Life after Glyphosate – Alternatives for Weed Management in Vineyards John Roncoroni UCCE Weed Science Farm Advisor, Napa Essentials of Good IPM Program for Essentials of Good IPM Program for Weeds

•Know the ecology and dynamics of your crop. Northern California Weed Control Calendar • September Contact herbicides Harvest Horseweed • October Ryegrass Filaree

• November Dependable (?) Malva glyphosate Frost-leaf drop Precipitation Preemergence Fluvellin • December for incorporation Herbicides • January

• February “Summer” • March Bud annuals

Break Contact herbicides Drip irrigationDrip

• April glyphosate

• May Horseweed Summer grasses* • June Fluvellin • July Verasion • August Essentials of Good IPM Program for Weeds

•Know the ecology and dynamics of your crop. •Know your weeds: Identification and biology. Malva

C155-15

C155-11

Essentials of Good IPM Program for Weeds

•Know the ecology and dynamics of your crop. •Know your weeds: Identification and biology. •Have a monitoring program- and use it! Ryegrass • Species Lolium perenne L. – perennial ryegrass • Subspecies - multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot – Italian ryegrass • Subspecies - perenne – perennial ryegrass • Species Lolium rigidum Gaudin – Wimmera ryegrass

Confirmed Herbicide Resistance in Italian Ryegrass in Northern California

•Glyphosate (Roundup and others) (Lanini) •Glufosinate(Rely, Lifeline and others) (Jasieniuk) •Fluazifop( Fusilade) (Hanson, Brunharo) •Paraquat (Gramoxone) (Hanson, Brunharo) •Sethoxydim (Poast) (Hanson,Brunharo) (reduced effectiveness) Sharp-point Fluvellin (Kickxia elatine(L.)Dumort)

• Reproduces by seeds • Most seeds germinate in spring or summer

• Will germinate thru fall if moisture is present. C236-02 • Seeds can last up to 20 years!

C236-01 C236-04

Transects 126 ft. long/ 252 points Transects 126 ft. long/ 252 points Transects 126 ft. long/ 252 points Essentials of Good IPM Program for Weeds

•Know the ecology and dynamics of your crop. •Know your weeds: Identification and biology. •Have a monitoring program- and use it! •Consider all management techniques and determine which is best for you Mechanical and Cultural Control Undervine Covercrop Undervine Covercrop Undervine Covercrop

Row # willowherb fluvellin bindweed oxtounge sow/prec let bur clover

7 40.1% 21.8% * 0.8% 2.0% 1.6% 0.0% *73% in first 1/3 of plot

Glyphosate Only 16 36.1% 15.5%* 1.2% 2.8% 1.2% 0.0% *99% in first 1/3 of plot 22 33.3% 3.6% 8.7% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 37 30.2% 1.6% 1.6% 29.8% 11.5% 0.0%

4 1.2% 0.4% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Glyphosate + 19 1.2% 0.0% 9.1% * 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% *50% in first 1/6 of plot Pre-emergence 28 9.5% * 0.0% 5.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% *75% in first 1/3 of plot

34 0.0% 0.0% 6.3% * 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% *70% in first 1/3 of plot dry grass 10 3.2% 0.0% 4.4% 2.4% 0.0% 4.4% 92.9% 13 1.2% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% 5.6% 87.3% Cultivation 25 1.6% 0.0% 5.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 85.7% 31 0.0% 0.0% 4.0% 2.8% 0.0% 2.0% 96.4%

Transects 126 ft. long/ 252 points Undervine Covercrop

Row # willowherb fluvellin bindweed oxtounge sow/prec let bur clover dry grass 10 3.2% 0.0% 4.4% 2.4% 0.0% 4.4% 92.9%

13 1.2% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% 5.6% 87.3%

25 1.6% 0.0% 5.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 85.7%

31 0.0% 0.0% 4.0% 2.8% 0.0% 2.0% 96.4%

Transects 126 ft. long/ 252 points Undervine Covercrop Undervine Covercrop

Could increase vertebrate pest pressure Mechanical cultivation Mechanical cultivation

C212-05

C212-09 Mechanical cultivation Mechanical cultivation Hand Hoeing Mulching Mulching Disadvantages Flaming Flaming Disadvantages Organic Herbicides

Weed Slayer consists of two separate products (Parts A & B) that you mix together to make one exceedingly effect weed killer. Part A is the Weed Slayer, a broad spectrum herbicide crafted from Eugenol (an essential oil from cloves) and molasses. Part B is Agro Gold, a biological adjuvant containing Streptomyces and Bacillus microbes. The Eugenol and molasses in Part A will make its way down to and kill the roots and/or root ball of the undesired plant. The soil enhancing bacteria in Part B clears the way for and drives the Eugenol down into the roots. This action allows Weed Slayer to kill the whole plant quickly, including the root system, making it more effective than "burndown herbicides" for ongoing weed control. Animals Sheep

TREATMENT FALL LATE WINTER/SPRING EARLY SUMMER 1 WHITE Total cultivation Cultivate Cultivate Cultivate Post herbicide BLUE/WHITE Cultivate +post herbicide Cultivate Glyphosate 2 (Glyphosate) 3 ORANGE/WHITE Cultivate + organic herbicide Cultivate Suppress 7% 17-cultivate; 18-mow; 19-suppress 4 BLACK Conventional Post then Pre +Post Glyphosate Glyphosate + Flumioxazin ------

5 BLUE No-Till Post herbicide (glyphosate) Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate

6 PINK No-Till Post herbicide (glufosinate) Glufosinate Glufosinate Glufosinate Undervine Mow ORANGE Organic-No-Till Suppress 7% Suppress 7% 7 (weed eater) 1st cultivation November 10, 2016 2nd cultivation March 15,2017 3rd cultivation May31,2017 2016-2017 1st Herbicide application Dec 20, 2016 2nd Herbicide application Mar 9, 2017 3rd Herbicide app June 9, 2017 Weed Eater (Mow) June 9, 2017 1st cultivation October 31 2017 2nd cultivation March 20, 2018 No cultivation, mow only #1,3,7 (6/1/18) No glyphosate-glufosinate only #2,5,6 2017-2018 1st Herbicide application Dec 13 2017 2nd Herbicide application Mar 5, 2018 due to vine growth (6/6/18)

1st cultivation December 6, 2018 2nd cultivation March 19, 2019 3rd cultivation June June 3, 2019 2018-2019 1st Herbicide application Dec 12, 2018 2nd Herbicide appl March 4, 2019 3rd Herbicide app May 29, 2019 Weed Eater (Mow) May 28, 2019 Trt 1 Total cultivation Trt 2 Cultivate +glyphosate Trt 3 Cultivate + Suppress Trt 4 Conventional Post then Pre +Post all 3 years Trt 4 Conventional Post then Pre +Post-2 year only Trt 5 No-Till Post herbicide (glyphosate) 3x Trt 6 No-Till Post herbicide (glufosinate) 3x Trt 7 Organic-No-Till(Suppress 2x + mowing) Amount in 2 Gallons of Water • Suppress 7% v/v 529 mls (18 oz) • Roundup WeatherMax 32oz/ac 47 mls (1.6 oz) • Rely 48 oz/ac 71 mls (2.4 oz) • Tuscany (flumioxazin) 12 oz/ac 18 mls (0.6 oz)

• Single nozzle- AIXR 8004; XRS 8004; XRS 8003 • Applications made at 40 GPA TREATMENT No Fluvellin Plantain Brome Bindweed Bermuda OTHER Weeds*

1 WHITE Total cultivation 34.50 6.75 14.75 3.50 4.00 0.00 41.75

2 BLUE/WHITE Cultivate +post herbicide 74.00 1.25 0.75 0.25 0.00 1.25 27.50

3 ORANGE/WHITE Cultivate + organic herbicide 14.50 11.25 22.75 1.00 0.25 0.00 53.75

4 BLACK Conventional Post then Pre +Post 11.25 0.00 0.00 14.00 6.50 2.25 67.50

5 BLUE No-Till Post herbicide (glyphosate) 63.75 12.50 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.25 24.00

6 PINK No-Till Post herbicide (glufosinate) 62.00 1.25 1.50 2.75 0.25 0.50 33.50

7 ORANGE Organic-No-Till 7.25 9.75 24.25 4.00 13.75 0.00 43.50

Ratings made 6/28/18 using 100 ft. transect at ft. mark. * No Weeds = bare soil or no living weeds ( dead grass) Herbicides Registered for Use on Bearing Grapes

Surflan Casoron Glyphosate 2,4-D Chateau Karmex Gramoxone Poast Princep Devrinol Rely Venue Goal Trellis Goal Solicam Shark Kerb Prowl Fusilade Alion Matrix Mission Herbicides Registered for Use on Bearing Grapes

Surflan Casoron Glyphosate 2,4-D Chateau Karmex Gramoxone Poast Princep Devrinol Rely Venue Goal Trellis Goal Solicam Shark Kerb Prowl Fusilade Alion Matrix Mission Herbicides Registered for Use on Bearing Grapes

Surflan* Casoron1 Glyphosate 2,4-D* Chateau Karmex* Gramoxone* Poast Princep* Devrinol1 Rely# Venue Goal Trellis Goal Solicam* Shark Kerb* Prowl Fusilade* Alion Matrix Mission Herbicides Registered for Use on Bearing Grapes

Chateau Poast Venue Goal Trellis Goal Shark Prowl Alion Matrix Mission Herbicides Registered for Use on Bearing Grapes

Chateau Trellis Goal Poast Goal Prowl Shark Venue Alion Matrix Mission

Prop 65 STATE OF CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT SAFE DRINKING WATER AND TOXIC ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1986 CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY July 7, 2017

The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 requires that the Governor revise and republish at least once per year the list of chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. The identification number indicated in the following list is the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number. No CAS number is given when several substances are presented as a single listing. The date refers to the initial appearance of the chemical on the list. For easy reference, chemicals which are shown underlined are newly added. Chemicals or endpoints shown in strikeout were placed on the Proposition 65 list on the date noted, and have subsequently been removed. CHEMICAL TYPE OF CAS No. Date Listed TOXICITY Wood dust cancer December 18, 2009 Bracken fern cancer January 1, 1990 Diesel engine exhaust cancer October 1, 1990 Alcohol beverages cancer July 1, 1988 (when associated with alcohol abuse) Leather dust cancer April 29, 2011 Orange oil SS cancer 2646-17-5 April 1, 1988 Glyphosate cancer 1071-83-6 July 7, 2017 Salted fish, Chinese-style cancer April 29, 2011

October 1, 1989 Saccharin cancer 81-07-2 Delisted April 6, 2001 If you want to continue to use glyphosate- minimize the chance for wine contamination How? No glyphosate after budbreak.

Northern California Weed Control Calendar • September Contact herbicides Harvest Horseweed • October Ryegrass Filaree

• November Dependable (?) Malva glyphosate Frost-leaf drop Precipitation Preemergence Fluvellin • December for incorporation Herbicides • January

• February “Summer” • March Bud annuals

Break Contact herbicides Drip irrigationDrip

• April glyphosate

• May Horseweed Summer grasses* • June Fluvellin • July Verasion • August If you want to continue to use glyphosate- minimize the chance for wine contamination How? No glyphosate after budbreak. If you need to apply- use drift reducing measures

Off-Center, OC nozzle All rights held by ADAPTIV. No unauthorized use or reproduction of materials without the consent of ADAPTIV.

Why would you need to apply after bud break? Field Bindweed • Convulvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) • Perennial with vinelike stem • Spreads by seed, rhizome and creeping roots. • Roots can penetrate soil to 10 feet or more. • Seeds can remain dormant for 15-20 years- or more • Maximum translocation of carbohydrates from shoots to roots occurs from the bud to full flower stage

“The Tip of the Iceberg” Timing

C104-02 Flowering (most Preflowering plants) Seeding (some plants) (few plants) Glyphosate Translocation

Photosynthates (sugars)

C104-02 Field Bindweed Control relative to Plant Stress

Stressed Not Stressed

80 70 60 50 40 30 20

10 Field Bindweed Control (%) Control Bindweed Field 0 Roundup 2,4-D Banvel

Control 1yr after application Bayer 1987 Field Bindweed control relative to spray volume

100 90 80 70 60 50

Control 40

% 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 60 Spray Volume (gal/ac) Roundup applied @ 3.00 lbs/ac Sandberg et al. 1978 Better yet, apply before planting BERMUDAGRASS

Glyphosate Translocation

Photosynthates (sugars) But, with Bermudagrass there are other options that may be more effective- Poast Fusilade Clethodim - Nonbearing ‘Grass’ HerbicideTranslocation

Photosynthates (sugars) & water

Questions? [email protected]