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Somalia: the Quest for Peacemaking and Peacekeeping

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Somalia: the Quest for Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Somalia: Th e quest for peacemaking and peacekeeping ISS Head Offi ce Block D, Brooklyn Court, Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria Research seminar report Tel: (27-12) 346 9500 Fax: (27-12) 346 9570 E-mail: [email protected] ISS Addis Ababa Offi ce First Floor, Ki-Ab Building, Alexander Pushkin Street, Pushkin Square, Addis Ababa Tel: (251-11) 372-1154/5/6 Fax: (251-11) 372 5954 E-mail: [email protected] ISS Cape Town Offi ce 67 Roeland Square, Drury Lane Gardens Cape Town 8001 South Africa Tel: (27-21) 461 7211 Fax: (27-21) 461 7213 E-mail: [email protected] ISS Nairobi Offi ce 5th Floor, Landmark Plaza Argwings Kodhek Road, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254 -20) 300 5726/8 Fax: (254-20) 271 2902 E-mail: [email protected] ISS Pretoria Offi ce ISS Conference Report Block C, Brooklyn Court, Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria Tel: (27-12) 346 9500 Fax: (27-12) 460 0998 ISBN 978-1-920114-81-7 E-mail: [email protected] www.issafrica.org 9 781920 114817 The publication of this report has been made possible by the generous support of the UK Department for International Compiled by Solomon A Dersso Development (DFID), and the Federal Foreign Offi ce of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, general Institute funding is provided by the Governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Hilton Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, 10 and 11 December 2008 Somalia: Th e quest for peacemaking and peacekeeping Research seminar report Compiled by Solomon A Dersso Hilton Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, 10 and 11 December 2008 Contents Acknowledgements . iii Acronyms . iv Introduction . 1 Aims and objectives . 2 Organisation and structure of the seminar . 3 Opening session . 4 Session I Background – history and current state of the Somali crisis . 5 Session II Current eff orts for peacemaking in Somalia . 7 Session III Keeping the peace where there is no peace to keep – the case of AMISOM . 9 Session IV Internal and external challenges for successful peacemaking and peacekeeping in Somalia . 11 Session V International norms and their application to the Somali confl ict – normative imperatives versus practical realities . 14 Session VI Lessons learned . 16 Response to the crisis . 16 The peace process . 16 International norms and modern peacemaking . 17 Mission planning and development . 17 Closing session . 18 Annexure A . 19 Research Seminar Report i Acknowledgements Th e seminar and the publication of this report has and the Federal Foreign Offi ce of the Government of the been made possible by the generous support of the UK Federal Republic of Germany. Department for International Development (DFID), Research Seminar Report iii Acronyms AMISOM AU Mission in Somalia APSTA African Peace Support Trainers Association ASF African Standby Force (of the African Union) DDRR Disarmament, Demobilisation, Rehabilitation and Reintegration DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations EASBRIG Eastern Africa Standby Brigade ESBRICOM Eastern African Standby Brigade Coordination Mechanism IGASOM Regional Military Mission, Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) ISS Institute for Security Studies LECIA Legon Centre for International Aff airs NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation SADC Southern African Development Community TFG Transitional Federal Government, Somalia TFP Training for Peace Programme, ISS UNITAF United Nations International Task Force UNAMID United Nations and African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur UNITAF Unifi ed Task Force UNOSOM United Nations Operations in Somalia iv Institute for Security Studies Introduction One of the aims of the African Peace Support Trainers probably the world’s worst humanitarian crisis, with more Association (APSTA) is to undertake applied policy than three million people in need of humanitarian aid. Th e research that facilitates debate and information exchange country’s civilians, but especially vulnerable groups such as among APSTA member institutions on current develop- children, women and the elderly, require protection from ments in the fi eld of peacekeeping in Africa, and to the violence. As there is no authority in Somalia capable of examine the application of emerging norms and concepts providing such protection, it is incumbent upon members such as the responsibility to protect. of the international community to provide this. Considering the formidable challenge that the ongoing Although the adequacy and eff ectiveness of interna- confl ict in Somalia poses to peacekeeping, and the degen- tional eff orts are open to debate, there has lately been in- erating humanitarian situation in that country, a research creased activity by the UN and the AU to try and achieve seminar was held by APSTA in Nairobi, Kenya, on 10 and a peaceful resolution to the confl ict. Th e AU deployed a 11 December 2008 to focus on peacemaking and peace- peacekeeping mission in Somalia known as AMISOM, keeping in Somalia. while the UN initiated a peace process that resulted in Since the failed US-led UN intervention in early 1990s, the Djibouti Agreement of June 2008 and culminated in the Somali confl ict received marginal attention. eTh situ- the establishment of a national unity government in late ation changed dramatically following Ethiopia’s armed January 2009. intervention in late 2006. In the subsequent period the Notwithstanding the serious humanitarian crisis that country experienced the worst fi ghting following the col- has unfolded in Somalia and the new peace initiatives, lapse of law and order in 1990. According to a BBC report the implications of that country’s volatile security situ- entitled ’24 hours in Somalia’, broadcasted on 6 October ation on peacemaking and peacekeeping have not been 2008, about 8 000 people had lost their lives in the confl ict explored adequately. Th ere is insuffi cient research to since late 2006 . Th ousands more were injured, assaulted inform policy-makers and other interested actors. Th ere and raped. At least 10 per cent of the population of is also little, if any, research on the process that has led Somalia were displaced or became refugees. South-central to the deployment of AMISOM and the composition of Somalia was aff ected the worst. that force. It is important to draw out lessons from the As the confl ict escalates, each day adds to the number peacemaking and peacekeeping eff orts currently under- of deaths, injuries and displacements. Today, Somalia is way in that country. Research Seminar Report 1 Aims and objectives The seminar, organised under the title ‘The quest for ■ Current eff orts at peacemaking and peacekeeping, and peacemaking and peacekeeping in Somalia’, had the the internal and external dynamics and challenges for purpose of offering researchers from APSTA member peacemaking and peacekeeping in Somalia. institutions and policy-makers from the AU, AMISOM ■ Lessons to be learned from the deployment of AMISOM. and other actors an opportunity to deliberate on the ■ Th e application of relevant international norms and challenges and prospects for successful peacemaking concepts/doctrines. and peacekeeping in Somalia. A further aim was to ■ Th e role and current state of AMISOM. identify lessons learned from past and current peace- making and peacekeeping efforts in order to guide Based on discussions in these areas, the seminar sought to peacekeeping training and inform the doctrine on make recommendations for successful peacemaking and peacekeeping of the AU’s African Standby Force (ASF). peacekeeping in Somalia, ways of preventing the failures The research seminar thus set itself the task of examin- of AMISOM, and the possibilities of its replacement by a ing the following topics: UN mission. 2 Institute for Security Studies Organisation and structure of the seminar Th e event was held in Nairobi on 10 and 11 December 1. Opening Session: Welcome and introduction 2008 and was organised by the APSTA Secretariat, hosted 2. Session I: Background: history and current state of the by the Institute for Security Studies. Th e seminar brought Somali crisis together 25 participants from diverse backgrounds. Th ey 3. Session II: Current peacemaking eff orts in Somalia included representatives from APSTA member institu- 4. Session III: Peacekeeping where there is no peace tions, the AU, AMISOM, the Eastern African Standby to keep – the case of the AU Mission in Somalia Brigade Coordination Mechanism (ESBRICOM), the (AMISOM) Eastern Africa Standby Brigade (EASBRIG), the Southern 5. Session IV: Internal and external dynamics and chal- African Development Community (SADC) and the North lenge for successful peacemaking and peacekeeping Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). 6. Session V: International norms and their application Th e seminar was structured into eight sessions, as to the Somalia confl ict: Normative imperatives versus listed below. Th e six main sessions were arranged around practical realities a presentation, a response to tease out the various issues 7. Session VI: Lessons learned from the presentation, and structured discussion on the 8. Closing Session topic of the presentation. Research Seminar Report 3 Opening session Th e seminar was opened by Peter Edopu, Nairobi a touch-and-go approach. Th e third factor was what she Offi ce Director, ISS, who welcomed the participants. He called ‘too little, too late’. Some of the interventions had expressed the hope that the seminar would contribute not been made in time and in most instances they had towards ongoing eff orts for peacemaking and peacekeep- been inadequate.
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