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Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century

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Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century Hungary’s Long Nineteenth Century Central and Eastern Europe Regional Perspectives in Global Context Series Editors Constantin Iordachi Central European University, Budapest Maciej Janowski Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Balázs Trencsényi Central European University, Budapest VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/cee Hungary’s Long Nineteenth Century Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective Collected Studies By László Péter Edited by Miklós Lojkó LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: The cartoon on the front cover is reproduced from the Hungarian satirical weekly Borsszem Jankó 13, no. 672 (48) (November 28, 1880): p.3. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Péter, L. (László), 1929-2008. Hungary’s long nineteenth century : constitutional and democratic traditions in a European perspective : collected studies / by László Péter ; edited by Miklós Lojkó. p. cm. -- (Central and Eastern Europe : regional perspectives in global context, ISSN 1877- 8550 ; v. 1) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-22212-0 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-22421-6 (e-book) 1. Hungary-- History--19th century. 2. Hungary--Politics and government--19th century. 3. Hungary--Foreign relations--Austria. 4. Austria--Foreign relations--Hungary. I. Lojkó, Miklós. II. Title. DB933.P383 2012 943.9’042--dc23 2011049117 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-8550 ISBN 978 90 04 22212 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22421 6 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhofff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Central and Eastern Europe, Series Preface ..................................................... ix Editorial Preface .....................................................................................................xiii Preface ......................................................................................................................xxi Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 The Traditional Vocabulary ...............................................................................3 The Conversion of the Constitution ...............................................................6 Two Historians .....................................................................................................11 1 The Holy Crown of Hungary, Visible and Invisible ...................................15 The Crown of St Stephen and its Provenance .............................................18 The Cult of St Stephen’s Crown ..................................................................... 25 The Visible and the Invisible Crown Compared ....................................... 33 Rex and Corona: The Incumbent and the Institution ............................. 34 Corona Regni ......................................................................................................40 Werbőczy on the Holy Crown ........................................................................44 Reincorporation with the Crown and the Ország .....................................49 The Holy Crown Uses in Statute Laws and Government Instruments ........................................................................... 52 The Lands of the Hungarian (Holy) Crown ................................................56 The Inveterate Crown Uses .............................................................................58 The Extension of the Holy Crown Membership ........................................60 The Holy Crown, the Nation and the Constitution ..................................65 Limited versus Mixed Monarchy in the Jurists’ Works ........................... 70 The Making of the Doctrine of the Holy Crown ........................................77 Hungarian Exceptionalism .............................................................................86 The Impact of the Doctrine .............................................................................90 The Utility of the Doctrine .............................................................................. 93 Against the Current: Eckhart ..........................................................................96 Revival ...................................................................................................................101 Conclusions ........................................................................................................106 2 Ius Resistendi in Hungary ................................................................................113 Resistance as a Right .........................................................................................113 Werbőczy and the Ius Resistendi .................................................................. 119 vi contents Contractualism ..................................................................................................125 Conclusions ........................................................................................................130 3 The Irrepressible Authority of Werbőczy’s Tripartitum .........................134 Decreta Regni .....................................................................................................137 Legislation and Consuetudo ...........................................................................140 The Ascendance and the Eclipse of the Tripartitum ............................... 141 Jurists and the Two–Track View of Legal Sources ...................................145 Werbőczy Reclaimed .......................................................................................148 4 Montesquieu’s Paradox on Freedom and Hungary’s Constitutions 1790–1990 ..................................................................................153 The Paradox........................................................................................................153 Montesquieu and the Hungarian Constitution ........................................155 The ‘Kinship Theory’ ........................................................................................161 The Communists ...............................................................................................167 After Communism ............................................................................................168 5 Language, the Constitution, and the Past in Hungarian Nationalism ........................................................................................................183 Language .............................................................................................................184 The Constitution ...............................................................................................191 Epilogue ...............................................................................................................196 6 Lajos Kossuth and the Conversion of the Constitution .........................199 7 The Dualist Character of the 1867 Hungarian Settlement .....................213 The Quasi-Legal Character of Politics in the Monarchy and the Gloss on the 1867 Settlement .............................................................216 The Statutory View of Public Law ...............................................................220 The Concept of the State ................................................................................221 The Concept of Legal Sovereignty: The Doctrine of the Holy Crown ...................................................................................................223 Political Crises and the 1867 Settlement ..................................................226 The Ősi (Ancient) and the Korszerű (Modern) Constitution .............228 The Dualism of Crown and Ország ............................................................ 232 The Habsburg Empire and the Conversion of the Rights and Duties of Crown and Ország into Constitutional Laws ....................... 235 Deák’s May Programme of 1865 ..................................................................240 contents vii The ‘Outline’ of the Subcommittee of Fifteen ........................................244 Law XII of 1867 ..................................................................................................251 The Nature of the Settlement ......................................................................258 The Ausgleich with the Other Lands .........................................................264 The Monarch and the Union of the Lands .............................................. 275 8 The
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