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Staying Alive” While “Living the Life”: Conceptualizations of Risk Among Homeless Youth

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Staying Alive” While “Living the Life”: Conceptualizations of Risk Among Homeless Youth Université de Montréal “Staying Alive” While “Living the Life”: Conceptualizations of Risk Among Homeless Youth by Sue-Ann MacDonald École de service social Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph.D.) en service social Juin 2010 © Sue-Ann MacDonald, 2010 Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Cette thèse intitulée: “Staying Alive” While “Living the Life”: Conceptualizations of Risk Among Homeless Youth présentée par: Sue-Ann MacDonald a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: ......................Dominique Damant..................... président-rapporteur ...........................Céline Bellot............................ directeur de recherche ...................Marie-Marthe Cousineau................ membre du jury ............................Jeff Karabanow...................... examinateur externe ......................Christopher M. Earls..................... représentant du doyen Abstract The goal of this dissertation is to understand conceptualizations of risk among homeless youth. In particular, it strived to examine an identified "at-risk" group's understanding of risk. Risk in this study encompassed all notions of risk, and was not limited to a narrow definition of perceived harm, but also embraced references of opportunities or chances taken. In this light, this study employed an ethnographic approach to better understand the worlds of homeless youth, relying on participant observation and informal interviewing methods. This ontological approach hoped to capture how youth conceptualize their personal power in estimating, managing, and avoiding or embracing risk. Coupling social constructionism with symbolic interactionism, this study explored participant's understandings of risk in the contexts in which they found and understood themselves. Participant's evolving identities greatly impacted their perceptions of risk and subsequently, their management strategies. Utilizing a longitudinal perspective (one to two years) and building relationships with participants allowed for an unfolding of their unique frames of reference and their local knowledges. One of the goals of this study was to disembody grand socio-cultural theories of risk, such as: the risk society, cultural/symbolic, and governmentality approaches, to uncover their cogency for an identified "at-risk" group. Exploring the phenomenological meanings of participant's individual experiences of risk in an identified risk-laden group revealed the heterogeneity of their experiences and understandings. Indeed, this dissertation argues that a sociology of risk has largely subsumed a sociology of victimization and deviance in regards to homeless youth. A sociology of risk has supplanted these earlier underpinnings and rests on this binary of victimization and deviancy to push for intervention and regulation (i.e. normalization) and endorses a "safety at all cost" approach, ignoring the wide array of youth's experiences. However, the insidious risk discourses that are so pervasive in the literature on homeless youth are not deconstructed for the meanings that are imbued, and are presented in a de-contextualized, rational, apolitical fashion; presented in a manner that seems indisputable, as they are nestled in expert logic. This study attempted to re-contextualize conceptualizations of risk by deconstructing such meanings and giving voice to the complexity of youth's experiences that are too frequently portrayed as homogenously victimizing or deviant. Keywords: homeless youth, street youth, risk, at-risk, victimization, deviance, identity. Résumé Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre les représentations du risque chez les jeunes de la rue. Plus précisément, elle s’intéresse à appréhender les constructions du risque que font les jeunes de la rue eux-mêmes, d’autant plus que ces jeunes sont définis comme un groupe à risque. Si le risque est plus souvent défini de manière stricte comme le mal éventuel, dans cette étude, il est défini plus largement intégrant l’idée des opportunités et prises de risque. Ancrée dans une perspective double du constructionnisme social et de l’interactionnisme symbolique, cette recherche a exploré les savoirs des jeunes sur les risques qu’ils vivaient dans les contextes observés et la manière dont ils les appréhendaient. Pour y parvenir, cette recherche s’inscrit dans une approche ethnographique pour mieux comprendre le monde des jeunes de la rue, utilisant des méthodes d'observation participante et dévoilée et des entrevues informelles variées. Cette approche globale permet de saisir comment les jeunes définissent leur capacité à estimer, gérer, éviter ou prendre des risques. L’utilisation d’une perspective longitudinale (de un à deux ans) et les relations de confiance bâties avec ces jeunes, ont permis de suivre comment la construction identitaire des jeunes observés a influencé leurs perception du risque et leurs pratiques de débrouillardise. En outre, les liens établis ont permis de révéler les points de vue singuliers des jeunes mais aussi leurs savoirs expérientiels relatifs aux risques. Il s’agit dans cette étude de montrer à partir des théories générales qui définissent nos sociétés comme des sociétés du risque, comment des individus, identifiés comme appartenant à un groupe à risque, définissent et gèrent leurs risques à partir de leur propre expérience et point de vue afin de révéler la diversité et la complexité des expériences et savoirs des jeunes de la rue à l’endroit du risque. En effet, cette thèse montre qu’un ancrage dans une sociologie du risque permet de sortir de l’image de victime ou de déviance associée généralement aux jeunes de la rue mais qu’elle demeure marquée par la promotion de la sécurité légitimant intervention et régulation de la situation des jeunes de la rue tout en ignorant l’expérience même des jeunes. Les discours sur les risques associés à la rue sont alors inscrits dans une logique d’expertise. Cette étude vise à sortir de ces préconceptions des risques pris par les jeunes de la rue pour au contraire s’attarder à comprendre comment se définit le risque à partir du sens que les jeunes accordent et les expériences qu’ils en ont. Mots clés: jeunes itinérants, jeunes de la rue, le risque, à risque, victimisation, déviance, identité. Acknowledgements Thank you to the participants that shared their stories and parts of their lives with me over the many years I have known them. I remain humbled by your honesty and courage and hope I have done justice to your viewpoints by portraying the full breadth and depth of your experiences. The second biggest thanks go to the four agencies that allowed me entry into their space and access to their clients, and who were always supportive and creative of the project and of what I was attempting to do. Indeed, without their bestowal of trust this research would not have taken flight. I also want to thank my supervisor, Céline Bellot, for her unwavering support and keen insights which at first glances always overwhelmed me and seemed impossible to incorporate, but in the end produced a richer, more profound, and complex dissertation. Thank you too to my committee and jury who provided provocative discussions and analyses but most importantly encouragement and enthusiasm for my contributions to the field, and have given me even more to ponder! Thanks too to two close friends (Erin and Kate) who have led similar paths and who always encouraged me to persevere, from proofing chapters to prepping me for the obstacles that lay ahead (defense!). I want to thank my colleagues and place of employment (Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre) for the support I have been given over the years, and for providing such a rich and complex vantage point from which to embark on this study, and a unique viewpoint from which to penetrate the salient issues. Lastly, I want to thank my parents and my partner, Alain, who have always supported me and modelled the ethics of hard work, determination, persistence and passion for justice, and for the loving encouragement during many moments of imagined abandonment. To my children (Guillaume, Isabelle, Henri, and counting) who have only known me as a struggling graduate student and have accompanied me on the journey in pregnancy and infancy, it is finally over, and in a postmodern way - only the beginning! i Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: YOUTH "AT-RISK": THE BINARY OF VICTIMS AND DEVIANTS....................................................................................................................................16 Part 1: WHO ARE THESE YOUTH?.......................................................................................19 1.1 Defining the Population...........................................................................................................20 1.2 Trends in Homeless Research..................................................................................................24 1.3 The Ottawa Context.................................................................................................................26 1.4 Structural Explanations of Youth Homelessness.....................................................................36 1.5 Individual Explanations of Youth Homelessness....................................................................44
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