salford Zoo logo (text only) 232 Figure A.9: Salford Zoo logo (visual hint) 232 Figure A.10: Salford Zoo logo (animal image) 232 viii Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to acknowledge the patience, faith, and support my immediate family has shown during this period of prolonged study.