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The Large Hadron Collider€ and the Role of Superconductivity in One Of CERN-ACC-SLIDES-2014-0103 HiLumi LHC FP7 High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider Design Study Presentation Alla scoperta della realta:` le nuove frontiere di Fisica e tecnologia al CERN Rossi, L (CERN) 29 October 2014 The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the High Luminosity LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404. This work is part of HiLumi LHC Work Package 1: Project Management & Technical Coordination. The electronic version of this HiLumi LHC Publication is available via the HiLumi LHC web site <http://hilumilhc.web.cern.ch> or on the CERN Document Server at the following URL: <http://cds.cern.ch/search?p=CERN-ACC-SLIDES-2014-0103> CERN-ACC-SLIDES-2014-0103 Alla scoperta della realtà: le nuove frontiere di Fisica e tecnologia al CERN Associazione Get In Touch Lucio Rossi CERN High Luminosity LHC Project Leader 29 Ottobre 2014, Univ. di Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica e sezione INFN L’inizio: Padova, Genn. 1610 «… cose mai viste prima» Poi: Manchester 1909-1911 la nuova frontiera: l’atomo Rutherford (a destra) e Geiger nel laboratorio dell’Università di Manchester Questioni Why an entity like CERN exists? To produce certainty, to provide solid and undoubtable, i.e. «scientific», answers to some fundamental questions Particle physics looks at matter in its smallest dimensions… Why accelerators? To investigate Particle Physics Accelerators Microscopes Binoculars Optical, radio télescopes Accelerators are the finest microscopes: acto-scope or zepto-scope = h/p ; @LHC: T = 1 TeV 10-18 m Lucio Rossi – Padova – 5 AcceleratorI: macchine del tempo 2 •Viaggio indietro nel tempo ts1/E Gev •T 1 ps per creazione di particelle singole •T 1 s per fenomeni collettivi QGS (Quark-Gluon Soup) In ogni caso poi rimane il compito di spiegare come si arriva alla complessità che si sviluppa nei 13,7 miliardi di anni che seguono... Molto più difficile! Lucio Rossi – Padova– 6 To understand where we come from… 13.7 billion years 1026 m Opposite extremes in the space Big Bang scale converge in time! Protone Atomo Raggio della Terra Distanze Terra Sole Radius of galaxies Universe LHC Actoscope Hubble WMAP We were sure that the atom was something solid, ALMA then the nucleous came, then… VLT The SM: the superb construction of the last 40 years Particles u c g and up charm topt gluon Forces g Quarks s downd strange bottomb photon Each with its own e t W ‘antiparticle’ electron muon tau W boson ne n nt Z Leptons e-neutrino -neutrino t-neutrino Z boson Higgs Boson? Lucio Rossi – Padova – 9 © Brian Foster What remains to be done? • The Standard Model is a very good description of the Universe at the particle scale (~2MW) – But does not explain many things • Why so many particles? • Why so many forces? • What is mass? – Why do particles have the masses they have? • How do neutrinos get mass? – Are neutrinos different? How do they fit in? • What is Dark Matter? Dark Energy? • Why is matter different from antimatter? – (Where did all the antimatter go?) Lucio Rossi – Padova– 10 mass –energy of the universe Methods of Particle Physics 1) Concentrate energy on particles (accelerator) 2) Collide particles (recreate conditions after Big Bang) 3) Identify created particles in Detector (search for new clues) Both demand edge technology : superconductivity and many others Lucio Rossi – Padova – 12 Why do we need technology “at the edge”? 2 routes to new knowledge about the fundamental structure of the matter High Energy Frontier High Precision Frontier New phenomena (new particles) Known phenomena studied created when the with high precision may show “usable” energy > mc2 [×2] inconsistencies with theory Accelerators Vac – RF cavity – Bend - Focus CERN accelerator chain Tradition matters For scintific knowledge From LINAC, through synchrotrons, to the LHC… ?? H 2004: The 20 member states Lucio Rossi – Padova– 15 LHC: the giant and its large «eyes» LHCb CMS ATLAS Exploration of a new energy frontier in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions ALICE LHC ring: 27 km circumference Largest magnetic system (15 GJ) Four gigantic underground caverns to host huge detectors The highest energy accelearator At a temperature colder than outer space Lucio Rossi – Padova – 16 The LHC: what it will look like The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties. Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors The highest energy of any accelerator in the world The most intense beams of colliding particles It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space Lucio Rossi – Padova – 17 Superconductivity An enabling technology • The LHC has a circumference of 26.7 km, out of which some 20 km of main superconducting magnets operating at 8.3 T. Cryogenics will consume about 40 MW electrical power from the grid. If the LHC were not superconducting: • If it used resistive magnets operating at 1.8 T (limited by iron saturation), the circumference would have to be about 100 km, and the electrical consumption 900 MW (a good-size nuclear power plant), leading to prohibitive capital and operation costs. Lucio Rossi – Padova– 18 LHC tunnel 2002 LHC tunnel 2006 Lucio Rossi – Padova– 21 Superconductor 7000 km of Cu/Nb-Ti cable Lucio Rossi – Padova– 22 LHC : la supermacchina Barrel Toroid magnet system Lucio Rossi – Padova– 24 Higgs signature at LHC (computer simulation, ca. 2006 Proton beams will cross each other 100 millions time per second ! We expect only 1 Higgs in 1,000,000,000,000 events Lucio Rossi – Padova– 25 10 september 2008:The success! 19 settember 2008: The big trouble Electrical connection in detail Articolo su November 2009 http://www.ilsussidiario.net/Lucio Rossi – Padova – 28 13 dicember 2009 : record 2 1.18 TeV 16 bunches Lucio Rossi – Padova– 29 LHC: The restart first events I quarks SONO VERAMENTE “ELEMENTARI”? An experiment similar to the one carried out by SearchRutherford based on exactly ratio 100of jet pairsyears earlier (leading dijets) Dijets R 0.7 Dijets 0.7 1.3 The observed limit is L < 4.0 TeV at the 95% CL Probing sizes < 5 10-18 cmLucio Rossi – Padova – 31 First hints of the Higgs Slide August 2011 Hints indicating a possibility December 2011: 99% probability Higgs 2 Z 4 The Higgs: the needle in a haystack Z μμ Z μμ event from 2012 data with 25 reconstructed vertices 4 July 2012 : Boson got! Brout – Englert – Higgs mechanism 2013 Nobel Prize …for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider Lucio Rossi – Padova– 37 Evolution of the excess with time Energy-scale systematics not included Lucio Rossi – Padova– 38 … but that’s only the beginning ! What’s next ? Measure the properties of the new particle with high precisionLucio Rossi – Padova– 39 29 Otrobre 2014 LRossi @ Trierste 40 New technology: we need to change with all services Effect of the crab cavity • RF crab cavity deflects head and tail in opposite direction so that collision is effectively “head on” and then luminosity is maximized • Crab cavity maximzes the lumi and can be used also for lumimosity levelling: if the lumi is too high, initially you don’t use it, so lumi is reduced by the geometrical factor. Then they are slowly turned on to compensate the proton burning 3 Crab Cavity prototypes: RF-Dipole Nb prototype 4-rod in SM18 4-rod prepared [ODU-SLAC] for RF for rinsing @ measurements CERN [Lancaster UK] Concept of RF Power system DQWR prototype (17- Jan-2013) [BNL] Lucio Rossi – Padova– 44 We need cables of 150 kA! 2100 kA Lucio Rossi – Padova– 45 A. Ballarino, 18 Nov. 2011 Roebel Cables General Cable Superconductors KIT N. Long, A. Priest et al. W. Goldacker, A. Kario, S. Schlachter, F. Grilli et al. Lucio Rossi – Padova– 46 MEM13, 12 March 2013 A. Ballarino, CERN Lucio Rossi – Padova – 47 Main dipoles: is it possible ? Looking at performance offered by practical SC, considering tunnel size and basic engineering (forces, stresses, energy) the practical limits is around 20 T. Such a Nb-Ti operating Nb3Sn cos test Nb3Sn block test challenge is dipoles; dipoles dipoles similar to a 40 T solenoid (-C) 80-100 km tunnel in Geneva area: FCC 16 T 100 TeV in 100 km even better 20 T 100 TeV in 80 km 100 km? 29 Otrobre 2014 LRossi @ Trierste 49 The web: shows that truth is valuable! 1989 WEB is born at CERN 2009 the celebration Robert Cailliau Tim Berners-Lee Lucio Rossi – Padova – 50 After the Web: GRID Ballon LHC computing GRID will be (30 Km) the future generation of Pile de CD informatic infrastructure to contenant une année de données provide a computing and du LHC! (~ 20 Km) analysis power ever attained. Concorde (15 Km) Mt. Blanc (4.8 Km) Medical application: PET Prima immagine PET CERN, circa 1975 Medical applicatioN: magnetic resonance imaging (mri) Oncologic Hadrontherapy: CNAO in Pavia (italy) Medical application: Hadroterapy for cancer treat. CentralITER: Solenoid the energy of the stars Cryostat Toroidal Field Coil Vacuum Vessel Blanket Poloidal Field Coil Port Plug Major plasma radius 6.2 m 3 Plasma Volume: 840 m Torus Cryopumps Plasma Current: 15 MA Typical Density: 1020 m-3 Divertor Typical Temperature: 20 keV Fusion Power: 500 MW Machine mass: 23350 t (cryostat + VV + magnets) - shielding, divertor and manifolds: 7945 t + 1060 port plugs - magnet systems: 10150 t;
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