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The Issue in Honor of the 90-Anniversary of Boris Litvinsky

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The Issue in Honor of the 90-Anniversary of Boris Litvinsky RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES THE LAST ENCYCLOPEDIST The Issue in Honor of the 90-Anniversary of Boris Litvinsky Moscow 2013 2 ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ ИНСТИТУТ ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЯ РАН ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИСТ к юбилею Б.А. Литвинского Москва ИВ РАН 2013 3 УДК ББК Научное издание Редакционная коллегия Колганова Г.Ю. Петрова А.А. Кулланда С.В. Последний энциклопедист: к юбилею Б.А. Литвинского. – М.: Институт востоковедения РАН, 2013. – 502 с. ISBN 978-5-89282-565-8 Сборник посвящен памяти Б.А. Литвинского, которому в 2013 году ис- полнилось бы 90 лет. Учитывая широту интересов и энциклопедичность знаний Бориса Анатольевича, публикация включает статьи, охватываю- щие широкие хронологические (от эпохи энеолита до средневековья) и географические (Центральная Азия, Ближний и Дальний Восток) рамки. В него включены новейшие археологические исследования Южно- Таджикистанской археологической экспедиции, основателем и руководи- телем которой в течение многих лет был Б.А. Литвинский. УДК ББК ISBN 978-5-89282-565-8 © Институт востоковедения РАН 4 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Чвырь Л.А. Археолого-этнографические исследования Б.А. Литвинского ................................................................................ 7 Авилова Л.И. Металлические изделия Ближнего Востока: историко-культурный контекст (энеолит – средний бронзовый век) ................................................ 30 Андросов В.П. Трудности изучения тантр наивысшей йоги на примере начальных глав «Гухьясамаджа-тантры» ................... 65 Антонова Е.В., Колганова Г.Ю. К реконструкции символики цветных минералов и цвета в культуре Древнего Востока ........................................................ 102 Богомолов Г.И., Максудов Ф.А., Бабаджанов Б.М. Бронзовое зеркало из селения Бешкуби Зааминского района .... 121 Бубнова М.А. Экспедиция Б.А Литвинского на Восточный Памир в 1958-1959 гг. ................................................................................. 136 Виноградова Н.М., Кутимов Ю.Г., Ломбардо Дж., Тойфер М. Новые исследования Южно-Таджикистанской археологической экспедиции в 2010 году (могильники эпохи бронзы Гелот и Дарнайчи) ........................... 162 Ильясов Дж.Я., Каниут К., Грубер М. Тахтисангинские пластины – шкатулка или поясной набор? .... 186 Каримова Г.Р. Зеркало в связи с погребальными обрядами в эпоху энеолита и бронзы (по материалам древних могильников Таджикистана) ................................................................................ 200 Лепехова Е.С. Восприятие и трактовка буддийского учения государственной властью в Древней Японии (на примере японских императоров VI-VIII вв.) ......................... 222 5 Люно Э., Бендезу-Сармиенто Х., Мустафакулов С. Вахшская культура на Джаркутане (Узбекистан, бронзовый век): новое освоение? ........................... 253 Мейтарчиян М.Б. Агни в Индии .................................................................................. 264 Мкртычев Т.К., Трейнер У.И. Нисийские ритоны: некоторые итоги многолетних исследований ................................................................................... 282 Немцева Н.Б. Шахи-Зинда в Самарканде – взгляд из ХХI века ........................ 305 Погребова М.Н. Кони в древней истории Кавказа .................................................. 328 Пьянков И.В. Путеводитель по Великому Шелковому пути: итинерарий Мая Тициана ............................................................... 364 Сарианиди В.И., Дубова Н.А. Мозаика III тыс.до н.э. в Гонур Депе (Туркменистан) ................ 379 Соловьев В.С. О датировке археологических материалов раннесредневекового Тохаристана ............................................... 414 Шенкарь М.А. Об иконографии xᵛarənah и его роли в идеологии древних иранцев ........................................................ 427 Яценко С.А. Юэчжи на бактрийском текстиле из Монголии .......................... 452 Frankfort H.-P. Royal wine drinking Ceremonies from Bactria and Gandhâra: About Saka/Yyezhi and Indo-Scythian representations ................... 467 Lombardo J. The Recent Finds at Gelot, Kuljab District, and their Importance for a Reconstruction of the Diffusion Pattern of the Sapalli Culture in Southern Tajikistan ................................... 481 Список сокращений ........................................................................ 500 6 Л.А. Чвырь АРХЕОЛОГО-ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Б.А. ЛИТВИНСКОГО I. Этнографические сюжеты в творчестве Б.А. Литвинского Научное наследие Б.А. Литвинского внушительно не только по объему, но и чрезвычайно многогранно, связано с решением множества проблем в истории культуры Центральной Азии. Одна- ко основой его научной идентификации, конечно, была профессия археолога, причем, археолога удачливого, открывшего и исследо- вавшего несколько крупнейших памятников Средней Азии (в юж- ном Таджикистане, на Памире и в Фергане). Б.А. никогда не огра- ничивался обычными публикациями обнаруженных материалов с первичной археологической интерпретацией, за ними всегда сле- довали дальнейшие поиски аналогий и их историко-культурный комментарий, извлечение новых, более глубоких смыслов из каж- дой найденной вещи, из всего археологического объекта в целом или из характеристики окружающей памятник этнокультурной среды. Подобные задачи, естественно, требовали привлечения данных смежных наук – востоковедения, антропологии, лингви- стики, фольклористики. В этом ряду этнографические мотивы то- же не были случайными и занимали важное место во многих его статьях и монографиях. Археолого-этнографическое изучение культуры Средней Азии – мощное направление в отечественной науке ХХ в., у исто- ков которого стоял С.П. Толстов. Долгое время оно было обще- принятым и неоспоримым приемом исторического анализа. Тем удивительнее, что сам этот подход с методической стороны так и остаётся слабо разработанным, нет четких правил и ограничений, фактически каждый автор в меру своей компетенции и сообразно цели просто ищет своим археологическим материалам либо прям подтверждения в этнографических реалиях, либо просто похожие (по его мнению) артефакты, причем, по всему миру, поскольку в глазах читателей подобранное внешнее сходство археологических и этнографических аналогов является наиболее убедительным ар- 7 гументом в пользу авторских выводов. Но к концу ХХ века среди археологов постепенно стали возникать сомнения в убедительно- сти и даже правомочности подобных сравнений. Возможно, при- чиной этому послужили наблюдения над массовым использовани- ем археолого-этнографических сопоставлений, со временем пре- вратившихся в полуавтоматическую и обязательную процедуру с заранее известными или подразумеваемыми, часто уже вторичны- ми выводами. Эта тема, несомненно, требует специального обсуж- дения, но в статье лишь предложено присмотреться, как Б.А. Лит- винский сопоставлял археологические и этнографические матери- алы, как он использовал междисциплинарный подход, сделав его опорным приемом своих изысканий. Б.А. Литвинский был, безусловно, человеком своего времени, разделяя с ним коллективные идеалы и заблуждения, предубежде- ния и стереотипы. Но некоторые своеобразные черты работы с эт- нографическим материалом всё же заметно отличают его от боль- шинства коллег. Работая с Б.А. в одном секторе ИВ РАН с 1972 г., я могла непосредственно наблюдать его особое отношение к этно- графии: он знал абсолютно всю дореволюционную и современную литературу по этнографии оседлых обитателей Средней Азии (вплоть до крошечных этнографических заметок в туркестанской местной прессе XIX в.). Но главным источником его знаний были личные знакомства со многими ведущими этнографами Москвы, Петербурга, Душанбе, Ташкента – О.А. Сухаревой, А.К. Писарчик, Н.Н. Ершовым и Б.Х. Кармышевой, а также с Н.А. Кисляковым, В.Г. Мошковой, Л.Ф. Моногаровой, М. Рахимовым, А.З. Розен- фельд и др.; его постоянным дружелюбным вниманием пользова- лись и более молодые коллеги (Н. Акрамов, Н. Бабаева, А. Мардо- нова, О. Муродов, И. Мухиддинов, И.М. Стеблин-Каменский и др.). Со своими ровесниками и старшими товарищами Б.А. не про- сто дружил, он восхищался их высоким профессионализмом и ко- нечно был в курсе новейших полевых этнографических изыска- ний, которые в 50-70-е годы были исключительно интенсивны и плодотворны. Постоянно вращаясь среди этнографов, консульти- руясь и «проговаривая» с ними особо интересующие его мельчай- шие детали традиционного быта и обрядности, Б.А. старался в каждом конкретном случае вникнуть в уникальный историко- 8 культурный контекст бытования того или иного этнографического факта (изделия, традиционного действия, этикетного обыкновения или суеверия). Подобными сведениями он владел наравне с сами- ми этнографами, что встречается чрезвычайно редко. Обычно археологи обращаются к этнографическим материа- лам, испытывая потребность в дополнительной интерпретации своих безмолвных объектов, особенно связанных с религиозными верованиями и представлениями. Но для этого необходимо свиде- тельство этнокультурной связи между древними племенами и народами и современным, «традиционно-этнографическим» насе- лением того же региона в XIX–XX вв. Сейчас это уже трюизм, установленный факт, а в 50-70-е годы в среднеазиатской археоло- гии эта задача ещё была актуальна и требовала тщательной аргу- ментации. Именно поэтому все усилия Литвинского поначалу направлены именно на двуединую задачу – толкования конкрет- ных археологических памятников и доказательства генетической этнокультурной преемственности населения Туркестана с древно- сти до наших дней (Литвинский 1972; 1972а; 1981а; 1984).
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