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The Arc Ppri Weeds Research Division

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The Arc Ppri Weeds Research Division ASSESSING THE VALUE OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT INTO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL RESEARCH FOR INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS: THE ARC PPRI WEEDS RESEARCH DIVISION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF COMMERCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY BY: LOWELL MARTIN SCARR SUPERVISED BY: PROFESSOR G.C.G. FRASER DR S. KOCH Department of Economics and Economic History Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa May 2015 ABSTRACT This study investigates the economic impact of the ARC PPRI Weeds Research Division. The Division researches appropriate methods of biological control for invasive alien plants (IAPs). These plants pose an increasing threat to environmental integrity and ecosystem service provision impacting on economic potential. Since the work of the Division is considered a public good, a predominantly descriptive approach has been adopted for the valuation process. A combination of quantitative cost analysis and a qualitative study of the impacts of research and invasive alien plants is used to deal with the challenges associated with non- market valuation. The study found that investment into the Weeds Division is a valuable activity that supports the long-term growth potential of the South African economy. The role of a well-functioning environment is highlighted as an essential base for the creation of sustained growth opportunities in any society. It was determined that investment into the Division should be increased into the future to support efficient spending of scarce state funds. Biological control research was found to provide strategic future growth potential, creating opportunities for the development of a competitive advantage in the biotechnology and environmental management sectors. The study adds to the increasing move towards a more holistic view of economic valuation, taking factors other than pure finance and econometrics into consideration. This is an important shift in prevailing economic thought, as a realisation is reached that a single, or even triple, bottom line is an outdated and insufficient decision making basis. Keywords: Biological control, research, economic impact, invasive alien plants DECLARATION This thesis has not been submitted to a university other than Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. The work presented here is that of the author, unless otherwise stated. The author has been funded by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) for the purpose of this study. While this may be seen to represent an ethical infringement on the objectivity of the work, the author has in no way been led to provide a positive report based on this connection. This connection to the ARC has in no way influenced the research process or its outcomes. The work produced here was done independently through Rhodes University, with the express intention of providing an objective view on whether investment into biological control research is worthwhile. ______________________ ___________________ Lowell Martin Scarr Date ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Declaration ................................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vii Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION: THE WEEDS RESEARCH DIVISION ............................................................ 10 1.1 Outlined Context of the Study ....................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 16 THE VALUE OF RESEARCH .................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Is doing research valuable? ............................................................................................ 16 2.2 Analysing the value of research ..................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Analysing the costs of research .................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Analysing the benefits of research ................................................................................ 23 2.3 Research Spillovers ......................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Impact of Agricultural Research in Southern Africa ....................................................... 27 2.5 Analysing Economic Value .............................................................................................. 30 2.5.1 Methods of analysis .................................................................................................... 30 2.6 Non-market methods of analysis ................................................................................... 35 2.6.1 Total economic value ................................................................................................... 35 2.6.2 Willingness to pay ....................................................................................................... 36 2.6.3 Contingent valuation ................................................................................................... 38 2.6.4 Cost efficiency analysis ................................................................................................ 40 2.6.5 Researcher publications ............................................................................................... 41 iii 2.6 Synopsis .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 43 CONTROLLING INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS ....................................................................... 43 3.1 What are Invasive Alien Plants? ..................................................................................... 43 3.2 Why invasive alien plants are a problem ....................................................................... 45 3.3 Controlling Invasive Alien Plants .................................................................................... 53 3.3.1 Mechanical ................................................................................................................. 54 3.3.2 Chemical ..................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.3 Biological .................................................................................................................... 55 3.4 What is the best option for IAP control? ....................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 62 METHOD ..................................................................................................................... 62 4.1 The Monitoring and Evaluation framework ................................................................... 62 4.2 Cost efficiency analysis ................................................................................................... 65 4.3 Additional aspects .......................................................................................................... 71 4.4 Benchmark ..................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5 ..................................................................................................................... 76 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 76 5.1 Impacts of IAPs ............................................................................................................... 77 5.2 Success of Biocontrol ..................................................................................................... 80 5.3 Cost efficiency analysis ................................................................................................... 87 5.4 Host specificity ............................................................................................................... 91 5.5 Biological control research conducted by PPRI for invasive Acacia species .................. 92 5.5.1 Acacia baileyana (Bailey’s wattle) ................................................................................. 94 5.5.2 Acacia dealbata (Silver wattle) ..................................................................................... 94 5.5.3 Acacia decurrens (Green wattle) .................................................................................. 95 iv 5.5.4 Acacia
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