DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical Considerations for Use of Geospatial Data in Sea Level Change Mapping and Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical Considerations for Use of Geospatial Data in Sea Level Change Mapping and Assessment NOAA NOS Technical Report Technical Considerations for Use of Geospatial Data in Sea Level Change Mapping and Assessment U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Silver Spring, Maryland September 2010 i This report prepared by: NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services Richard Edwing, Director www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov NOAA Coastal Services Center Margaret Davidson, Director www.csc.noaa.gov NOAA National Geodetic Survey Juliana Blackwell, Director www.ngs.noaa.gov NOAA Office of Coast Survey Captain John Lowell, Director www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov Acknowledgments: A special thank you to the writing team: Allison Allen (lead), Stephen Gill, Doug Marcy, Maria Honeycutt, Jerry Mills, Mary Erickson, Edward Myers, Stephen White, Doug Graham, Joe Evjen, Jeff Olson, Jack Riley, Carolyn Lindley, Chris Zervas, William Sweet, Lori Fenstermacher, Dru Smith. And to those who reviewed the document: W. Michael Gibson, Gretchen Imahori, Paul Scholz, Mary Culver, Jeff Payne. Technical editing by Helen Worthington, NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. ii Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2.0 General Information .............................................................................. 3 2.1 What is Sea Level Change? ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Global and Relative Sea Level Change ......................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Geologic History of Sea Level ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Present Day Global Sea Level ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1.4 The Latest 16-Year Trends in Global Mean Sea Level from Satellite Altimetry .......................... 6 2.1.5 Projected Acceleration in Global Mean Sea Level ........................................................................ 7 2.1.6 Present-Day Trends in Relative Mean Sea Level .......................................................................... 8 2.1.7 Annual and Decadal Sea Level Variations .................................................................................. 10 2.2 Considerations for Sea Level Applications ............................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Datums ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Datum Transformations ............................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Accuracy Needed For Various Sea Level Applications ........................................................................... 19 2.4 Use of Sea Level Rise Information .......................................................................................................... 22 2.5 Projection of Future Sea Level Trends .................................................................................................... 23 2.5.1 Background Discussion ............................................................................................................... 23 2.5.2 Integration of Projections and Scenarios ..................................................................................... 25 2.6 Relevance of Geospatial Data to Sea Level Applications ........................................................................ 27 Chapter 3.0 Existing Data and Access................................................................... 31 3.1 Important Types of Geospatial Data Used for Sea Level Change Mapping and Assessment Projects .... 31 3.1.1 Base Surface Elevation: Topographic Data and How Shorelines Are Related To Topographic Datasets ....................................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.2 Base Surface Elevation: Bathymetric Data .................................................................................. 36 3.1.3 Water Surface Elevation .............................................................................................................. 38 3.1.4 Reference Elevation: How it Factors Into Sea Level Change Projects ........................................ 45 3.2 Data Sources ............................................................................................................................................ 49 3.2.1 Base Surface Elevation Data: Where to Find Topographic Data, Including Shoreline Data ....... 49 3.2.2 Base Surface Elevation Data: Where to Find Bathymetric Data ................................................. 51 3.2.3 Water Surface Elevation: Where to Find Water-Level Data and Sea Level Trends .................... 52 3.2.4 Reference Elevation: Where to Find Data or Other Resources to Establish or Maintain a Reference Elevation..................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 4.0 New Data Acquisition ......................................................................... 57 4.1 Type of Data Needed ............................................................................................................................... 57 4.2 How to Acquire the Data to Enable Multiple Uses .................................................................................. 57 4.3 How to Acquire Specific Data Sets ......................................................................................................... 59 4.3.1 Long-Term Sea Level and Sea Level Trends .............................................................................. 59 4.3.2 Topographic Data ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.3.3 Bathymetric Data ......................................................................................................................... 63 4.3.4 Orthometric Heights .................................................................................................................... 64 iii Chapter 5.0 Data Integration and Interpolation ..................................................... 69 5.1 Error Quantification ................................................................................................................................. 69 5.1.1 Sea Level ..................................................................................................................................... 69 5.1.2 Elevation ...................................................................................................................................... 72 5.1.3 Topographic Mapping ................................................................................................................. 74 5.1.4 Bathymetry .................................................................................................................................. 76 5.1.5 Composite Error Budget Considerations ..................................................................................... 78 5.2 Integration of Multiple Data Sources to Better Address Sea Level Issues .............................................. 78 5.2.1 CORS and Tide Stations .............................................................................................................. 78 5.2.2 VDatum and How It Can Be Used .............................................................................................. 79 5.3 How to Build Integrated Data Products Such as a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) ............................... 88 5.3.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 88 5.3.2 Considerations When Generating DEMs. .................................................................................... 89 5.3.3 Review of the DEM Surface ........................................................................................................ 90 Chapter 6.0 Applications ......................................................................................... 95 6.1 Common Applications for Sea Level Change Data ................................................................................. 95 6.2 Digital Elevation Model in Mapping and Assessing the Impacts of Sea Level Change .......................... 99 6.3 Amount of Sea Level Change to Use in Specific Projects ..................................................................... 102 6.4 What Vertical Reference Datum to Use ................................................................................................ 104 6.5 Measure and Quantify Shoreline Change .............................................................................................. 105 6.6 Applications of Ecosystem/Marsh Change Models ............................................................................... 106 6.7 Interaction of Sea Level Rise,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flood Mitigation and Sea Level Rise Adaptation for Kiawah Island: a Report
    Flood Mitigation and Sea Level Rise Adaptation for Kiawah Island: A Report Story and photographs by Jack Kotz unny day or nuisance flooding is a relatively new term for most of us. As we described in the Winter/Spring 2018 issue of Naturally Kiawah, it refers to temporary flooding of low-lying areas in the absence of any precipitation or storm impacts, usually occurring during new or full moons. The higher than usual tides during these lunar periods are called “spring Stides.” Several times a year, when the new or full moon is closest to the Earth (at its perigee), the gravitational force is even greater. This causes a “king tide” or a “perigean spring tide” that often results in nuisance flooding. 16 The problem for Charleston and other coastal cities, as annual flooding. He estimates that in the next 50 years flooding well as Kiawah Island, is that the number of nuisance floods will be experienced by 15 percent of the buildings in the area. is increasing. In the 1970s there were only about two days On Kiawah, we experienced 16–20 inches of rainfall over a each year with nuisance floods in Charleston, whereas in 2015 four-day period in the 2015 rain event, and at least 42 percent Charleston had 38 days of tidal flooding, and in 2016 there of the land area of the Island was flooded. During Hurricane were 50 days of flooding. It is predicted there could be as Matthew in 2016, the storm tide was 3.5 feet above MHHW many as 180 days of flooding per year in the 2040s.
    [Show full text]
  • Basics of Tide & Tide Forecasting
    Basics of tide & tide forecasting K. Srinivas Ocean State Forecast Lab (ISG) INCOIS, Hyderabad E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 040-23886057 040-23895017 Time and TIDE wait for none !!! Tides are an important physical forcing on the ocean particularly the coastal and estuarine seas ! Tide is the periodic rise and fall of a body of water due to gravitational interactions between the sun, moon and Earth Different positions of the sun and moon create two different types of tides: spring tides and neap tides Residual force is the difference between the gravitational force and centrifugal force They are very important for a proper understanding of : physics, chemistry, biology and geology of the coastal and estuarine waters The same location in the High Tide Low Tide Bay of Fundy at low and high tide. The maximum tidal range is approximately 17m The tidal range is the vertical difference between the low tide and the succeeding high tide. High Tide April 20, 2001 Low Tide September 30, 2002 Tidal extremes - The Bay of Fundy Vegetation is green, and water ranges from dark blue (deeper water) to light purple (shallow water) Tides at Halls Harbour on Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy. This is a time lapse of the tidal rise and fall over a period of six and a half hours. There are two high tides every 25 hours. Presence of tide The most obvious indication of the presence of tide at any location (coastal or deep sea) is a characteristic, sinusoidal oscillation in the water level/ pressure records, containing either two main cycles per day (semidiurnal tides), one cycle per day (diurnal tides), or a combination of the two (mixed tides).
    [Show full text]
  • Development of an Updated Coastal Marine Area Boundary for the Auckland Region
    Development of an updated Coastal Marine Area boundary for the Auckland Region Prepared for Auckland Council July 2012 Authors/Contributors : Scott Stephens Sanjay Wadhwa For any information regarding this report please contact: Scott Stephens Coastal Scientist Coastal and Estuarine Processes +64-7-856 7026 [email protected] National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd Gate 10, Silverdale Road Hillcrest, Hamilton 3216 PO Box 11115, Hillcrest Hamilton 3251 New Zealand Phone +64-7-856 7026 Fax +64-7-856 0151 NIWA Client Report No: HAM2012-111 Report date: July 2012 NIWA Project: ARC13233 © All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the copyright owner(s). Such permission is only to be given in accordance with the terms of the client’s contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Whilst NIWA has used all reasonable endeavours to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate, NIWA does not give any express or implied warranty as to the completeness of the information contained herein, or that it will be suitable for any purpose(s) other than those specifically contemplated during the Project or agreed by NIWA and the Client. Contents Executive summary .......................................................................................................................7 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • What Is High Tide Flooding?
    https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/high-tide-flooding.html%20 Examples of why Highway 80 going out to Tybee Islands floods and low-lying areas throughout Savannah where the coastal waters connect with elevations near 6 NAVD 1988. National Ocean ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationU.S. Department of Commerce SearchSearch National Ocean Service • HOMEHome 1. Facts 2. What is high tide flooding? What is high tide flooding? High tide flooding—flooding that leads to public inconveniences such as road closures — is increasingly common as coastal sea levels rise. High tide flooding events have increased around the U.S., but especially off the East Coast. To down load the image click on: | Download PDF As relative sea level increases, it no longer takes a strong storm or a hurricane to cause coastal flooding. Flooding now occurs with high tides in many locations due to climate- related sea level rise, land subsidence, and the loss of natural barriers. High tide flooding — which causes such public inconveniences as frequent road closures, overwhelmed storm drains and compromised infrastructure — has increased in the U.S. on average by about 50 percent since 20 years ago and 100 percent since 30 years ago. The effects of rising sea levels along most of the continental U.S. coastline are expected to become more noticeable and much more severe in the coming decades, likely more so than any other climate-change related factor. Any acceleration in sea level rise that is https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/high-tide-flooding.html%20 predicted to occur this century will further intensify high tide flooding impacts over time, and will further reduce the time between flood events.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNAL DOCUMENT Tide, Surge and Still Water Levels at Chesil Beach. Graham Alcock. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Bidston
    INTERNAL DOCUMENT 2/0 Tide, Surge and Still Water Levels at Chesil Beach. Graham Alcock. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Bidston Observatory Birkenhead. June 1984. [This document should not be cited in a published bibliography, and is supplied for the use of the recipient only]. INSTITUTE OF \ OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES ''loi INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB (042-879-4141) (Director: Dr. A. S. Laughton) Bidston Observatory, Crossway, Birkenhead, Taunton, Mersey side L43 7RA Somerset TA1 2DW (051-653-8633) (0823-86211) (Assistant Director: Dr. D. E. Cartwright) (Assistant Director: M.J. Tucker) \ Tide, Surge and Still Water Levels at Chesil Beach. Graham A1cock. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Bidston Observatory Birkenhead. June 1984. Internal Document No. 210. "This information or advice is given in good faith and is believed to be correct, but no responsibility can be accepted by the Natural Environment Research Council for any consequential loss or damage arising from any use that is made of it." 1. Introduction C.H. Dobbie (CHD) are acting as Consulting Engineers on a project concerning shore processes and protection at Chesil Beach, in conjunction with the Department of Civil Engineering at Imperial College, Hydraulics Research Ltd., Wessex Water Authority and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. CHD need to supply HRS with estimates of still water level (i.e. tide + surge) during the flood events of 13 December 1978, 13 February 1979» 20 December 1983s and 26 January 1984. lOS were commissioned by CHD to provide and prepare a pressure gauge for deployment off of Chesil Beach, to process and analyse the record to yield tide and surge statistics, and to hindcast levels for the flood events.
    [Show full text]
  • Tide 1 Tides Are the Rise and Fall of Sea Levels Caused by the Combined
    Tide 1 Tide The Bay of Fundy at Hall's Harbour, The Bay of Fundy at Hall's Harbour, Nova Scotia during high tide Nova Scotia during low tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. Most places in the ocean usually experience two high tides and two low tides each day (semidiurnal tide), but some locations experience only one high and one low tide each day (diurnal tide). The times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean (see figure 4) and by the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry.[1] [2] [3] Most coastal areas experience two high and two low tides per day. The gravitational effect of the Moon on the surface of the Earth is the same when it is directly overhead as when it is directly underfoot. The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is 12 hours and 25 minutes. The high tides do not necessarily occur when the Moon is overhead or underfoot, but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Resilience Forum 2/12/2020 Notes
    Coastal Resilience Forum 2/12/2020 Notes Dr. Cheryl Hapke, USF College of Marine Science A Unified Approach to Mapping Florida’s Coastal Waters: Process and Applications • Dr. Cheryl Hapke, Research Professor at the University of South Florida, College of Maine Science and coordinator of the Florida Coastal Mapping Program (FCMaP), will present on the data inventory, gap analysis, and statewide prioritization accomplished over the past 2 years by the program. FCMaP is a Federal-State partnership working to provide modern, uniform, high resolution seafloor data for all of Florida’s coastal waters in the next decade. Applications of the data include improving storm surge forecasts and coastal hazard assessments that are integral to sea level rise adaptation planning. Cheryl announced that the Coastal Mapping Summit will be held March 31, 2020 in St. Petersburg at FWRI. Registration ends February 25. https://www.eventbrite.com/e/fcmap-2020-florida-coastal-mapping-summit-tickets-90958245561 • The story map for the Florida Coastal Mapping Program can be found at arcg.is/1Of0OT0 • FCMaP has aligned their sea level rise adaptation planning guidance with the Florida Adaptation Planning Guidebook. Paul Fanelli, NOAA NOAA’s Inundation Dashboard • Paul Fanelli, Lead Oceanographer with the Data Monitoring and Assessment Team, at NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services will present the new National Ocean Service (NOS) Coastal Inundation Dashboard web mapping tool. This application pulls together historical flooding information at NOS long-term water level stations along with real-time water level data, which can be used to monitor coastal inundation with causes ranging from high tide flooding to storm surge resulting from tropical cyclones.
    [Show full text]
  • PASI Tide Lecture
    The Importance of Tides Important for commerce and science for thousands of years • Tidal heights are necessary for navigation. • Tides affect mixing, stratification and, as a result biological activity. • Tides produce strong currents, up to 5m/s in coastal waters • Tidal currents generate internal waves over various topographies. • The Earth's crust “bends” under tidal forces. • Tides influence the orbits of satellites. • Tidal forces are important in solar and galactic dynamics. The Nature of Tides “The truth is, the word "tide" as used by sailors at sea means horizontal motion of the water; but when used by landsmen or sailors in port, it means vertical motion of the water.” “One of the most interesting points of tidal theory is the determination of the currents by which the rise and fall is produced, and so far the sailor's idea of what is most noteworthy as to tidal motion is correct: because before there can be a rise and fall of the water anywhere it must come from some other place, and the water cannot pass from place to place without moving horizontally, or nearly horizontally, through a great distance. Thus the primary phenomenon of the tides is after all the tidal current; …” The Tides, Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) – 1882, Evening Lecture To The British Association TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS AND MODELING Dr. Cheryl Ann Blain Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center, MS, USA [email protected] Pan-American Studies Institute, PASI Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2–13 January, 2013 — Valparaíso, Chile
    [Show full text]
  • Perigean Spring Tides Tide Predictions, You Coincide with a Major Can Call the NOS Office Storm and Storm Surge
    Phone: (508) 289-2398 • Fax: (508) 457-2172 • E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: http:/j \\1\vw.whoi.edu/ seagrant Sea Grant Program, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS#2, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Perigean Storm waves with storm surge Spring Tides and neap high tide Predicting Potential Disasters: How Tidal Information May Save You From a Coastal Crisis The memorable blizzard ofFebruary, 1978, caused coastal flooding and $500 Storm waves with storm surge million in damages to Massachusetts and perigean spring tide alone, much of the loss to coastal prop­ erties. The storm began a few hours after the moon was in perigee (closest to the earth) on February 6, and the day before a new moon. The property damage resulted not only from the severity of the storm and its accompanying storm surge, but also from the extreme high water caused by the nearly coincident new moon tide, or "spring tide," and a perigean tide. Though meteorological conditions, Perigetm Spring Tides occurs when the moon is closest to the such as those that produced the Blizzard The term "spring tide" does not refer earth .. The moon's orbit around the of'78, are predictable only days or to the season, but rather to the higher earth is elliptical rather than circular, hours in advance, astronomical high high tides and lower low tides which which means that the distance between tides are predictable centuries in ad­ occur at new and full moons. At new earth and moon is always changing. vance. If you are a coastal property and full moons, the sun, earth and moon Perigee refers to the time when the owner in Massachusetts, or a boat are aligned such that the pull of the sun moon and the earth are closest to one owner, you may want to note dates on on the oceans adds to the pull of the another.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Vulnerability to Elevated Sea Level and Coastal Tsunami Events in Otago
    Community vulnerability to elevated sea level and coastal tsunami events in Otago Otago Regional Council Private Bag 1954, 70 Stafford St, Dunedin 9054 Phone 03 474 0827 Fax 03 479 0015 Freephone 0800 474 082 www.orc.govt.nz © Copyright for this publication is held by the Otago Regional Council. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part provided the source is fully and clearly acknowledged. ISBN: 978 0 478 37630 2 Published July 2012 Prepared by Michael Goldsmith, Manager Natural Hazards, Otago Regional Council Community vulnerability to elevated sea level and coastal tsunami events in Otago i Executive summary The Otago coastline extends 480km from Chaslands in the south to the mouth of the Waitaki River in the north. Approximately 124,000 people (64% of Otago’s population) live within five kilometres of this coastline. A number of the communities situated along the coast have a level of hazard exposure to elevated sea level (or storm surge) and tsunami events. This report assesses the vulnerability (rather than the risk) 1 of these coastal communities to these hazards. The report draws on tsunami and storm surge modelling undertaken by National Institute of Water and Atmosphere (NIWA) for the Otago Regional Council (ORC) in 2007/08, coastal topography data and local knowledge of each community. This information has been used to assess how people and the communities in which they live would be affected during credible, high magnitude tsunami and elevated sea level events. It is intended that this information will: • increase community awareness of elevated sea level and tsunami hazard • inform decision making on the development of warning systems and evacuation plans • assist with the selection of land-use planning and development controls • increase the resilience of infrastructure and utilities (‘lifelines’).
    [Show full text]
  • Climate: Opportunities for Improving Engagement Between NOAA and the US National Security Community
    Climate: Opportunities for Improving Engagement Between NOAA and the US National Security Community Rachael Jonassen and Jeremey Alcorn Climate: Opportunities for Improving Engagement Between NOAA and the US National Security Community Rachael Jonassen and Jeremey Alcorn Copyright 2012 by LMI All rights reserved. Published by LMI, which is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation. This publication advances LMI’s not-for-profit purpose and mission. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this book are those of LMI and should not be construed as an official agency position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other of- ficial doumentation. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission or further informa- tion should be addressed to the attention of the Library, LMI, 2000 Corporate Ridge, McLean, VA 22102, USA. ISBN 9780966191684 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954680 Printed in the United States of America. Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgments iv Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Overview of Meeting Results 5 Theme 1—Prepare and Respond to Climate Variability and Adapt to Climate Change 11 Theme 2—Develop Climate Change Predictions Endorsed by the Federal Government 17 Theme 3—Support National Security with NOAA Climate Products 23 Theme 4—Move from Data Access to Data Application 29 Theme 5—Sustain Cooperation 33 Theme 6—Consider Emerging Product Areas 37 Long-range forecasts of permafrost active layer thickness 37 Long-range tidal extreme forecasts 41 Glossary 47 Appendix A—Reviewers 49 Appendix B—Biographies 51 © LMI 2012 iii Opportunities to Expand NOAA Support for US National Security Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the invitation from the NOAA Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services to participate in CPASW 2012 and to prepare this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea-Level Change and Storm Surges in the Context of Climate Change
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato Sea-level change and storm surges in the context of climate change R G Bell1 BE(Hons), PhD, MIPENZ D G Goring2 BE(Hons), MS, PhD W P de Lange3 BSc, MSc(Hons), PhD This paper reviews the latest research in New Zealand surrounding the issues of sea-level rise and extreme sea levels in the context of global warming and variability in the Pacific-wide El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Past records of climate, sea level (excluding tides) and sea and air temperatures have shown that they are continuously fluctuating over various long-term timescales of years, decades and centuries. This has made it very difficult to determine whether the anthropo- genic effects such as increased levels of “greenhouse” gases are having an accelerating effect on global sea levels or an increased incidence of extreme storms. Over the past century, global sea level has risen by 10–25 cm, and is in line with the rise in relative sea level at New Zealand’s main ports of +1.7 mm yr –1. What has become very clear is the need to better understand interannual (year-to-year) and decadal variability in sea-level, as these larger signals of the order of 5–15 cm in annual-mean sea level have a significant “flow-on” effect on the long-term trend in sea level. The paper describes sea level variability in northern New Zealand—both long- and short-term—in- volved in assessing the regional trends in sea level.
    [Show full text]