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Fortress Dömitz Municipality of Dömitz Www

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Fortress Dömitz Municipality of Dömitz Www -2- THE DÖMITZ FORTRESS – STRUCTURAL ELEMENT: SANDSTONE PORTAL ISSUE 2 Documentation of a Restoration andRepairProject Documentation of a Restoration Fortress STRUCTURAL ELEMENT:SANDSTONE PORTAL Dömitz STRUCTURAL ELEMENT: SANDSTONE PORTAL Map of Dömitz/Ground Plan of Dömitz Fortress Schweriner Prome-Cultural Centre nade e Straße Mühlendeich P Die dove Eld Bus station 195 Die dove Elbe Fortress Marina Slüter- platz An der Bleiche Wasserstraße Torstr. Fr.-Franz-Str. Fritz- Reute P Werderstraße Lock An der FestungAm Wall Rathaus i r- P Schusterstr. Goethe str. Straße P Stadtwall Elbstr. Wallstr. P str. Town rampart Passenger ship wharf n 195 Marie Am Wall Harbour Elbe Ground plan of fortress complex, right: 1 - Kommandantenhaus (commander’s house) 12 - “Cavalier” Bastion 2 - Remise (coach house) 13 - “Held” Bastion 3 - Zeughaus (armoury) 14 - “Drache” Bastion 4 - Freilichtbühne (open-air theatre) 15 - “Greif” Bastion 5 - Kanonenrampe (cannon ramp) 16 - “Burg” Bastion 6 - Blockhaus (block house) 17 - Curtain walls 7 - Hauptwache (main guard building) 18 - Flank of bastion 8 - Arrestantenhaus (prison building) 19 - Face of bastion 9 - Wallmeisterhaus (fortification official’s house) 20 - Fortress ditch, counterscarp 10 - Gateway to outer ward 21 - Rampart, glacis, covered way, assembly areas for defending 11 - Casemates infantry STRUCTURAL ELEMENT: SANDSTONE PORTAL Table of Contents/Ground Plan of Fortress Complex 1 Table of Contents/Ground Plan of Fortress Complex Map of Dömitz/Ground Plan of Dömitz Fortress 0 Table of Contents/Ground Plan of Fortress Complex 1 1. Preface 2 2. The Sandstone 6 3. Anchors, Mortar and Concrete 10 4. Moisture and Salt Contamination of the Sandstone 12 5. Damage on the Sandstone Portal 14 6. Project Planning for the Restoration of the Sandstone Portal 18 7. Restoration Measures 20 7.1 Cleaning 20 7.2 Reduction of the Salt Content 20 7.3 Dismantling and Re-setting of Severely Displaced Structural Elements 22 7.4 Plumbing Work 24 7.5 Moisture Barrier between Portal Sandstone Elements and Brick Wall 26 7.6 Masonry Unit Replacement and Stone Grafts 27 7.7 Strengthening Areas of Granular Disintegration 29 7.8 Backfilling of Plates/Contour Scaling and Repair of Cracks 29 7.9 Repair Work with Stone Repair Compounds 30 7.10 Retouching Repair Work 30 7.11 Joint Repair 31 8. The Sandstone Portal Following Completion of Restoration Work 32 Appendix - Bibliography/List of Parties Involved 36 Imprint 37 16 21 17 15 1 8 11 2 12 7 3 Sandstone Portal 10 4 5 9 6 18 14 17 13 20 19 2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT: SANDSTONE PORTAL 1. Preface 1. Preface Situated on the Mecklenburg banks of the Elbe River the The entrance to the Dömitz Fortress is an extravagantly Dömitz Fortress is one of the few well preserved flatland designed portal built onto the side of the “Cavalier” Bastion. fortresses from the 16th century in northern Europe. The simple fact that sandstone was used, a material which Designed in the shape of an equilateral pentagon with had to be transported several hundred kilometres along the bastions and casemates the fortress is an impressive Elbe waterways, is a good indication of the high standards example of Renaissance defence architecture. held by the builder in the design of the entrance area. Johann Albrecht I (1525-1576), duke of Mecklenburg- The portal was erected in late Dutch Renaissance style, and Güstrow, recognised the economic and strategic importance it can be assumed with relative certainty that the structure of Dömitz’s location and ordered the building of a fortress was originally part of a gatehouse. The vaulted gateway there on the remains of an earlier structure from the 13th is flanked by pilasters and crowned by a cornice whose century. This new fortress, the strongest in the land, was architrave is decorated with reliefs of lion heads and lion built at great expense between the years of 1557 and 1565 masks. The framed inscription and enabled Mecklenburg to secure its border and control “JOHANNES ALBERTUS DUX MEGAPOL SIBI-SVISQVE the collection of customs duties for the Elbe River. COMMUNIVIT ANNO M D LXV» (Erected by Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg for him and Duke Johann Albrecht I maintained relationships with his in 1565) many European courts and engaged the services of can be seen in the centre of the architrave. artists of all genres from the leading cultural centres of Portrait medallions, one with a woman’s face and one with the period. Other significant buildings attributed to this a man’s, are built into the spandrels on either side of the dynamic territorial lord are the old Schwerin Castle and the vaulted arch. well-preserved Castle of Gadebusch. For the construction The cornice is surmounted by a pediment with a tympanum; of the Dömitz Fortress he hired the Brescian castle builder the plates beneath the tympanum are flanked by volutes Francesco a Bornau, who was a prominent expert on and pilasters and decorated with two coats of arms: the defence architecture and had constructed the bastions for Mecklenburg coat of arms for Duke Johann Albrecht I on the Schwerin Castle. the left and the Brandenburg coat of arms for his wife, Anna Sophia, on the right. Over the past centuries all of the structures built by Francesco a Bornau inside the fortress, except for the The soldier’s head which rests atop the tympanum was Kommandantenhaus (commander’s house), have been created in 1986 by the sculptor G. Hampel from artificial replaced by new structures. However, the fortress complex stone. The original head was lost in World War II. as a whole has been preserved in its original form to the present day. A side entrance for pedestrian traffic only was built beside the gateway. The design of the jambs and the vaulted As defensive structures fortresses are designed for arch corresponds to that of the gateway. The doorway is fortification, both in their ground-plan and elevation. surmounted by a triangular pediment whose left lower The architecture must ensure effective lines of fire for the corner is cut off by the pilaster between the gateway and defensive firearms and the absence blind spots. the side entrance. This apparent design inconsistency leads With their bastions and ramparts fortress structures have one to speculate whether design changes may have taken rather austere and forbidding functional architectures place in connection with restoration work or whether the with military character. The only area which was generally portal may have been planned for a different site and designed with special lavishness and significance was the reused at this location. fortress entrance. This phenomenon can also be observed in Dömitz. The sandstone portal has undergone restoration on two previous occasions. This fact is apparent in the differing building materials and workmanship. A sandstone-framed 3 plaque in the curtain wall beside the fortress entrance states that the fortress underwent restoration between 1851 and 1865. Further restoration work was performed in the 1930s. Below: Fig. 1 - Depiction of the fortress complex at the end of Fig. 3 - Photograph showing the “Cavalier” Bastion with the 17th century by A. F. Lorenz/Collection of Museum the fortress entrance (outer gate) and the sandstone Festung Dömitz from: Jürgen Scharnweber, Festung portal Dömitz, 1995, p. 39 Fig. 4 - Photograph showing the sandstone portal of the Fig. 2 - Photograph taken of the portal around 1920, Dömitz Fortress Postcard/from the Collection of the Museum Festung Fig. 5 - View from the entrance casemate through the Dömitz portal 1 2 3 4 5 4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT: SANDSTONE PORTAL 1. Preface The restoration of the Dömitz Fortress, which began in content in the sandstone elements and the adjacent walls; 2001, also involved the restoration of the sandstone portal. these factors are recognised as major causes of weathering This work was performed in the context of the EU project damage in the sandstone elements of the structure. Interreg III B “BalticFortRoute” in scientific cooperation with EU partners in Poland, Lithuania and Germany. The restoration technologies developed from the findings Extensive preliminary site investigations were performed in of the investigations were then tested on a sample axis on 2005 in preparation for the restoration. the portal. Restoration work on the portal was completed As a basis for the structural condition assessment a site in the spring of 2007. measurement of the portal was performed manually, taking all deformation into account. The structural condition and discernible damages were documented photographically and diagrammed in the planning documents. A plan for investigating the building stock and analysing structural materials on the sandstone portal of the Dömitz Fortress was developed on the basis of visual appraisals after thorough inspection of the structure. Special attention was given to indications of high moisture and salt Below - Top section of the portal 5 Left and below: Fig. 1 - Inscription on the architrave Figs. 2/3 - Mecklenburg coat of arms for Duke Johann Albrecht I and Brandenburg coat of arms for his wife, Anna Sophia Figs. 4-6 - Details on the portal, portrait reliefs and lion head on the archway 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT: SANDSTONE PORTAL 2. The Sandstone 2. The Sandstone Upon thorough inspection of the object it becomes The differentiation between Posta and Cotta sandstones is apparent that various types of sandstone were used for an established system of classification for rock taken from the portal, or added during later restoration work. The the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. These sandstone varieties sandstone types vary in structure, texture, grain size have been named for the places where their prototypes and colour, as well as in fossil content and weathering were quarried, or are still quarried to this day: Posta, now behaviour. a district of the city of Pirna, and Cotta, a village west of Pirna.
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