Tissue Nematode: Trichenella Spiralis
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Lecture 5: Emerging Parasitic Helminths Part 2: Tissue Nematodes
Readings-Nematodes • Ch. 11 (pp. 290, 291-93, 295 [box 11.1], 304 [box 11.2]) • Lecture 5: Emerging Parasitic Ch.14 (p. 375, 367 [table 14.1]) Helminths part 2: Tissue Nematodes Matt Tucker, M.S., MSPH [email protected] HSC4933 Emerging Infectious Diseases HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 Monsters Inside Me Learning Objectives • Toxocariasis, larva migrans (Toxocara canis, dog hookworm): • Understand how visceral larval migrans, cutaneous larval migrans, and ocular larval migrans can occur Background: • Know basic attributes of tissue nematodes and be able to distinguish http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters-inside- these nematodes from each other and also from other types of me/toxocariasis-toxocara-roundworm/ nematodes • Understand life cycles of tissue nematodes, noting similarities and Videos: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside- significant difference me-toxocariasis.html • Know infective stages, various hosts involved in a particular cycle • Be familiar with diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathogenicity, http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me- &treatment toxocara-parasite.html • Identify locations in world where certain parasites exist • Note drugs (always available) that are used to treat parasites • Describe factors of tissue nematodes that can make them emerging infectious diseases • Be familiar with Dracunculiasis and status of eradication HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 Lecture 5: On the Menu Problems with other hookworms • Cutaneous larva migrans or Visceral Tissue Nematodes larva migrans • Hookworms of other animals • Cutaneous Larva Migrans frequently fail to penetrate the human dermis (and beyond). • Visceral Larva Migrans – Ancylostoma braziliense (most common- in Gulf Coast and tropics), • Gnathostoma spp. Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma “creeping eruption” ceylanicum, • Trichinella spiralis • They migrate through the epidermis leaving typical tracks • Dracunculus medinensis • Eosinophilic enteritis-emerging problem in Australia HSC4933. -
Dr. Donald L. Price Center for Parasite Repository and Education College of Public Health, University of South Florida
Dr. Donald L. Price Center For Parasite Repository and Education College of Public Health, University of South Florida PRESENTS Sources of Infective Stages and Modes of Transmission of Endoparasites Epidemiology is the branch of science that deals with the distribution and spread of disease. How diseases are transmitted, i.e. how they are passed from an infected individual to a susceptible one is a major consideration. Classifying and developing terminology for what takes place has been approached in a variety of ways usually related to specific disease entities such as viruses, bacteria, etc. The definitions that follow apply to those disease entities usually classified as endoparasites i.e. those parasites that reside in a body passage or tissue of the definitive host or in some cases the intermediate host. When the definition of terms for the “Source of Infection” or “Mode of Infection” relate to prevention and/or control of an endoparasitic disease, they should be clearly described. For the source of infection, the medium (water, soil, utensils, etc.) or the host organism (vector, or intermediate host) on which or in which the infective stage can be found should be precisely identified. For the mode of transmission, the precise circumstances and means by which the infective stage is able to come in contact with, enter, and initiate an infection in the host should be described. SOURCE OF INFECTION There are three quite distinct and importantly different kinds of sources of the infective stage of parasites: Contaminated Sources, Infested Sources, and Infected Sources. CONTAMINATE SOURCES Contaminated Source, in parasitology, implies something that has come in contact with raw feces and is thereby polluted with feces or organisms that were present in it. -
New Aspects of Human Trichinellosis: the Impact of New Trichinella Species F Bruschi, K D Murrell
15 REVIEW Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.78.915.15 on 1 January 2002. Downloaded from New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new Trichinella species F Bruschi, K D Murrell ............................................................................................................................. Postgrad Med J 2002;78:15–22 Trichinellosis is a re-emerging zoonosis and more on anti-inflammatory drugs and antihelminthics clinical awareness is needed. In particular, the such as mebendazole and albendazole; the use of these drugs is now aided by greater clinical description of new Trichinella species such as T papuae experience with trichinellosis associated with the and T murrelli and the occurrence of human cases increased number of outbreaks. caused by T pseudospiralis, until very recently thought to The description of new Trichinella species, such as T murrelli and T papuae, as well as the occur only in animals, requires changes in our handling occurrence of outbreaks caused by species not of clinical trichinellosis, because existing knowledge is previously recognised as infective for humans, based mostly on cases due to classical T spiralis such as T pseudospiralis, now render the clinical picture of trichinellosis potentially more compli- infection. The aim of the present review is to integrate cated. Clinicians and particularly infectious dis- the experiences derived from different outbreaks around ease specialists should consider the issues dis- the world, caused by different Trichinella species, in cussed in this review when making a diagnosis and choosing treatment. order to provide a more comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment. SYSTEMATICS .......................................................................... Trichinellosis results from infection by a parasitic nematode belonging to the genus trichinella. -
Systems Metabolic Effects of a <Italic>Necator Americanus</Italic> Infection in Syrian Hamster
Systems Metabolic Effects of a Necator americanus Infection in Syrian Hamster Yulan Wang,†,* Shu-Hua Xiao,‡ Jian Xue,‡ Burton H. Singer,§ Ju¨rg Utzinger,# and Elaine Holmes| State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, 245 Wallace Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom Received May 4, 2009 Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) are blood-feeding intestinal nematodes that infect ∼700 million people worldwide. To further our understanding of the systems metabolic response of the mammalian host to hookworm infection, we employed a metabolic profiling strategy involving the combination of 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of urine and serum and multivariate data analysis techniques to investigate the biochemical consequences of a N. americanus infection in the hamster. The infection was characterized by altered energy metabolism, consistent with hookworm- induced anemia. Additionally, disturbance of gut microbiotal activity was associated with a N. americanus infection, manifested in the alterations of microbial-mammalian cometabolites, including phenylacetylglycine, p-cresol glucuronide, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenylpropionic acid, hippurate, 4-hydroxyphenylactate, and dimethylamine. The correlation between worm burden and metabolite concentrations also reflected a changed energy metabolism and gut microbial state. -
"Structure, Function and Evolution of the Nematode Genome"
Structure, Function and Advanced article Evolution of The Article Contents . Introduction Nematode Genome . Main Text Online posting date: 15th February 2013 Christian Ro¨delsperger, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany Adrian Streit, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany Ralf J Sommer, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany In the past few years, an increasing number of draft gen- numerous variations. In some instances, multiple alter- ome sequences of multiple free-living and parasitic native forms for particular developmental stages exist, nematodes have been published. Although nematode most notably dauer juveniles, an alternative third juvenile genomes vary in size within an order of magnitude, com- stage capable of surviving long periods of starvation and other adverse conditions. Some or all stages can be para- pared with mammalian genomes, they are all very small. sitic (Anderson, 2000; Community; Eckert et al., 2005; Nevertheless, nematodes possess only marginally fewer Riddle et al., 1997). The minimal generation times and the genes than mammals do. Nematode genomes are very life expectancies vary greatly among nematodes and range compact and therefore form a highly attractive system for from a few days to several years. comparative studies of genome structure and evolution. Among the nematodes, numerous parasites of plants and Strikingly, approximately one-third of the genes in every animals, including man are of great medical and economic sequenced nematode genome has no recognisable importance (Lee, 2002). From phylogenetic analyses, it can homologues outside their genus. One observes high rates be concluded that parasitic life styles evolved at least seven of gene losses and gains, among them numerous examples times independently within the nematodes (four times with of gene acquisition by horizontal gene transfer. -
Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2002–2007
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report www.cdc.gov/mmwr Surveillance Summaries December 4, 2009 / Vol. 58 / No. SS-9 Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2002–2007 Department Of Health And Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control Introduction .............................................................................. 2 and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Methods ................................................................................... 2 Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Results ...................................................................................... 2 Suggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Title]. Surveillance Summaries, [Date]. MMWR 2009;58(No. SS-#). Discussion................................................................................. 5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Conclusion ................................................................................ 7 Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH References ................................................................................ 7 Director Appendix ................................................................................. 8 Peter A. Briss, MD, MPH Acting Associate Director for Science James W. Stephens, PhD Office of the Associate Director for Science Stephen B. Thacker, MD, MSc Acting Deputy Director for Surveillance, Epidemiology, -
Good Manufacturing Practices For
Good Manufacturing Practices for Fermented Dry & Semi-Dry Sausage Products by The American Meat Institute Foundation October 1997 ANALYSIS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH DRY AND SEMI-DRY SAUSAGE PRODUCTS Staphylococcus aureus The Microorganism Staphylococcus aureus is often called "staph." It is present in the mucous membranes--nose and throat--and on skin and hair of many healthy individuals. Infected wounds, lesions and boils are also sources. People with respiratory infections also spread the organism by coughing and sneezing. Since S. aureus occurs on the skin and hides of animals, it can contaminate meat and by-products by cross-contamination during slaughter. Raw foods are rarely the source of staphylococcal food poisoning. Staphylococci do not compete very well with other bacteria in raw foods. When other competitive bacteria are removed by cooking or inhibited by salt, S. aureus can grow. USDA's Nationwide Data Collection Program for Steers and Heifers (1995) and Nationwide Pork Microbiological Baseline Data Collection Program: Market Hogs (1996) reported that S. aureus was recovered from 4.2 percent of 2,089 carcasses and 16 percent of 2,112 carcasses, respectively. Foods high in protein provide a good growth environment for S. aureus, especially cooked meat/meat products, poultry, fish/fish products, milk/dairy products, cream sauces, salads with ham, chicken, potato, etc. Although salt or sugar inhibit the growth of some microorganisms, S. aureus can grow in foods with low water activity, i.e., 0.86 under aerobic conditions or 0.90 under anaerobic conditions, and in foods containing high concentrations of salt or sugar. S. -
Early Serodiagnosis of Trichinellosis by ELISA Using Excretory–Secretory
Sun et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:484 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-1094-9 RESEARCH Open Access Early serodiagnosis of trichinellosis by ELISA using excretory–secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis adult worms Ge-Ge Sun, Zhong-Quan Wang*, Chun-Ying Liu, Peng Jiang, Ruo-Dan Liu, Hui Wen, Xin Qi, Li Wang and Jing Cui* Abstract Background: The excretory–secretory (ES) antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis. Their main disadvantage for the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG is false-negative results during the early stage of infection. Additionally, there is an obvious window between clinical symptoms and positive serology. Methods: ELISA with adult worm (AW) ES antigens was used to detect anti-Trichinella IgG in the sera of experimentally infected mice and patients with trichinellosis. The sensitivity and specificity were compared with ELISAs with AW crude antigens and ML ES antigens. Results: In mice infected with 100 ML, anti-Trichinella IgG were first detected by ELISA with the AW ES antigens, crude antigens and ML ES antigens 8, 12 and 12 days post-infection (dpi), respectively. In mice infected with 500 ML, specific antibodies were first detected by ELISA with the three antigen preparations at 10, 8 and 10 dpi, respectively. The sensitivity of the ELISA with the three antigen preparations for the detection of sera from patients with trichinellosis at 35 dpi was 100 %. However, when the patients’ sera were collected at 19 dpi, the sensitivities of the ELISAs with the three antigen preparations were 100 % (20/20), 100 % (20/20) and 75 % (15/20), respectively (P < 0.05). -
Eosinophil Deficiency Compromises Parasite Survival in Chronic
The Journal of Immunology Eosinophil Deficiency Compromises Parasite Survival in Chronic Nematode Infection1 Valeria Fabre,* Daniel P. Beiting,2* Susan K. Bliss,* Nebiat G. Gebreselassie,* Lucille F. Gagliardo,* Nancy A. Lee,† James J. Lee,‡ and Judith A. Appleton3* Immune responses elicited by parasitic worms share many features with those of chronic allergy. Eosinophils contribute to the inflammation that occurs in both types of disease, and helminths can be damaged or killed by toxic products released by eosin- ophils in vitro. Such observations inform the widely held view that eosinophils protect the host against parasitic worms. The mouse is a natural host for Trichinella spiralis, a worm that establishes chronic infection in skeletal muscle. We tested the influence of eosinophils on T. spiralis infection in two mouse strains in which the eosinophil lineage is ablated. Eosinophils were prominent in infiltrates surrounding infected muscle cells of wild-type mice; however, in the absence of eosinophils T. spiralis muscle larvae died in large numbers. Parasite death correlated with enhanced IFN-␥ and decreased IL-4 production. Larval survival improved when mice were treated with inhibitors of inducible NO synthase, implicating the NO pathway in parasite clearance. Thus, the long- standing paradigm of eosinophil toxicity in nematode infection requires reevaluation, as our results suggest that eosinophils may influence the immune response in a manner that would sustain chronic infection and insure worm survival in the host population. Such a mechanism may be deployed by other parasitic worms that depend upon chronic infection for survival. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 182: 1577–1583. osinophils are prominent in the inflammatory processes Helminths are particularly adept at establishing a long-term re- associated with allergy and helminth infection. -
Chapter 4 Prevention of Trichinella Infection in the Domestic
FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis Editors J. Dupouy-Camet & K.D. Murrell Published by: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) World Health Organization (WHO) World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, of the World Health Organization and of the World Organisation for Animal Health concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations 'developed' and 'developing' economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, territory or area in the development process. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, of the World Health Organization and of the World Organisation for Animal Health. All the publications of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, WHO or OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Proteomic Insights Into the Biology of the Most Important Foodborne Parasites in Europe
foods Review Proteomic Insights into the Biology of the Most Important Foodborne Parasites in Europe Robert Stryi ´nski 1,* , El˙zbietaŁopie ´nska-Biernat 1 and Mónica Carrera 2,* 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36-208 Vigo, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 18 August 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 3 October 2020 Abstract: Foodborne parasitoses compared with bacterial and viral-caused diseases seem to be neglected, and their unrecognition is a serious issue. Parasitic diseases transmitted by food are currently becoming more common. Constantly changing eating habits, new culinary trends, and easier access to food make foodborne parasites’ transmission effortless, and the increase in the diagnosis of foodborne parasitic diseases in noted worldwide. This work presents the applications of numerous proteomic methods into the studies on foodborne parasites and their possible use in targeted diagnostics. Potential directions for the future are also provided. Keywords: foodborne parasite; food; proteomics; biomarker; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 1. Introduction Foodborne parasites (FBPs) are becoming recognized as serious pathogens that are considered neglect in relation to bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted by food [1]. The mode of infection is usually by eating the host of the parasite as human food. Many of these organisms are spread through food products like uncooked fish and mollusks; raw meat; raw vegetables or fresh water plants contaminated with human or animal excrement. -
Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S
C H A P T E R 2 0 8 Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S. Garcia Although common names frequently are used to describe morphologic forms according to age, host, or nutrition, parasitic organisms, these names may represent different which often results in several names being given to the parasites in different parts of the world. To eliminate same organism. An additional problem involves alterna- these problems, a binomial system of nomenclature in tion of parasitic and free-living phases in the life cycle. which the scientific name consists of the genus and These organisms may be very different and difficult to species is used.1-3,8,12,14,17 These names generally are of recognize as belonging to the same species. Despite these Greek or Latin origin. In certain publications, the scien- difficulties, newer, more sophisticated molecular methods tific name often is followed by the name of the individual of grouping organisms often have confirmed taxonomic who originally named the parasite. The date of naming conclusions reached hundreds of years earlier by experi- also may be provided. If the name of the individual is in enced taxonomists. parentheses, it means that the person used a generic name As investigations continue in parasitic genetics, immu- no longer considered to be correct. nology, and biochemistry, the species designation will be On the basis of life histories and morphologic charac- defined more clearly. Originally, these species designa- teristics, systems of classification have been developed to tions were determined primarily by morphologic dif- indicate the relationship among the various parasite ferences, resulting in a phenotypic approach.