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Pituitary Adenomapresenting As the Foster-Kennedy Syndrome

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Pituitary Adenomapresenting As the Foster-Kennedy Syndrome BritishJournal ofOphthalmology, 1992, 76, 117-119 117 Pituitary adenoma presenting as the Foster-Kennedy Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.76.2.117 on 1 February 1992. Downloaded from syndrome Simon Ruben, John Elston, Richard Hayward Abstract had noted the presence of a right convergent A 27-year-old man presented to the casualty squint. department with visual failure. Clinically he On examination he was generally well, demonstrated the Foster-Kennedy syndrome. apyrexial, alert, and orientated. Visual acuities Computed tomography revealed a large space- were no perception of light on the right, hand occupying lesion which was subsequently movements on the left. There was a right relative shown to be a pituitary adenoma. The litera- afferent pupillary defect and fundal examination ture is reviewed and possible mechanisms of revealed optic atrophy on the right and marked the Foster-Kennedy syndrome are discussed. papilloedema on the left (Fig 1). There was venous congestion and absent venous pulsation in both eyes. In addition he had limitation of The Foster-Kennedy syndrome although not a lateral rectus function bilaterally, more pro- common phenomenon has been described in nounced on the right, and limitation of upward association with a wide variety of intracranial gaze. There were no other focal or generalised pathologies. We present here the first case of the neurological signs. He was therefore diagnosed Foster-Kennedy syndrome secondary to a as having the Foster-Kennedy syndrome. The Western Ophthalmic pituitary adenoma. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain Hospital, Marylebone showed a large lobulated mass arising in the Road, London midline from near the sella turcica and extending S Ruben Case report behind the dorsum sellae the anterior J Elston into part of A 27-year-old man presented to the casualty the posterior cranial fossa indenting the upper The National Hospital for department of an ophthalmic hospital complain- pons and filling the interpeduncular cysterns. It Neurology and ing of visual failure. The vision in his right eye also extended upwards into the right frontal lobe Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London had been declining slowly over the preceding 4 distorting the ventricular cystern and obliterat- R Hayward years but over the week prior to presentation it ing the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Correspondence to: had fallen precipitously resulting in complete There were also some areas of cystic cavitation Simon Ruben, FRCS, blindness in this eye. The vision in the left eye (Fig 2). FCOphth, The Western http://bjo.bmj.com/ Ophthalmic Hospital, had also deteriorated over the preceding week The patient was transferred to the National Marylebone Road, London NW1 5YE. together with the onset of frontal headaches Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery where Accepted for publication associated with nausea and vomiting. There were a large right frontal tumour was excised via a 26 July 1991 no other symptoms but his general practitioner frontal craniotomy. Frozen section suggested a pituitary adenoma and formal histology confirmed this and showed positive staining for prolactin. Serum prolactin was measured at 39 000 megaunits/l (normal up to 480 on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. megaunits/l). He was subsequently started on bromocriptine and by 3 weeks postoperatively the prolactin level had fallen to 600 megaunits/l. At 4 weeks post operation the right visual acuity remained no perception of light but the left had recovered to 6/6 unaided albeit with only a 50 central field. The lateral rectus palsies had greatly improved. Fundal examination now revealed bilateral optic atrophy. Discussion The syndrome described by Foster-Kennedy irn 1911,' characterised by 'the occurrence of true retrobulbar neuritis with the formation of a central scotoma and primary optic atrophy on the side of the lesion together with concomitant papilloedema in the opposite eye', had been reported previously by Gowers2 and Paton.3 It has since been associated with a diverse selection of pathologies including frontobasal tumour,' abscess of the frontal lobe,' meningioma of the Fig IA olfactory groove,'28-11 falx'2 or sphenoidal 13-15 Figure I Optic discs at presentation showing (A) right optic atrophy and (B) left wing,' craniopharyngioma,'6 plasma- papilloedema. cytoma,'7 nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, 118 Ruben, Elston, Hayward meningiomas arising from the tuberculum sellae Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.76.2.117 on 1 February 1992. Downloaded from have been described.23 The mechanism by which the association of optic atrophy and contralateral papilloedema occurs has recently been examined and can not be attributed to a single explana- tion.'8 The hypotheses include (1) optic nerve compression together with raised intracranial pressure, (2) bilateral optic nerve compression, and (3) chronically raised intracranial pressure without direct optic nerve compression. In this case it is difficult to exclude compression of both optic nerves from the size of the tumour. How- ever the bulk ofthe tumour was on the side ofthe optic atrophy and there was evidence of raised intracranial pressure both clinically and on CT scan. Thus a combination of 1 and 2 seems likely and is consistent with a diagnosis of true Foster- Kennedy syndrome.'224 Since it has now been established that the signs first described by Foster Kennedy cannot be used as 'an exact diagnostic sign' it has been suggested that this combination of clinical findings be termed the Foster-Kennedy sign. Sanders, in his study of Fig IB six patients, concluded that fluorocein angio- graphy should be performed on such cases in neuroblastoma,'9 aneurysms,20 and other diverse order to exclude local disorders at the optic intracranial lesions.2' We believe this to be the disc.25 However modern imaging techniques give first reported case of the Foster-Kennedy syn- a far more accurate analysis of the underlying drome occurring in conjunction with a pituitary pathology and are probably the investigations of adenoma. choice in the Foster-Kennedy syndrome. The Foster-Kennedy syndrome is not a This case is of interest not only in its associa- common entity. Tonnis found only 28 cases in a tion with the Foster-Kennedy syndrome but also series of 3033 intracranial tumours,22 Von in light of the declining rate of visual loss as the Wowern four out of686 frontal tumours,' Huber presenting symptom in pituitary adenomas.2627 one of 46,6 and Cushing seven of 29 olfactory Although pituitary tumours are common, repre- groove meningiomas.7 This represents an overall senting about 12% of intracranial tumours,26 the incidence of less than 1%. Only 37 cases of the Foster-Kennedy syndrome has not previously Foster-Kennedy syndrome have been com- been described as an association. In older series http://bjo.bmj.com/ pletely documented between the years 1909-89 loss of visual field was considered an early all but one with evidence of an intracranial diagnostic sign in cases of pituitary tumours,28 mass.'8 Anosmia is often included in the syn- but more recent studies suggest that the drome but its presence has not been universally incidence of visual abnormalities as a presenting reported." In none of these cases was the mass feature is on the decline because of earlier shown to be a pituitary adenoma although diagnosis.2629 Hollenhorst reported a series of on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Figure 2 CTscan at presentation showing extent oftumour. Fig2A Fig2B Pituitary adenomapresentingas theFoster-Kennedy syndrome 119 1000 patients ofwhom 70% had visual loss, 34% 13 Alpers BJ, GroffRA. Parasellar tumours. Arch Neurol Psychiat Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.76.2.117 on 1 February 1992. Downloaded from 1934; 31: 713. optic atrophy, and 6% extraocular muscle 14 Moss JP, et al. The Foster Kennedy sign. A case with abnormalities." However in Anderson's review papilloedema contralateral to a shenoid wing meningioma but without apparent optic atrophy. Dis Nerv Syst 1977; 38: of 200 patients26 only 9% had visual field defects, 62-3. 2% optic atrophy, and 1% extraocular muscle 15 Bynke H. The syndrome of Foster Kennedy. Acta Ophthalmol (Kbh) 1958; 36: 129-40. palsy. It is also of interest that the incidence of 16 Barre JA, Kabaker J, Bruckmann. Craniopharyngiome visual symptoms in prolactinomas was even (surtout gauche) avec enorme prolongement transfrontal (droit). Syndrome de Foster Kennedy. Troubles pyra- lower, the non-secreting chromophobe adeno- midaux uniquement deficitaires (presentation de la piece et mas having the highest incidence of visual de radiographies). Rev Neurol 1938; 69: 511-7. 17 Coppeto JR, Monteiro ML, Collias J, et aL. Foster Kennedy symptoms at presentation.2628 syndrome caused by a solitary intracranial plasmacytoma. Although the incidence of patients with SurgNeurol 1983; 19: 267-72. 18 Watnich RL, Trobe JD. Bilateral optic nerve compression as a pituitary tumours presenting with visual symp- mechanism for the Foster Kennedy syndrome. Ophthal- toms is on the decline, ophthalmologists should mology 1989; 96: 1793-8. 19 Rakes SM, Yeatts RP, Campbell RJ. Ophthalmic manifesta- still be wary of patients with such complaints tions of esthesioneuroblastoma. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: especially when accompanied by other symp- 1749-53. 20 Kennedy F. A further note on the diagnostic value of toms such as headache. retrobulbar neuritis in expanding lesions of the frontal lobes: with a report of this syndrome in a case of aneurysm 1 Kennedy F. Retrobulbar neuritis as an exact diagnostic sign of of the right internal carotid artery. JAMA 1916; 67: certain tumours and abscesses in the frontal lobe. AmJ7 Med 1361-3. Sci 1911; 142: 355-68. 21 Duke-Elder S. System of ophthalmology. Vol XII: Neuro- 2 Gowers WR. A lecture on a case of unilateral optic neuritis ophthalmology. London: Henry Kimpton, 1971: 294-5. from intracranial tumour. Lancet 1909; ii: 65-8.
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