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Morphological Evaluation of Testis Tissue of Rats in Various Time Points After Diabetes Type 1 Induction

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Morphological Evaluation of Testis Tissue of Rats in Various Time Points After Diabetes Type 1 Induction ORIGINAL ARTICLE Morphological Evaluation of Testis Tissue of Rats in Various Time Points after Diabetes Type 1 Induction Samaneh Shojaeii2,4, Ali Dehghani Firoozabadi1,2, Morteza Behnam Rasouli4, Naser Mahdavi Shahri4, Alireza Haghparast2,3* Abstract 1- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Objective: Previous studies have indicated the hyperglycemia-induce Center, ShahidSadooghi University of cell death in various tissues such as brain, kidneys, liver and especially Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 2- Immunology & Biotechnology in the testis. Recent studies have reported that diabetes can trigger male Sections, Department of Pathobiology, infertility. In this study we report the histological analysis of the testis Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi tissue after diabetes type 1 induction in wistar rats. university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 3- Institute of Biotechnology, Materials and Methods: At various time intervals after diabetes Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, type 1 induction, testicular cell was assessed in the controls and in the Iran. diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia was induced in male wistar rats by 4- Department of Biology, Faculty of intraperitoneal injection of drug streptozotocin (STZ). At different time Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. points (4, 6, 8 and 20 weeks) post diabetes type 1 induction, rats were euthanized and testicular tissues were removed for histological analysis. Their testes were fixed in formaldehyde (37%), embedded in paraffin * and then sectioned (4µm thick). They were further deparaffinized, Correspondence: Alireza Haghparast, Department of stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and DAPI, and observed under Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary light and fluorescence microscope, respectively. Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Results: Histological results showed reduced cell density in testis, Mashhad, Iran. which indicates that diabetes type 1 and hyperglycemia conditions Tel: (98) 511 880 5608 Fax: (98) 511 876 3852 impair normal cell density in testis tissue. The changes in seminiferous Email: [email protected], tubules from 4 weeks to 20 weeks were also observed. The testicular [email protected] histology of diabetic animals shows that the maximum reduction in cell density occurred after 20 weeks. Conclusion: The induced diabetic condition provides evidence that hyperglycemia plays an important role in pathogenesis of diabetes, and Received: 05 February 2014 also indicated that chronic hyperglycemia eventually leads to cell death Accepted: 11 March 2014 and male infertility. Probably, the consequent of inflammatory condition of hyperglycemia resulted in apoptotic-related gene products Published in June 2014 and testicular dysfunction which has an important implication for infertility, and offer new chances for therapeutic interventions. Keywords: Diabetes, Infertility, Streptozotocin, Testis Introduction nfertility affects 13-18% of couples, and with reproductive impairment in both men and growing evidence from clinical and women (2-4). Although the pathophysiology Iepidemiological studies suggests an of reproductive derangements in young increasing incidence of male reproductive diabetic women has been largely problems (1). Diabetes has been associated investigated(5,6), few studies have been 98 IRANIAN JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND OBESITY, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 3, AUTUMN 2013 S. Shojaeii et al. conducted in men. The defective Aldrich, Germany) at 55 mg/kg body weight, spermatogenesis may be the consequence of a dissolved in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH direct testicular effect from the diabetes (7,8). 4.5) after 12 h of food deprivation. Rats Testicular cell apoptosis is an important event injected with citrate alone without STZ served of diabetes and hyperglycemia conditions as the normal control. On day 2 after STZ (9,10). However, the mechanisms that cause induction, a blood sample was obtained from inflammation and apoptosis are beginning to the rat tail vein, and random glucose levels be emerged. Although several studies have were measured using the One-Touch Ultra 2 been reporting the role of diabetes in the blood glucose monitoring system (LifeScan, infertility (11,12) but the morphological Mountainview, CA). For the present study, changes and time course of cell death after hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose diabetes type 1 induction have not been level of 20 mM or higher. Citrate buffer- reported so far. The reduction of tissue cell treated rats were used as a normoglycemic density after diabetes induction is a major control (blood glucose <12 mM). Groups of 5 factor in infertility (13,14). Several diabetes rats were sacrificed after CO2 mechanisms are proposed for testicular anesthesia at weeks 4, 6, 8 (early phase of apoptosis and cell death in diabetes. For diabetes progression), 20 (late phase of example, hyperglycemia can induce ROS diabetes progression). Blood was collected by production that leads to cell apoptosis in cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis, and various tissues such as testis (2,15,16). These testis tissues were removed for further defects are related to early apoptosis in analysis. Five control rats in each above- diabetic patient (17). In this study, we mentioned time point were also sacrificed and evaluated the effect of chronic hyperglycemia studied. on morphological cell density of rat testes Tissue preperation and testicular histology tissue in various time intervals after diabetes analysis: induction. In specified time points (4, 6, 8 and 20 weeks) post diabetes type 1 induction and also in Materials and Methods control groups, rats were euthanized and after Animals laparatomy, testis tissues were dissected. One In this research, adult Wistar rats (6-8 weeks of testicular samples was immediately fixed old and 200–250 g weight) were mated and the for 1 day at room temperature in formaldehyde pups were grown to 6-8 weeks old. They were (10%) for histological examinations. The housed and maintained at a constant tissues were processed according to the routine temperature of 20-22º C with a relative program of a tissue processor, and paraffin humidity of 55% and standard 12:12 h light- blocks were prepared. Specimens were cut in 4 darkness cycles, and had free access to µm-thick sections by a rotary microtome, and standard rat chow ad libitum and tap water, mounted on gelatin-coated glass slides. Testis and allowed 1 wk acclimatizing to the sections (4µm) were de-paraffinized in xylene, laboratory conditions before experiments. All rehydrated in decreasing concentrations of the procedures including diabetes induction alcohol in water, and stained with and sacrifice operation were in strict hematoxyline-eosin (HE) and DAPI reagent accordance with Iranian legislation on use and (Sigma chemicals Co, St. Louis, MO) and care of laboratory animals. observed under the light and fluorescence microscopy, respectively, for evaluation of Hyperglycemic rat model: testicular cell density. The cell nuclei were Adult male rats (6-8 weeks old, weighing 200– stained with DAPI staining. 250 g) were intra-peritoneally injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; Sigma- IRANIAN JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND OBESITY, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 3, AUTUMN 2013 99 Morphological evaluation of testis tissue of rats Results induction. These changes were not present in the non-diabetic rats. H & E staining of testes Biochemical analysis of type 1 diabetes tissue sections from adult diabetic rats induction in rats. demonstrated general structure changes and Diabetes was induced in rats to evaluate gradual testicular cell density reduction at time whether high blood glucose affects point intervals (week 4, 6, 8 and 20) post morphological testis cell density. Rats with diabetes induction. Also, DAPI staining of the blood glucose of >250-300 mg/dL were same tissue sections confirmed the former data defined as diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels and exhibited that the number of nuclei in the on the day (4, 6, 8 and 20 after diabetes type 1 testes from diabetic rats reduced significantly induction) of organ removal was <110 mg/dL after week 4, 6, 8 and 20, post diabetes for healthy groups and > 250 mg/dL for induction (Figure 4). diabetic groups. STZ-treated rats showed typical features of diabetes, including significant hyperglycemia (blood Discussion glucose≥250mg/dl), insulin deficiency, and The present study was designed to analyze the slow weight increase (BW<200gr), compared effects of induced hyperglycemia (diabetes to normal controls (Figures 1,2,3). type 1) following STZ administration on morphological structure of testis tissues of Histological examination of testes obtained male wistar rats. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an from STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats: organ-specific autoimmune disease that results Histological sections of testis were taken from from T cell-mediated destruction of insulin- the rats at specific time points(4, 6, 8 and 20 producing pancreatic beta cells in genetically weeks) post diabetes type 1 induction and predisposed individuals (18). compared to the untreated control group which In order to induce hyperglycemia and diabetes revealed progressive reduction of density in type 1, we used STZ drug. The major effect of various specific times after diabetes type 1 STZ is on pancreatic Langerhans β cells. Thus, Figure 1. Blood glucose concentration in STZ-untreated control and STZ-treated diabetic groups at specific times (4, 6, 8 and 20 weeks) after diabetes type 1 induction. Comparison (Mean±SD) with the control
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