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Ethnic Minorities and Question of Justice in Nigeria

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NIGER DELTA MINORITIES AND THE QUEST FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE ZAINAB EMITAREYE ATIRI BA Philosophy/Political Science (Ibadan), MA Philosophy (Ibadan) (Matric. No. 41983) A PhD thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria. MAY, 2014. ABSTRACT The perceived inequitable distribution of economic and social resources remains a perennial feature of Nigeria’s political history. The rise of ethnic minority organisations and the concomitant violent struggles for justice has continued to militate against economic growth and political stability of Nigeria. Although, there are several studies on the conflicts and intervention programmes in the Niger Delta, these have not been done from the perspective of a Theory of Justice. This study, examined the agitation in the Niger Delta region as a quest for social justice. Rawls’s theory of ‘justice as fairness’ provided the analytical framework for this study. Four out of the six States of the Niger Delta were purposively selected. Questionnaire was administered to proportionate to size cross-section of youths and community leaders, purposively selected from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in each of the four States: Rivers 250 (190:60), Delta 250 (190:60), Bayelsa 150 (100:50) and Edo 150 (100:50). Data were collected on the socio- demographic characteristics; perceptions of economic marginalisation, social amenities, resource control, unemployment, corruption and government policy on Niger Delta demands. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted among three of each political office holders; academics; leaders of ethnic associations and Directors of Minority Rights non-governmental organisations. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA while qualitative data were content analysed. Age of the respondents was 34.2±12.1 years and 67.7% were males. Seventy-one percent were youths, while 44.8% had tertiary education. Perceptions of youths and community leaders on economic marginalisation varied from125:31 (63.4%) in Rivers to 97:37 (91.2%) in Bayelsa State; scarce social amenities varied from 74:21 (69.4%) in Edo to 158:38 (83.7%) in Delta States as major factors for persistent agitations for justice. Factors identified for violent agitation in the Niger Delta included: inability to control resources which varied from 83:22 (76.6%) in Edo to 174:38 (90.6%) in Delta; and a high level of unemployment from 61:23 (61.3%) in Edo to 97:26 (89.8%) in Bayelsa State. Perception of corruption among the elites, which varied from 148:49 (80.1%) in Rivers to 170:32 (86.3%) in Delta State, was identified as a major factor for government’s failure to address Niger Delta demands. There was a significant difference among the States regarding implementation of government policy on economic control of resources. Most respondents (93.6%) agreed to the need to promote a fair socio-economic distribution of resources among ethnic groups. There were significant differences regarding trust in government affirmative programmes and minority quest for justice. Infrastructural development and employment of youths were cited by most respondents (90.7%) as means of reducing the tendency for violent struggles. The KIIs indicated that inadequate premium on derivation principle and oppressive state policies led to socio-economic marginalisation of minority groups. Fair treatment of all groups would facilitate ethno-regional growth, while compensation, environmental and participatory justice would encourage equity and promote justice. Perceived marginalisation is central to the persistent quest and struggles for social justice in the Niger Delta region. Pragmatic approach should be taken to ensure equity in the distribution of resources. Keywords: Ethnic minority, Resource control, Social justice, Niger Delta. Words count: 500 ii ACKOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I express my gratitude and appreciation to the Most High God, the Father of my Saviour, Jesus Christ, who saw me through this study, and the Holy Spirit, my greatest teacher. I thank the department and staff of political science for offering me the opportunity to pursue a Ph.D Programme. I particularly appreciate Prof. Adigun Agbaje who facilitated my admission through the assistance of Prof. E. E. Osaghae who agreed to supervise this work. I will like to use this opportunity to thank Dr (Mrs) Irene Pogoson for her academic advice and spiritual encouragement in making this work a reality. I thank Drs Isumonah, Aiyede, Adesina, Oyekanmi, Arowosegbe and all the other lecturers and students in the department for their contributions to the successful completion of this work. My prayer is for the Lord to bless all of you. Amen. I thank my bosses and colleagues at the National Population Commission for their encouragement and prayers through this Ph.D programme. I thank Mr Oni and Dr Olanipekun who encouraged me to start the programme. I also appreciate the support of the State Director, Mr Fasipe and other staffs of the Commission: Mr Olunlade, Bello, Olawore, Kolapo, Mrs Sodeinde and Aderinto. I thank Mrs Amune and Osuntoye for their prayers. I thank my pastors in the Glory Tabernacle Ministry: Dr and Dr (Mrs) Uzor Adeogo Obed, Pastor (Dr) and Mrs G. Akinbola and Pastor and Mrs Joseph for their prayers, counsel and encouragement. I thank all my Elders Bamgbose, Uponi, Kajogbola, Agbakwuru, Oke, Johnson and Agbokeye for their spiritual advice. I am grateful to my leaders in the Women’s team, for their prayers and encouragement particularly, in the last period of this work. My gratitude goes to Mr Olawale Olayide for helping to analyse the questionnaires and Ife and Romanus Aboh for editing this work. A special appreciation to all my research assistants, particularly, the coordinators, Joy Irabor, Odjogho Helen, Alokpa Chris, Mou and Mene Tesiro for assisting in administering the questionnaire. The following families Prof and Mrs Adeolu Adedapo, Mr and Mrs Dan Oshafi and Mrs Maria Adesanya are appreciated. John Nwokie, Rose Olubiyi and other members of the Ushering team of the Glory Tabernacle Ministry are all appreciated. I thank my husband, Prof. Gabby I. Atiri, for his encouragement and support. I thank my wonderful children, Rokeme, Edori, Regagwa and Ruteh for being such loving and caring iii children. I thank them for giving me an atmosphere of peace to work. May the Lord honour and lift them high and above continually in Jesus Name. Amen. I also give thanks to my late parents, Joseph and Ajarat Omokhabi for insisting we must be educated and for toiling day and night to see us through. How I wish they were alive to see me being awarded a Ph. D degree. For my younger sisters and brothers: Mrs B. Adenubi, B. Ogharaerumi, M. Olowe, J. Omololu, P. Adebimpe, F. Ichanbor, Geminat and brothers, Sulaiman Omokhabi and the wife, Biola and Musa Omokhabi, you are appreciated, and I am blessed to have you as siblings. The Lord bless them all. Amen. My sincere gratitude goes to late Prof. Olu-Owolabi my internal examiner for his assistance, encouragement and academic advice and his beautiful wife, Dr (Mrs) Iromidayo Olu-Owolabi, for her prayers and counsel. The Lord bless you both. Amen. Finally, it is with gratitude from deep places that I appreciate my supervisor, Prof. Eghosa Osaghae, whose, despite his busy schedule, immense contributions and constructive criticisms have made this work far better one from what I would have ordinarily produced. His suggestions to be precise and specific have helped to complete this work. For many other contributions and prayers to making the work to be finally complete, I say thank you sir. Finally, I thank Dr (Mrs) Ame Osaghae for her encouragement and for sharing her own experiences; just to encourage me. The Lord bless you in Jesus name. iv CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Zainab Emitareye Atiri (Matric No: 41983) under my supervision in the Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. --------------------------------------------- Supervisor Professor Eghosa E. Osaghae BSc (Ibadan), MSc (Ibadan), PhD (Ibadan). Department of Political Science University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. v DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the utmost glory of my Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ; to the memory of my late parents Mr Joseph and Mrs Ajala Omokhabi who did all their best to see us through school, and my children for their patience and encouragement. vi ABBREVIATIONS AG: Action Group AMOS: Association of Minority Oil States ANOVA: Analysis of Variance BDPP: Benin Delta Political Party BOR: Ogoni Bill of Rights CARIA: Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Rivers, Imo and Anambra CE: Centre for Environment CEHRD: Centre for Environment, Human Right and Development CDHR: Committee for the Defense of Human Right CM: Chicoco Movement CRP: Constitutional Right Project CWA: Community Wome Association CWOPA: Common Wealth of Oil Producing Areas EBB: Egbesu Boys of Bayelsa EEC: Egi Ethnic Coalition EMIROAF: Ethnic Minority Right Organisation ENU: Edo National Union ERA: Environmental Rights Action FAT: Frustration Aggression Theory FOWA: Federation of Ogoni Women Association GET: Group Entitlement Theory HRWA: Human Rights Watch Action HNT: Human Need Theory INYM: Isoko National Youth Movement IC: Ijaw Communities INC: Ijaw National Congress IHMB: Institute for Home Benin Improvement IRPL: Ijaw Rivers Peoples League IYC: Ijaw Youth Council JIIN: Justice in Nigeria
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