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“La Influencia De Estados Unidos En La Política UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLITICA “LA INFLUENCIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS EN LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR Y EXTERIOR DE GUATEMALA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS PARA LOS INTERESES NACIONALES EN LA ADMINISTRACIÓN ALFONSO PORTILLO 2000-2003” TESIS PRESENTADA AL CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DE LA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA POR LUIS ESTUARDO ESPINOZA ESTÉVEZ AL CONFERÍRSELE EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE LICENCIADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE INTERNACIONALISTA GUATEMALA, MARZO 2010 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA RECTOR MAGNÍFICO Lic. Carlos Estuardo Gálvez Barrios SECRETARIO GENERAL Dr. Carlos Guillermo Alvarado Cerezo CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DE LA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA DIRECTORA Licda. Geidy Magali De Mata Medrano VOCAL I Licda. Claudia Verónica Agreda Ajqui VOCAL II Lic. Pablo Daniel Rangel Romero VOCAL III Licda. Ana Margarita Castillo Chacón VOCAL IV Br. Maria Amalia Mandujano Izaguirre VOCAL V Br. René Adrian Ponce Canales SECRETARIO Lic. Marvin Norberto Morán Corzo TRIBUNAL QUE PRACTICÓ EL EXAMEN DEL EJERCICIO PROFESIONAL SUPERVISADO COORDINADORA Licda. Carmen Olivia Álvarez Bobadilla EXAMINADOR Lic. Francisco José Lemus Miranda EXAMINADORA Licda. Amanda Aracely Méndez Tello TRIBUNAL QUE PRACTICÓ EL EXAMEN GENERAL DE GRADO DIRECTORA Licda. Geidy Magali De Mata Medrano SECRETARIO Lic. Marvin Norberto Morán Corzo COORDINADOR Lic. Francisco José Lemus Miranda EXAMINADORA Licda. Claudinne Ogaldes Cruz EXAMINADOR Lic. Roberto Jiménez Ayala DEDICATORIA A Dios, mi señor y salvador, por ser el todo en mi vida y acompañarme en esta carrera que hoy llega a su meta. A la princesita de mi vida, mi preciosa hija Allyson Rocio, por ser mi mayor motivación, y ser quien con sus sonrisas me alentaba a seguir adelante, cuando sentía desfallecer. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi padre, por su amor, apoyo y ejemplo dado a través de toda mi vida. Eres mi mayor admiración. A mi madre, por su amor dulce e incondicional con el cual me has cubierto siempre. A mi hermano, por su apoyo constante. A mis amistades y compañeros de universidad, por los años compartidos. A la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala y a la Escuela de Ciencia Política, por el abrirme sus puertas y compartirme de su conocimiento y sabiduría. i ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN vi CAPÍTULO I Aspectos metodológicos aplicados en la investigación 1 1.1 Marco metodológico / 1 1.2 Objetivo general / 1 1.2.1 Objetivos específicos / 2 1.3 Hipótesis planteada en la investigación / 2 1.3.1 Variable dependiente / 3 1.3.1.1 Indicadores / 3 1.3.2 Variables independientes / 4 1.3.2.1 Indicadores / 4 1.4 Unidades de análisis / 4 1.5 Justificación de la investigación / 5 1.6 Técnicas de recolección de información utilizadas / 5 1.6.1 Las fuentes primarias / 5 1.6.2 Las fuentes secundarias / 6 CAPÍTULO II Sustento teórico 8 2.1 La teoría de la dependencia / 9 2.2 La teoría del imperialismo / 10 2.3 La teoría realista de las relaciones internacionales / 12 2.4 Conceptos / 15 2.4.1 Dependencia / 15 2.4.2 Relación centro-periferia / 15 2.4.3 Imperialismo / 16 2.4.4 Política exterior / 16 2.4.5 Política internacional / 16 2.4.6 Influencia / 17 2.4.7 Injerencia / 17 ii CAPÍTULO III Antecedentes históricos de la presencia estadounidense en Guatemala 18 3.1 Estados Unidos y la dictadura de Manuel Estrada Cabrera / 19 3.2 Estados Unidos y Guatemala en la década de los años veinte / 24 3.3 Estados Unidos y la dictadura de Jorge Ubico / 26 3.4 Estados Unidos y la Revolución de Octubre / 29 3.4.1 El gobierno de Juan José Arévalo / 29 3.4.2 El gobierno de Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán / 32 3.5 Estados Unidos y la Contrarrevolución / 35 3.6 Estados Unidos y el gobierno de Idígoras Fuentes / 37 3.7 Estados Unidos y las dictaduras militares (1963-1986) / 38 3.8 Estados Unidos en los gobiernos democráticos / 41 CAPÍTULO IV La política exterior de Estados Unidos 2000-2003 43 4.1 La política exterior de la administración Bill Clinton / 44 4.2 La política exterior de la administración George W. Bush / 49 CAPÍTULO V La política interior y exterior de la administración Alfonso Portillo 55 5.1 La política interior de la administración Alfonso Portillo / 55 5.2 Consideraciones generales e históricas de la política exterior de Guatemala / 58 5.3 Marco jurídico constitucional rector de la política exterior del Estado de Guatemala / 61 5.4 La política exterior de la administración Alfonso Portillo / 65 CAPÍTULO VI La relación Guatemala-Estados Unidos al inicio y durante la administración Alfonso Portillo 68 6.1 La balanza comercial / 69 6.2 La cooperación y la deuda externa / 75 iii CAPÍTULO VII La influencia de Estados Unidos en la política interior de Guatemala en la administración Alfonso Portillo 84 7.1 Preámbulo / 84 7.2 La influencia de Estados Unidos en los asuntos internos o acciones internas del Estado / 85 CAPÍTULO VIII La influencia de Estados Unidos en la política exterior de Guatemala en la administración Alfonso Portillo 97 8.1 La influencia de Estados Unidos en la política exterior del Estado / 97 8.2 La posición de Guatemala en la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas y los Estados Unidos / 99 8.3 La posición de Guatemala en la Comisión de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra Suiza, y los Estados Unidos / 102 8.3.1 El caso específico de las votaciones de condena a Cuba en la Comisión de Derechos Humanos / 106 CONCLUSIONES 110 RECOMENDACIONES 112 BIBLIOGRAFIA 114 ANEXOS 121 iv ÍNDICE DE TABLAS TABLA No 1 Exportación de principales productos 2001-2003 / 74 TABLA No 2 Totales de la balanza comercial en la administración Alfonso Portillo 2000-2003 / 74 TABLA No 3 Deuda externa del gobierno central, 2000-2003 / 80 TABLA No 4 Deuda externa del sector público, 2000-2003 / 81 TABLA No 5 Deuda externa pública total 2000-2003 / 82 TABLA No 6 Resoluciones aprobadas en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, del 55 al 58 período de sesiones / 101 TABLA No 7 Resoluciones adoptadas en la Comisión de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, Suiza, del 56 al 59 período de sesiones / 105 ÍNDICE DE CUADROS CUADRO No 1 Situación de los prestamos externos suscritos con el gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América / 78-79 v Introducción En la historia de las relaciones internacionales, la relación entre Estados, llamados así a aquellos sujetos del derecho internacional que poseen como mínimo los cuatro elementos fundamentales para que se les pueda considerar como tales: territorio físico, población, soberanía y poder o administración pública; siempre ha estado bajo la sombra de lo que se ha considerado la máxima de Tucidides, los fuertes hacen lo que quieren y los débiles sufren como es menester1. Esto se aplica con una magistral singularidad a lo que ha sido la historia de la relación entre las potencias mundiales y los países no tan poderosos o nada poderosos. Del lado del continente americano los Estados Unidos ha cumplido a perfección su papel de “guardián” y “país líder” de este continente, aunque eso se haya traducido en más de doscientos años de intervenciones, sometimiento económico, invasiones, dependencia comercial, etc. Siempre bajo el corolario de la “democracia y la libertad”, y los “mejores deseos” para los países subyugados. En el caso de Guatemala, es notable el entrelazamiento de las ideas antes expuestas y la historia, tanto mediata como inmediata, que el país ha tenido con respecto a su relación con Estados Unidos, desde la misma época de la independencia en el lejano 1821, hasta el día de hoy. Esta relación se ha basado, en unas épocas con mayor intensidad que otras, en una rotunda desigualdad, dependencia económica, comercial y por ende política, sometimiento, detrimento de intereses nacionales contra intereses norteamericanos, debilitamiento de la soberanía nacional y como consecuencia de todo esto, una ampliación de manera apabullante de la influencia de Estados Unidos sobre los asuntos internos del Estado de Guatemala, tanto en el plano de políticas internas como externas. 1 Tomado de la conferencia magistral de Noam Chomsky en la sala Nezahualcóyotl de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 21 de septiembre 2009, http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=92263&titular=guerra-drogas-y-política-elementos-del-mundo- bipolar- , consultado 17 de noviembre 2009. vi Ante esta realidad, esta investigación tiene como fin el describir como es que se ha dado esta influencia de Estados Unidos sobre Guatemala, y específicamente como se dio en la administración del ex presidente Alfonso Portillo, del 2000 al 2003, resaltando las consecuencias que esta influencia creó para el país, y después de describir, analizar y proponer cuales pueden ser algunos caminos que el Estado puede ejecutar en planes de mediano y largo plazo para ir menguando las causas que ha provocado esta influencia. El período del ex presidente Alfonso Portillo, se escogió por dos razones básicas: En primer lugar, por que fue la administración que estuvo en el poder cuando en el plano internacional se dio una coyuntura extremadamente sorprendente y única que rompió con el relativamente “statu quo” que en los asuntos internacionales se venían dando desde el establecimiento del “Nuevo Sistema Internacional” por George H. W. Bush a principio de la década de los noventas del siglo pasado, después del derribamiento del Muro de Berlín y el acabose de la Guerra Fría y el Sistema Bi-polar; esto a causa de los atentados terroristas contra Estados Unidos el once de septiembre de 2001; y en segundo lugar, por la posición que Guatemala jugaba en el conglomerado de los organismos internacionales, en especial Naciones Unidas, con su escaño en la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, con sede en Ginebra, Suiza.
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