DOCSLIB.ORG

Finding A(N) (Infection) Needle in A(N) (-Omic) Haystack

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finding A(N) (Infection) Needle in A(N) (-Omic) Haystack 11/4/15 Finding a(n) (Infection) Needle in a(n) (-omic) Haystack Juris A. Grasis Computational & Comparative Genomics Course Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 3 November 2015 There Are A Lot Of Viruses … • Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the world – 1031 viruses in the biosphere – 1023 viral infections occurring every second – Most diverse biological entities • On average, there are 10 bacterial cells for every host cell … and 10 viruses (bacteriophage) for every bacterial cell … so roughly, 100 viruses for one host cell • The Human Virome • 1013 Human cells • 1014 Bacterial cells • 1015 Viruses • 45% of the Human genome consists of TEs Fundamentals of Molecular Virology, 2007 1 11/4/15 There Are A Lot Of Viruses … • Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the world – 1031 viruses in the biosphere – 1023 viral infections occurring every second – Most diverse biological entities • On average, there are 10 bacterial cells for every host cell … and 10 viruses (bacteriophage) for every bacterial cell … so roughly, 100 viruses for one host cell • The Human Virome • 1013 Human cells • 1014 Bacterial cells • 1015 Viruses • 45% of the Human genome consists of TEs There Are A Lot Of Viruses … • Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the world – 1031 viruses in the biosphere – 1023 viral infections occurring every second – Most diverse biological entities • On average, there are 10 bacterial cells for every host cell … and 10 viruses (bacteriophage) for every bacterial cell … so roughly, 100 viruses for one host cell • The Human Virome • 1013 Human cells • 1014 Bacterial cells • 1015 Viruses • 45% of the Human genome consists of TEs Illustration by Charls Tsevls 2 11/4/15 Survival in a World of Viruses With that many viruses in the world, why are we not sick all the time? How do “simple” organisms survive in a world full of viruses? How do “simple” organisms survive for so long? Hydra As A Model For Holobiont Interactions • Hydra are freshwater Cnidarians • Within Cnidaria there are five classes • Hydrozoa • Hydra viridissima • Hydra oligactis • Hydra magnipapillata • Hydra vulgaris • Algal endosymbiont containing and lacking animals • Simple body architecture consisting of two monolayered epithelia • Ectoderm exposed to environment • Endoderm exposed to gastric cavity • Similar in morphology and function as the mammalian intestine • Useful model for studying host regulation of mucosal-microbiota interactions 3 11/4/15 Hydra As A Model For Holobiont Interactions • Hydra are freshwater Cnidarians • Within Cnidaria there are five classes • Hydrozoa • Hydra viridissima • Hydra oligactis • Hydra magnipapillata • Hydra vulgaris • Algal endosymbiont containing and lacking animals • Simple body architecture consisting of two monolayered epithelia • Ectoderm exposed to environment • Endoderm exposed to gastric cavity • Similar in morphology and function as the mammalian intestine • Useful model for studying host regulation of mucosal-microbiota interactions Hydra As A Model For Holobiont Interactions • Hydra are freshwater Cnidarians • Within Cnidaria there are five classes • Hydrozoa • Hydra viridissima • Hydra oligactis • Hydra magnipapillata • Hydra vulgaris • Algal endosymbiont containing and lacking animals • Simple body architecture consisting of two monolayered epithelia • Ectoderm exposed to environment • Endoderm exposed to gastric cavity • Similar in morphology and function as the mammalian intestine • Useful model for studying host regulation of mucosal-microbiota interactions Bosch, Gut Microbes (2012) 4 11/4/15 What are the Viruses Associating with Hydra? Isolation and Sequencing of Viruses 5 11/4/15 Hydra Species are Colonized by Species-Specific DNA Viruses http://on.cc.com/1h87LkK 6 11/4/15 Since Hydra Associate With So Many Viruses, Why Aren’t Hydra Sick All the Time? How Do Hydra Respond to Viral Elements? • How are Hydra recognizing viruses in their environment? • Conserved TLR pathway • Conserved RNAi pathway • Antimicrobial secretion 7 11/4/15 Would You Like to Play a Game? Hydra Are More Responsive to Foreign Viruses 8 11/4/15 Hydra Are More Responsive to Foreign Viruses Finding the Infection 9 11/4/15 RNASeq Unmapped Reads Viral Metagenome Hits To Do • Look at the data! • Other BLAST searches • Specific viral protein BLAST searches • Identify and isolate Hydra-specific virus 10 11/4/15 Thank You! 11 11/4/15 There Are A Lot of Viruses in the World A Numbers Game • 2 x 103 people living in Laurel Hollow • 8 x 106 people living in New York (City) • 2 x 107 people living in New York (Metro) • 3 x 108 people living in the United States • 7 x 109 people living in the world today • 1 x 1011 people have lived on this planet • 3 x 1011 stars in the Milky Way galaxy • 7 x 1017 grains of sand on Earth • 1 x 1023 stars in the known universe These numbers do not approach the number of viruses in the world! 12 11/4/15 A Model For Holobiont Interactions • Holobiont – Metaorganism – Functional association between the Host, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses • Need to develop a model organism with a limited number of microbial partners – Ability to deconstruct host- microbe interactions • A living test-tube representing an ancient animal phylum – Principles for recognition, maintenance, and colonization A Model For Holobiont Interactions • Holobiont – Metaorganism – Functional association between the Host, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses • Need to develop a model organism with a limited number of microbial partners – Ability to deconstruct host- microbe interactions • A living test-tube representing an ancient animal phylum – Principles for recognition, maintenance, and colonization 13 11/4/15 A Model For Holobiont Interactions • Holobiont – Metaorganism – Functional association between the Host, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses • Need to develop a model organism with a limited number of microbial partners – Ability to deconstruct host- microbe interactions • A living test-tube representing an ancient animal phylum – Principles for recognition, maintenance, and colonization 14 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cátia Alexandra Ribeiro Venâncio Salinization Effects on Coastal
    Universidade de Departamento de Biologia Aveiro 2017 Cátia Alexandra Salinization effects on coastal terrestrial and Ribeiro Venâncio freshwater ecosystems Efeitos de salinização em ecossistemas costeiros terrestres e de água doce Universidade de Departamento de Biologia Aveiro 2017 Cátia Alexandra Salinization effects on coastal terrestrial and Ribeiro Venâncio freshwater ecosystems Efeitos de salinização em ecossistemas costeiros terrestres e de água doce Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Doutora Isabel Maria da Cunha Antunes Lopes (Investigadora Principal do CESAM e Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro), do Professor Doutor Rui Godinho Lobo Girão Ribeiro (Professor Associado com Agregação do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Universidade de Coimbra) e da Doutora Ruth Maria de Oliveira Pereira (Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade do Porto). This work was supported by FEDER funds through the programme COMPETE- Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade, by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, grant SFRH/BD/81717/2011, within the CESAM's strategic programme (UID/AMB/50017/2013), and the research project SALTFREE (PTDC/AAC- CLI/111706/2009). o júri presidente Prof. Doutor João de Lemos Pinto Professor Catedrático, Departamento de Física da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Isabel Maria da Cunha Antunes Lopes Investigadora Principal do
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with Selected References on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa
    W&M ScholarWorks Reports 1971 Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with selected references on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa Dale R. Calder Virginia Institute of Marine Science Harold N. Cones Virginia Institute of Marine Science Edwin B. Joseph Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Calder, D. R., Cones, H. N., & Joseph, E. B. (1971) Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with selected references on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa. Special scientific eporr t (Virginia Institute of Marine Science) ; no. 59.. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V59B3R This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIBLIOGRAPHY on the SCYPHOZOA WITH SELECTED REFERENCES ON HYDROZOA and ANTHOZOA Dale R. Calder, Harold N. Cones, Edwin B. Joseph SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 59 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE. OF MARINE SCIENCE GLOUCESTER POINT, VIRGINIA 23012 AUGUST, 1971 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE SCYPHOZOA, WITH SELECTED REFERENCES ON HYDROZOA AND ANTHOZOA Dale R. Calder, Harold N. Cones, ar,d Edwin B. Joseph SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 59 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 w. J. Hargis, Jr. April 1971 Director i INTRODUCTION Our goal in assembling this bibliography has been to bring together literature references on all aspects of scyphozoan research. Compilation was begun in 1967 as a card file of references to publications on the Scyphozoa; selected references to hydrozoan and anthozoan studies that were considered relevant to the study of scyphozoans were included.
    [Show full text]
  • Expansion of a Single Transposable Element Family Is BRIEF REPORT Associated with Genome-Size Increase and Radiation in the Genus Hydra
    Expansion of a single transposable element family is BRIEF REPORT associated with genome-size increase and radiation in the genus Hydra Wai Yee Wonga, Oleg Simakova,1, Diane M. Bridgeb, Paulyn Cartwrightc, Anthony J. Bellantuonod, Anne Kuhne, Thomas W. Holsteine, Charles N. Davidf, Robert E. Steeleg, and Daniel E. Martínezh,1 aDepartment of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria; bDepartment of Biology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA 17022; cDepartment of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; dDepartment of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199; eCentre for Organismal Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; fFaculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; gDepartment of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617; and hDepartment of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711 Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, and approved October 8, 2019 (received for review July 9, 2019) Transposable elements are one of the major contributors to genome- Using transcriptome data, we searched for evidence of a ge- size differences in metazoans. Despite this, relatively little is known nome duplication event in the brown hydras. We found that 75% about the evolutionary patterns of element expansions and the (8,629 out of 11,543) of gene families had the same number of element families involved. Here we report a broad genomic sampling genes in both H. viridissima and H. vulgaris. Additionally, 84.7% within the genus Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian at the focal point of and 81.1% of the gene families contained a single gene from H.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayuko Hamada 1, 3*, Katja
    1 Title: 2 Metabolic co-dependence drives the evolutionarily ancient Hydra-Chlorella symbiosis 3 4 Authors: 5 Mayuko Hamada 1, 3*, Katja Schröder 2*, Jay Bathia 2, Ulrich Kürn 2, Sebastian Fraune 2, Mariia 6 Khalturina 1, Konstantin Khalturin 1, Chuya Shinzato 1, 4, Nori Satoh 1, Thomas C.G. Bosch 2 7 8 Affiliations: 9 1 Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 10 (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan 11 2 Zoological Institute and Interdisciplinary Research Center Kiel Life Science, Kiel University, 12 Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany 13 3 Ushimado Marine Institute, Okayama University, 130-17 Kashino, Ushimado, Setouchi, 14 Okayama, 701-4303 Japan 15 4 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8564, 16 Japan 17 18 * Authors contributed equally 19 20 Corresponding author: 21 Thomas C. G. Bosch 22 Zoological Institute, Kiel University 23 Am Botanischen Garten 1-9 24 24118 Kiel 25 TEL: +49 431 880 4172 26 [email protected] 1 27 Abstract (148 words) 28 29 Many multicellular organisms rely on symbiotic associations for support of metabolic activity, 30 protection, or energy. Understanding the mechanisms involved in controlling such interactions 31 remains a major challenge. In an unbiased approach we identified key players that control the 32 symbiosis between Hydra viridissima and its photosynthetic symbiont Chlorella sp. A99. We 33 discovered significant up-regulation of Hydra genes encoding a phosphate transporter and 34 glutamine synthetase suggesting regulated nutrition supply between host and symbionts.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydra Viridissima Pallas, 1766)
    International Journal of Biology; Vol. 5, No. 3; 2013 ISSN 1916-9671 E-ISSN 1916-968X Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Effects of Quercetin on the Green Hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766) Goran Kovačević1 & Ana Matulić2 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 2 Elementary school Dubrava, Dubrava, Croatia Correspondence: Goran Kovačević, Division of Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia. Tel: 38-516-189-702. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 18, 2013 Accepted: May 10, 2013 Online Published: May 21, 2013 doi:10.5539/ijb.v5n3p57 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v5n3p57 Abstract Effects of quercetin on the green hydra, Hydra viridissima Pallas, and its endosymbiotic alga were studied under laboratory conditions. Quercetin is the most studied flavonoid known for its ability to act as an antioxidant, but it can also show a pro-oxidative effect. Green hydras were treated with four concentrations of quercetin (0.12 g/L, 0.2 g/L, 0.25 g/L and 0.3 g/L) for three days and compared to the control group of animals. Through the use of light microscopy, morphometry and macroscopic observations the results showed morphological changes in the hydra body as well as behavioral changes: depigmentation, migration, deformation, disordered locomotion, diminished reactions to mechanical stimuli and mortality. Further, different histopathological changes in the hydra body were detected. Different changes were monitored in the endosymbiotic alga: cell viability, division, shape and size of cells and chloroplasts, the level of damage and intensity of green color.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic and Selection Analysis of an Expanded Family of Putatively Pore-Forming Jellyfish Toxins (Cnidaria: Medusozoa)
    GBE Phylogenetic and Selection Analysis of an Expanded Family of Putatively Pore-Forming Jellyfish Toxins (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) Anna M. L. Klompen 1,*EhsanKayal 2,3 Allen G. Collins 2,4 andPaulynCartwright 1 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/6/evab081/6248095 by guest on 28 September 2021 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA 3Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France 4National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA’s Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: 19 April 2021 Abstract Many jellyfish species are known to cause a painful sting, but box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are a well-known danger to humans due to exceptionally potent venoms. Cubozoan toxicity has been attributed to the presence and abundance of cnidarian-specific pore- forming toxins called jellyfish toxins (JFTs), which are highly hemolytic and cardiotoxic. However, JFTs have also been found in other cnidarians outside of Cubozoa, and no comprehensive analysis of their phylogenetic distribution has been conducted to date. Here, we present a thorough annotation of JFTs from 147 cnidarian transcriptomes and document 111 novel putative JFTs from over 20 species within Medusozoa. Phylogenetic analyses show that JFTs form two distinct clades, which we call JFT-1 and JFT-2. JFT-1 includes all known potent cubozoan toxins, as well as hydrozoan and scyphozoan representatives, some of which were derived from medically relevant species. JFT-2 contains primarily uncharacterized JFTs.
    [Show full text]
  • Jellyfish Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems
    Jellyfish impact on aquatic ecosystems: warning for the development of mass occurrences early detection tools Tomás Ferreira Costa Rodrigues Mestrado em Biologia e Gestão da Qualidade da Água Departamento de Biologia 2019 Orientador Prof. Dr. Agostinho Antunes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Coorientador Dr. Daniela Almeida, CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP i Jellyfish impact on aquatic ecosystems: warning for the development of mass occurrences early detection tools À minha avó que me ensinou que para alcançar algo é necessário muito trabalho e sacrifício. FCUP ii Jellyfish impact on aquatic ecosystems: warning for the development of mass occurrences early detection tools Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Agostinho Antunes, for accepting me into his group and for his support and advice during this journey. My most sincere thanks to my co-supervisor, Dr. Daniela Almeida, for teaching, helping and guiding me in all the steps, for proposing me all the challenges and for making me realize that work pays off. This project was funded in part by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2019 through National Funds provided by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/MCTES and the ERDF in the framework of the program PT2020, by the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program–COMPETE 2020 and by National Funds through the FCT under the project PTDC/MAR-BIO/0440/2014 “Towards an integrated approach to enhance predictive accuracy of jellyfish impact on coastal marine ecosystems”.
    [Show full text]
  • Host-Microbe Symbiosis in the Marine Sponge Halichondria Panicea
    Host-microbe symbiosis in the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Stephen Knobloch Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland 2019 Host-microbe symbiosis in the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Stephen Knobloch Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of a Philosophiae Doctor degree in Biology PhD Committee Viggó Þór Marteinsson Ragnar Jóhannsson Eva Benediktsdóttir Opponents Detmer Sipkema Ólafur Sigmar Andrésson Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik, May 2019 Host-microbe symbiosis in the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Bacterial symbiosis in H. panicea Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of a Philosophiae Doctor degree in Biology Copyright © 2019 Stephen Knobloch All rights reserved Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7 101, Reykjavik Iceland Telephone: +354 525 4000 Bibliographic information: Stephen Knobloch, 2019, Host-microbe symbiosis in the marine sponge Halichondria panicea, PhD dissertation, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 204 pp. ISBN: 978-9935-9438-8-0 Author ORCID: 0000-0002-0930-8592 Printing: Háskólaprent Reykjavik, Iceland, May 2019 Abstract Sponges (phylum Porifera) are considered one of the oldest extant lineages of the animal kingdom. Their close association with microorganism makes them suitable for studying early animal-microbe symbiosis and expanding our understanding of host-microbe interactions through conserved mechanisms. Moreover, many sponges and sponge- associated microorganisms produce bioactive compounds, making them highly relevant for the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. So far, however, it has not been possible to grow biotechnologically relevant sponge species or isolate their obligate microbial symbionts for these purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence of Hydra Circumcincta (Schulze, 1914) (Hydrozoa: Hydridae) in a Well in the Dorset Chalk, UK
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266182826 The occurrence of Hydra circumcinta (Schultze, 1914) (Hydrozoa: Hydridae) in a well in the Dorset Chalk, UK Article in Cave and Karst Science · August 2012 CITATIONS READS 2 320 2 authors: Lee Knight Tim Johns British Hypogean Crustacea Recording Scheme Environment Agency UK 25 PUBLICATIONS 246 CITATIONS 28 PUBLICATIONS 123 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Invasive shrimps View project Groundwater Animals View project All content following this page was uploaded by Tim Johns on 11 February 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. CAVE AND KARST SCIENCE, Vol.39, No.2, 2012 © British Cave Research Association 2012 Transactions of the British Cave Research Association ISSN 1356-191X The occurrence of Hydra circumcincta (Schulze, 1914) (Hydrozoa: Hydridae) in a well in the Dorset Chalk, UK. Lee R F D KNIGHT 1, 2 and Tim JOHNS 3 1 No.1 The Linhay, North Kenwood Farm, Oxton, Nr. Kenton, Devon, EX68EX, UK. 2 Hypogean Crustacea Recording Scheme e-mail: www.freshwaterlife.org/hcrs 3 The Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract:This report details the first record of a Hydra species, Hydra circumcincta, from British groundwater. Ten polyps of the species were recorded from a well in the Dorset Chalk, while sampling for groundwater fauna as part of the Groundwater Animals–UK project. The Hydrozoa is a group rarely recorded from groundwater habitats with only one stygobitic species known to science.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List Lists of Species Check List 12(1): 1821, 4 January 2016 Doi: ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors
    12 1 1821 the journal of biodiversity data 4 January 2016 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 12(1): 1821, 4 January 2016 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1821 ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors Checklist of benthic macroinvertebrates of the Lago Pratignano (northern Apennines, Italy): an extremely rich ecosystem Ivano Ansaloni, Daniela Prevedelli, Matteo Ruocco* and Roberto Simonini University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy * Corresponding authors. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A checklist of the macroinvertebrates fauna 2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive) as indicators of the Lago Pratignano is presented here. The Lago of the ecological status of waterbodies (CEC 2005). Pratignano is a small, natural water body of the high Local and national authorities protect most of the (1,307 m above sea level) Northern Apennines, Italy. mountain areas along the Apennines in Italy, but the It represents an important site for the conservation of few natural ponds are still under threat even if they endangered flora and amphibians, and its importance are within natural parks (Solimini et al. 2008). Some for the conservation of the macroinvertebrate fauna is information on the macrozoobethic community of small highlighted. The 82 taxa recorded make it an extremely water bodies is present for Europe (Boix et al. 2001; rich habitat. The most represented group was Diptera, Sahuquillo et al. 2007; Oertli et al. 2008; Céréghino et with 31 taxa, followed by Coleoptera, with nine, and al. 2012; Guareschi et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Genetic Diversity of the Putatively Introduced, Brackish Water Hydrozoan, Blackfordia Virginica (Leptothecata: Blackfordiida
    Low genetic diversity of the putatively introduced, brackish water hydrozoan, Blackfordia virginica (Leptothecata: Blackfordiidae), throughout the United States, with a new record for Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana Author(s): Genelle F. Harrison , Kiho Kim , and Allen G. Collins Source: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 126(2):91-102. 2013. Published By: Biological Society of Washington DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-126.2.91 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2988/0006-324X-126.2.91 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 126(2):91–102. 2013. Low genetic diversity of the putatively introduced, brackish water hydrozoan, Blackfordia virginica (Leptothecata: Blackfordiidae), throughout the United States, with a new record for Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana Genelle F. Harrison*, Kiho Kim, and Allen G.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Features and Comet Assay of Green and Brown Hydra Treated with Aluminium
    SYMBIOSIS (2007) 44, 145–152 ©2007 Balaban, Philadelphia/Rehovot ISSN 0334-5114 Morphological features and comet assay of green and brown hydra treated with aluminium Goran Kovačević1*, Davor Želježić2, Karlo Horvatin1, and Mirjana Kalafatić1 1Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Zoology, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Tel. +385-1-4877-727, Fax. +385-1-4826-260, Email. [email protected]; 2Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Received November 1, 2006; Accepted March 22, 2007) Abstract Hydras are simple aquatic organisms, members of the phylum Cnidaria. Green hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas) is endosymbiotic and brown hydra (Hydra oligactis Pallas) is a non-symbiotic species. Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, but its effects upon living organisms have not been much studied until recently. The aim of this research was to explore the potential environmental effects of aluminium ions by studying aluminium-induced changes in two closely related hydra species, and to trace the extent damage caused. For the first time, a modified alkaline comet assay was used to study primary DNA damage in green and brown hydra cells. Aluminium toxicity triggered mortality, morphological, behavioral and DNA changes. DNA tail length and intensity changes were greater in brown than in green hydras, but behavioral responses to the presence of aluminium ions were observed more rapidly in green hydra. The toxicity also affected reproduction. Brown hydra was more susceptible to aluminium than green hydra, confirming the evolutionary advantage provided by symbiosis.
    [Show full text]