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The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Recolonisation of Africa This book argues that the fourth industrial revolution, the process of accelerated automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices via digital technology, will serve to further marginalise Africa within the international community. In this book, the author argues that the looting of Africa that started with human capital and then natural resources, now continues unabated via data and digital resources looting. Developing on the notion of “Coloniality of Data”, the fourth industrial revolution is postulated as the final phase which will con- clude Africa’s peregrination towards (re)colonisation. Global cartels, networks of coloniality, and tech multinational corporations have turned big data into capital, which is largely unregulated or poorly regulated in Africa as the con- tinent lacks the strong institutions necessary to regulate the mining of data. Written from a decolonial perspective, this book employs three analytical pillars of coloniality of power, knowledge, and being. Highlighting the crippling continuation of asymmetrical global power relations, this book will be an important read for researchers of African studies, politics, and international political economy. Everisto Benyera is Associate Professor of African Politics at the University of South Africa. Routledge Contemporary Africa Series The Literature and Arts of the Niger Delta Edited by Tanure Ojaide and Enajite Eseoghene Ojaruega Identification and Citizenship in Africa Biometrics, the Documentary State and Bureaucratic Writings of the Self Edited by Séverine Awenengo Dalberto and Richard Banégas Africa and the Global System of Capital Accumulation Edited by Emmanuel O. Oritsejafor and Allan Cooper The East African Community Intraregional Integration and Relations with the EU Edited by Jean- Marc Trouille, Helen Trouille and Penine Uwimbabazi Regionalism, Security and Development in Africa Edited by Ernest Aniche, Ikenna Alumona and Inocent Moyo The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Recolonisation of Africa The Coloniality of Data Everisto Benyera Mobility in Contemporary Zimbabwean Literature in English Crossing Borders, Transcending Boundaries Magdalena Pfalzgraf Advancing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Africa Constraints and Opportunities Edited by Ebenezer Durojaye, Gladys Mirugi- Mukundi and Charles Ngwena For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge- Contemporary- Africa/ book- series/ RCAFR The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Recolonisation of Africa The Coloniality of Data Everisto Benyera First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business. © 2021 Everisto Benyera The right of Everisto Benyera to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Benyera, Everisto, author. Title: The fourth industrial revolution and the recolonisation of Africa: the coloniality of data / Everisto Benyera. Other titles: Routledge contemporary Africa series. Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021 . | Series: Routledge contemporary Africa | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020055922 (print) | LCCN 2020055923 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367744151 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003157731 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: International business enterprises–Africa. | Data mining–Africa. | Africa–Foreign economic relations–Europe. | Africa–Foreign economic relations–United States. | Europe–Foreign economic relations– Africa. | United States– Foreign economic relations– Africa. Classification: LCC HF1611.Z4 E85126 2021 (print) | LCC HF1611.Z4 (ebook) | DDC 337.604–dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/2020055922 LC ebook record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/2020055923 ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 74415- 1 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 74420- 5 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 003- 15773- 1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003157731 Typeset in Bembo by Newgen Publishing UK To all slaves; past, present, and future To those slaves who do not know that they are slaves Contents Foreword viii Preface xi Acronyms xii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Data coloniality: A decolonial perspective of Africa and the 4IR 1 2 Historicising Africa’s subjugation 17 3 Contextualising the colonial project in Africa 33 4 Data mining, harvesting, and datafication 67 5 Networks, big data, and data coloniality: Whither Africa’s sovereignty? 91 6 The 4IR as the mother of all destructions and accumulations 116 7 Mapping Africa’s destiny in the fourth industrial revolution 129 8 Africa’s eunuch condition and the omnipresent footprints of the four industrial revolutions 149 References 161 Index 187 Foreword As the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) consolidates and takes effect, humanity and other forms of life are undergoing irresistible, irreversible and universal social, economic, and legal transformation based on the massive appro- priation of social life through data extraction. In the 4IR, capitalism took a new turn, away from focusing on materials and goods towards services. The 4IR is essentially a services revolution brought about by the merging of nanotech- nology, biotechnology, information communication technology (ICT), among others in the process blurring the traditional boundaries between the physical, the digital, and the biological worlds. This resulted in new ways of thinking and doing, aided by vast amounts of information and data harvested from people’s daily lives, hence the Internet of Things among many technology- enabled services. In the 4IR, the evolution of episteme has taken another turn and its relation to being which once again excludes the black people, broadly defined. With the history of exclusion, slavery, colonialism, and perpetual denial into personhood, black people are still struggling to be part of the thinking beings and always grapple with how to enter the realm of knowledge production. Stated differ- ently, black people, the majority of them African, lack the right to rights. The 4IR will undoubtedly complicate the quest for black people to enter and be accepted into the realm of humanity. In the 4IR, the thinking and cognitive space has new entrants, trans- humans, robo- humans, and other forms of enhanced humanity who occupy an onto- logical position higher than that of black people. The 4IR is therefore another sad moment in the life of black people as they slide lower and lower on the ontological ladder, whose apex is occupied by white Caucasian males and the bottom is occupied by black women. Knowledge production is shifting from the human being towards online entities that are now playing the role of cognitive thinking, imagination, and creativity. Intelligence is now artificial, and AI is now responsible for the cre- ation of a new reality to which we all belong to. Who are those responsible for creating this new reality? Who are the new Philosopher Kings? The new Philosopher Kings are the emerging tech oli- garchy that is replacing the political oligarchy. They own and control big data, Foreword ix artificial intelligence, online communities, and the online economy. They har- vest data, process it, commodify it, and hence make data capital. Like all forms of capital, data extraction is not only unethical but brutal and unforgiving. Data is capital, the new gold, and oil. Like oil and gold before it, data is power and like all forms of power, it is deployable in political spaces in order to predetermine, influence, and pre- empt political decisions. Indeed democracy and many other political processes and outcomes are under threat of being subverted courtesy of the 4IR and many of its gismos. This, in turn, will result in the entrenchment of coloniality especially in Africa where there are weak accountability institutions and unethical and unjust leadership. Preface Africa must cautiously celebrate the Fourth Industrial Revolution as this will not end or lessen its challenges which are a product of centuries of being on the darker side of Euro- North American modernity. Africa experienced the cumulative effects of what has been wrongly termed the transatlantic slave trade (the Atlantic Ocean never enslaved anyone. It is the European and North American slave trade, not transatlantic stave trade), colonialism, apartheid, glo- balisation, and now coloniality. This book was conceptualised against the back- ground of the mutative nature of colonialism which today presents itself as coloniality which thrives on accumulation, misrepresentation, and misrecogni- tion. The (formerly) colonised people were dispossessed of their land, capitals, and humanity. These were accumulated from those who consequently became non- human or the Athropos by the Humanitas. Euro- North American modernity, the slave trade, and colonial economy and coloniality constantly
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