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Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-Speaking Countries (Turkpa): Beyond Parliamentary Diplomacy Ercan DURDULAR* Abstract Key Words

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Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-Speaking Countries (Turkpa): Beyond Parliamentary Diplomacy Ercan DURDULAR* Abstract Key Words Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-Speaking Countries (TurkPA): Beyond Parliamentary Diplomacy Ercan DURDULAR* Abstract Key Words TurkPA, as an example of an international TurkPA, Inter-Parliamentary Institutions parliamentary institution (IPI), constitutes (IPIs), Parliamentary Diplomacy, Regional a forum for parliamentary diplomacy and Parliaments, Role of Parliaments in IR. serves as the parliamentary dimension of the cooperation and integration of Turkic countries in Eurasia. IPIs provide new channels for the exchange of views and sharing of experiences, namely through parliamentary diplomacy. Introduction The common goal of those institutions and This paper analyses the nature and parliamentary diplomacy is to use debate, role of the Parliamentary Assembly of dialogue and personal contacts to enable parliamentarians in different countries to Turkic-Speaking Countries (TurkPA) better understand each other, help one another, as an international parliamentary and therefore provide an alternative channel institution, elaborating on its different to facilitate intraregional communication. This functions and structural properties is why these institutions also carry a symbolic importance. After the dissolution of the that make it a tool for parliamentary Soviet Union, the Turkic states in the region diplomacy. To this end, this section showed their dedication to acting together details the definition and characteristics in a coordinated way by establishing the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking of IPIs in a theoretical sense. This is States (TurkPA). Today, TurkPA provides followed by an in-depth analysis of the oversight to regional problems, harmonises history, establishment, structure and laws and policies towards regional integration, activities of TurkPA, to demonstrate its and makes recommendations for legislation, democratic institutions, election observation characteristics as an IPI. Lastly, other missions, and good governance, among other IPIs have been comparatively analysed functions. for discussion based on similarities and * PhD Candidate, Middle East Technical differences. University, Department of International Relations; Ankara, Turkey;Chief Advisor to the In their 25 years of independence, the Speaker of Turkish Grand National Assembly. Turkic Republics of Central Asia have E-mail: [email protected] had many successes, each of which 115 PERCEPTIONS, Spring 2017, Volume XXII, Number 1, pp. 115-142. Ercan Durdular has been very important and valuable As a parliamentary body, it is expected in their respective fields. One of the to provide legislative support to the most important of these achievements activities and undertakings initiated was undoubtedly the establishment of within the framework of wider Turkic the international Turkic organizations cooperation. However, in addition to based on their commonalities in history, this main role, it has much more to culture and language. offer as a subject and instrument of parliamentary diplomacy. TurkPA, as an example of an In order to understand this role, it is international parliamentary necessary to take a closer look at the institution (IPI), constitutes concept of parliamentary diplomacy. a forum for parliamentary Parliamentary diplomacy is a relatively diplomacy and serves as the new phenomenon and it is the product of the current networked context parliamentary dimension of the of the global society. Parliamentary cooperation and integration of delegations around the world have Turkic countries in Eurasia. begun to play an important and increasing role in bilateral parliamentary relations with their counterparts or Serving as the cultural, parliamentary, within the parliamentary assemblies academic and commercial dimensions of international organizations. The of a whole with different but increased activities of parliamentarians complementary parts, TURKSOY, on behalf of their parliaments in TurkPA, the Turkic Academy, the Turkic international fora have been labelled as Culture and Heritage Foundation, “parliamentary diplomacy”. It is a kind the Business Council, and the Turkic of soft power, representing a medium Council as a roof organization, have level positioned between interstate all become exemplary models in their diplomacy in its traditional form respective fields, both in regional and and the more current understanding global sense. of transnational cooperation. TurkPA has taken its place in the Parliamentary diplomacy aims to international arena as a successful intensify mutual understanding international parliamentary institution between countries, ensure better in the field of parliamentary diplomacy. representation of citizens in the It has become the parliamentary international sphere, and improve inter- dimension of the cooperation and governmental institutions’ democratic integration among Turkic countries. legitimacy. 116 Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-Speaking Countries (TurkPA) as both the result and the cause of 4 Parliamentary diplomacy democratization: “Parliamentarians aims to intensify mutual from developing democracies, can gain understanding between experience from their counterparts countries, ensure better from well-established democracies. For example, […including parliamentarians representation of citizens in or officials from parliamentary the international sphere, and secretariats in electoral monitoring improve inter-governmental missions is (another) advantage…] institutions’ democratic of parliamentary relations”.5 In legitimacy. this way parliamentarians gain more experience, while they also Furthermore, parliamentary diplomacy demonstrate how parliamentarians also aims at promoting democracy can play non-traditional democratic and transparency, as well as lending accountability roles. “Parliamentarians support for further inter-parliamentary from established democracies can cooperation.1 Thus, governments share ‘best practice’ experience with are no longer seen as the only actors their counterparts from developing in the international arena. Cutler democracies.”6 defines parliamentary diplomacy as representing “a significant middle Stavridis, one of the pioneering way between the traditional means scholars on parliamentary international relations or parliamentary diplomacy, of diplomacy and new means of transnational cooperation.”2 highlights the importance and meaning Meanwhile, Fiott describes the role of the phenomenon of parliamentary of parliamentary diplomacy and diplomacy, suggesting that “all activities international parliamentary institutions and actions that parliamentary like TurkPA, attaching importance bodies and their members take in to them expressing that they are international relations, can be labelled “critical for the conflict prevention and as parliamentary diplomacy”: provision of mediation and means to “MPs’ missions abroad and establish long-term political dialogue participation in transnational on the base of trust and mutual 3 parliamentary bodies; Visits by understanding. other MPs and parliamentary For people like Malabud and Stavridis, delegations to parliaments and the parliamentarization of international other institutions (national relations is a further step, perceived or transnational); written 117 Ercan Durdular and oral questions, reports National Assembly of Turkey, to and other studies on foreign Kazakhstan on March 29, 2001, on affairs that take place within a the recommendation of Kazakhstan parliamentary body; the activities President Nursultan Nazarbayev. of transnational parliamentary bodies; parliamentary One month later, President Nazarbayev participation in the monitoring expressed the proposal for the of elections in third countries.”7 establishment of a parliamentary assembly among Turkish speaking Thus, TurkPA, like any other countries, in İstanbul during the international parliamentary institution, Summit of the Heads of States is a manifestation of parliamentary of Turkish Speaking Countries. diplomacy. It is an independent Nazarbayev reiterated the same international institution and product 8 proposal on 17 November 2006 in of transgovernmentalism, aiming Antalya, during the 8th Summit of the at greater Turkic cooperation and Heads of States of Turkic Speaking consultation as based on commonalities and experience sharing. In the following Countries. After Nazarbayev’s sections, detailed information and initiation and insistence on the idea of analysis on different aspects of TurkPA establishing a “Parliamentary Assembly are provided to better illustrate how of Turkish Speaking Countries”, the it acts as an IPI and embodies the Speaker of the Turkish Parliament principles of parliamentary diplomacy. invited delegations from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan TurkPA: Historical and Turkmenistan to Turkey for a Background preparatory meeting. The first working group meeting for TurkPA is the product of a lengthy the establishment of the Parliamentary process of intergovernmental Assembly of Turkish Speaking deliberations which began with the new Countries was held on 21-22 February millennium. The idea of establishing a 2008 in Antalya with the participation Parliamentary Assembly of Turkish of parliamentary delegations from Speaking Countries was put forward Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan for the first time by the Speaker of the and Turkey. A draft Letter of Intent Kazakhstan Parliament, Mr. Jarmahan with a draft text of the Agreement was Tuyakbay, during the visit of Ömer signed by the Deputy Speakers of İzgi, Former President of
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